Recenze

Author(s): Ivo Cerman,Lenka Martínková,Kateřina Horníčková,Rostislav Smíšek,Vladimir Panov,Josef Hrdlička,Václav Bůžek,Josef Čížek,Ondřej Lee Stolička,Markéta Skořepová,Kateřina Pražáková,Josef Grulich / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2020

This paper contains bellow listed book reviews: 1. Tošnerová, Marie a Květová, Miroslava. Paměť měst: narativní prameny k dějinám Prahy, Českých Budějovic a Litoměřic do roku 1800. Praha: Masarykův ústav a Archiv Akademie věd České republiky, v.v.i., 2019. 430 stran. Studie o rukopisech. Monographia, svazek XXII. ISBN 978-80-88304-21-0. 2. Hrachovec, Petr. Die Zittauer und ihre Kirchen (1300-1600): zum Wandel religiöser Stiftungen während der Reformation. [Leipzig]: Leipziger Universitätsverlag GmbH, 2019. 752 stran, strany 822-984, ii strany obrazových příloh. Schriften zur sächsischen Geschichte und Volkskunde, Band 61. ISBN 978-3-96023-073-1. 3. Pavelec, Petr, ed., Gaži, Martin, ed. a Hajná, Milena, ed. Ve znamení Merkura: šlechta českých zemí v evropské diplomacii. Vydání první. České Budějovice: Národní památkový ústav, 2020. 823 stran. ISBN 978-80-87890-31-8. 4. Boček, Pavel a kol. Moskva - Třetí Řím: od ideje k symbolu. Vydání první. Praha: NLN, 2019. 346 stran. ISBN 978-80-7422-582-6. 5. Hrubá, Michaela et al. Sola fide - Pouhou vírou: luterská šlechta na Ústecku a Děčínsku a její kulturní dědictví: katalog výstavy konané na zámku Děčíně 25. dubna - 30. září 2018. Vydání první. Dolní Břežany: Scriptorium, 2019. 287 stran. ISBN 978-80-7561-180-2. 6. Ronald G. Asch, Vor dem großen Krieg. Europa im Zeitalter der spanischen Friedensordnung 1598–1618, Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 2020, 446 s., ISBN 978-3-534-27222-8. 7. Kilián, Jan. Niklasberg 1618-1648: život a lidé v krušnohorském městě za třicetileté války. Vydání první. Praha: NLN, 2019. 314 stran, 8 nečíslovaných stran obrazových příloh. ISBN 978-80-7422-745-5. 8. Bakeš, Martin. Diplomatem v půlnoční zemi: zástupci Habsburků ve Švédském království mezi lety 1650 a 1730. Vydání první. Praha: Academia, 2020. 680 stran. Historie. ISBN 978-80-200-3040-5. 9. Jirková, Pavla. "Větší-li se, či menší mor": raně novověké morové epidemie v českých zemích. Vydání první. Praha: Odbor archivní správy a spisové služby MV v Tiskárně Ministerstva vnitra, p.o., 2019. 302 stran. ISBN 978-80-7616-045-3. 10. Malý, Tomáš. Obrazy a rituál: římské korunovace divotvorných Madon a koncept barokní kultury. Vydání první. Praha: NLN, 2019. 324 stran. ISBN 978-80-7422-691-5. 11. Konstantin Dimitrievič Bugrov – Michail Alexandrovič Kiselev, Естественное право и добродетель. Интеграция европейсково влияния в российскую политическую культуру XVIII. века, Ekaterinburg, Izdatelstvo uralskogo universiteta, 2016, 450 s., ISBN 978-5-7996-1980-0. 12. Dale K. van Kley, Reform Catholicism and the International Suppression of the Jesuits in Enlightenment Europe, New Haven–London, Yale University Press 2018, 370 s., ISBN 978-0-300-22846-5. 13. Nekvapil Jirásková, Šárka. Protoindustriální společnost: populační chování a životní strategie venkovského obyvatelstva severovýchodních Čech v 18. a 19. století. Vydání první. Pardubice: Univerzita Pardubice, 2019. 393 stran. ISBN 978-80-7560-261-9.

Конференция на тема „От Черната смърт до холерата. Борбата срещу епи- демиите в историческа перспектива, XIV – XIX век“

Author(s): Albena Simova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2022

MERCHANTS AND CRAFTSMEN IN A CHANGING WORLD (MID-19th CENTURY)

Author(s): Marius Chelcu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The study aims to identify some of the worries, difficulties, and dissatisfactions experienced by certain categories of inhabitants within Moldavian towns. They had to face the changes brought to the economic system at the continental level, manifested in space which, from the 17th to the late 18th century, was under the overwhelming influence of the Ottoman economic system. Among the challenges experienced by the merchants and artisans in a changing world, such as that of the first half of the 19th century, I mention the organisation into guilds, the supremacy of the western economy, the first attempts to constitute a free market, as well as competition and protectionism. Such transformations influence individual and mostly group attitudes, through the invocation of old privileges and traditions or the protection of the representatives of local power or foreign consulates. They also invoked, in a rather confused manner at first, but then increasingly more clearly, the value of free trade. The disturbance of the old order and the volatility of the new one left traces in the files within various collections of the Archives in Iaşi; the study relies on these sources.

За книгата: Книгите като събития в Европа и Османската империя (ХVІІ–ХІХ век)

Author(s): Boyka Ilieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

Book review: Books as Events in Europe and the Ottoman Empire (17th c. -19th c.). Editors: Nadezhda Alexandrova, Raya Zaimova, Anna Aleksieva. Sofia, Bulgarian Society for Eighteenth Century Studies, 2020.] http://bulgc18.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Dalgiat-osemnadeseti-vek-3.pdf

Сравнительный анализ старообрядчества в Болгарии и Китае

Author(s): Chunlei Guo / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2022

From the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the Old Belief moved to Bulgaria in three periods from the western border of Russia and the Don valley. From the beginning of the 19th century to the 1930s, the Old Belief moved from the Altai Mountains in Siberia to Northwestern China in two periods and from Transbaikalia and the south of the Far East to Northeastern China in three periods. The Old Believers were still active and participated in the modernization of Bulgaria and China in the fields of economy, politics, ethnicity, religion and culture. The article compares and studies the process of modernization of the Old Belief in the two countries, and also summarizes two kinds of experience of Bulgaria and China in their modernization construction. Firstly, the policy of modernization should be based on objective reality, the wishes of ordinary workers should be respected and their subjective initiative can be fully motivated. Secondly, the relevant departments can focus on the coordinated development of all sectors of society, and strive to upgrade the society as a whole to a state of modern development. The article makes a suggestion for the study of the modernization theory. Modernization is a historical process of following the past and heralding the future, while basing itself on reality and looking to the future. It should also review the past appropriately and look for positive factors that can promote the healthy development of human society.

Град Червен през ранните векове на османското владичество

Author(s): Stojan Jordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/1999

The town of Cherven was one of the important administrative, cultural and ecclesiastical centers during the Second Bulgarian Kingdom. The written information, which is very scarce, and the archeological studies show that the conditions created during the early centuries of Ottoman domination, a chiefly the destructive consequences of the aggressive campaign of Ali Pasha in 1388 caused the decline of Cherven. Despite the attempts to preserve some of its basic functions, the new realities affected the vitality of the town. The development and rise of the nearby town of Rousse which Cherven could not oppose, had a devastating effect. Thus in the 17th c. the town of Cherven turned into a small village. Notwithstanding the irreversible decline of the town of Cherven, it contributed to preserving the chiefly Bulgarian character of the majority of the settlements in the valley of the Roussenski Lom river.

Олга Тодорова. Православната църква и българите (XV–XVIII в.). София, Академично издателство „Проф. М. Дринов“, 1997. 299 с.

Author(s): Rumyana Radkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/1998

Book Review

Кръстоносната идея – памет и реалност

Author(s): Raya Zaimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/1998

The peculiar interpretation in French literature of the subject of the “Crusades”, made by politicians and men of letters after the formation of the Ottoman Empire, is examined. Born in the Middle Ages, the so-called “crusades idea” was transformed in time according to the actual political situations. It retained its external form, went through internal metamorphoses and in the 18th c. grew into the so-called “Eastern Question”. On the other hand, at the same time French historiography of the 16th – 18th c., written by armchair men of letters, reflected a bygone age – a dream which the thinking of the Enlightenment fully destroyed. In the 19th c. the deposits of the two currents led to the publication of series of mediaeval French and other chronicles the interpretation of which rested at the foundation of positivism in science.

Four-Meter Phrases in Middle Byzantine Chant (I)

Author(s): Ierodiacon Avraam Bugu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The purpose of this article is to bring evidence that Old Byzantine Chant – like other music genres and according to a general metric principle observed by the majority of music theorists (up to the beginning of the 20th century) – is metrically structured, usually in cycling phrases of four Common Time measures. This metrical principle could be a key for understanding and deciphering the old neumatic notation.

The Kastoria 8 Asmatikon – A Middle Byzantine Enigma

Author(s): Gregory Myers / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Since its discovery in 1965, the 14th-century Kastoria 8 Asmatikon has attracted scholarly attention. Distinguished by its two rows of neumes: a row of Middle Byzantine signs overlaid by a system of great hyperstases, its existence suggests that it bridges stages of notational development and chanting practices from an earlier period. Particularly noteworthy, its system of large signs could also provide a key to the Palaeoslavonic kondakarian musical notation which disappeared earlier in the 13th century.

Представата за „другия“ на Балканите: образът на гърка в българската книжнина – XV – средата на ХIХ век

Author(s): Nadya Danova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/1993

The study follows up the evolution of the image of the Greek as reflected in Bulgarian manuscripts, books, correspondence and textbooks from the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans to the middle of the 19th century. This is an attempt to shed light on the conditions and mechanisms of the formation of one of the basic national stereotypes of the Bulgarian which played a role in their relations with the neighbours. Revealed are the stages in the building up of the image of the Greek, connected with the processes running in Bulgarian society of forming the nation and with the analogous processes in Greek society. Special attention is paid to the role of the formation of the Bulgarian national identity, an important element of which was the identification of the “other” on the basis of criteria different from the religious ones. Stress is laid on the effect of the collision of the national platforms of Bulgarians and Greeks on the evolution of the image of the Greek in which negative traits began to prevail in the second half of the 19th century. At the same time, much space is devoted to the authors who in their works drew the image of the Greeks and Greece fully in a positive light.

Етнокултурен модел на историческото съзнание през българското средновековие

Author(s): Valeri Katzounov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/1991

The problem of the historical consciousness of the peoples is too wide and not yet well enough researched area in the sphere of the social sciences. In a sense it is a part of a much wider problem of the ethnical consciousness and self-consciousness. The article makes a detailed and critical review of accessible home and foreign publications. On the basis of their review, the author reveals his own understanding upon the raised questions in the specialized literature. A detailed analysis is made on the relations: national consciousness and self-consciousness and historical consciousness and self-consciousness. An original model is built of the historical consciousness considered with the peculiarities of the social development in the different periods of the Bulgarian history for the time from the 7th to the first half of the 18th century. An original principal scheme is presented of composition of ethnical self-consciousness as individual human reflection of a concrete socioimportant ideas. According to the author, this is a complex of complicated, interweaved and mutually connected ideas from which basic are: the idea of community of the origin (from the idea of ethnical identity); the idea of the community of the historical fate (from the idea of a political organization, the idea of state system in society); the idea of cultural peculiarities (from the idea of cultural identity, for cultural community of the society).The first two most precisely reveal the sense of the concepts “historical consciousness” and “historical self-consciousness”.

Мерната единица за повърхност „дьонюм“ в административно-финансовата практика на Османската империя (XV–XX в.)

Author(s): Anton Minkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 12/1991

The dönüm was one of the surface units of measure most widely used by the Ottoman administration. It was used in settling various agrarian relations, in the registration of lands and sale-trade of estates, as well as in connection with the tax and financial systems of the Empire. Hence, the frequent use of the dönüm in the timar registers and financial documents dealing with tax revenuer. The dönüm was most widely used in the land certificates (tapus). In certain parts of the Empire local units of measure were permitted to be used in this type of documents, especially in the tapus issued for inconsiderable amount of land. Great differences occur when we try to define more accurately the dönüm into metric units of measure. Most often the specialized literature equals the dönüm to 919,3 square metres. That, however, was the value accepted for it as late as the second half of the 19 c., and it is wrong to accept this value for the previous centuries. The article proves that until the end of the first half of the 19 c. the dönüm was equal to 1200 sq. metres. Since the 80’s of the 19 c. the term “new dönüm” has been used in the certificates of land ownership. The value of this dönüm is shown to be 2500 sq. metres. Nowadays the dönüm continues to be used as a unit of measure in Turkey and some Arab countries.

Cristina Feneșan, Convertiri la islam în spațiul carpato-dunărean (secolele XV-XIX)

Author(s): Ligia Boldea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

Review of: Cristina Feneșan, Convertiri la islam în spațiul carpato-dunărean (secolele XV-XIX), Editura Militară, București, 2020, 466 pag.

Най-важните категории християнско население с военнопомощни или полицейско-охранителни задължения и тяхното място в социалната структура на османското общество – сходства и различия (XV – първите десетилетия на XVII в.)

Author(s): Krastyo Yordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

The study examines several categories of the Christian population with military assistance and police security duties during the early centuries of Ottoman rule. Their obligations and socio-economic status are compared. The study shows that very often it seems that the service of martolos, jebelyu voinuks, akanji Christians, Vlachs and derbentjias overlapped and there were many points of contact. Much more specific were the duties of the voynuks than the imperial stables and doganjias (falconers). What all the military aid groups studied had in common was that they were exempt from extraordinary taxes and duties. However, they were at different levels in the social hierarchy of Ottoman society, depending on the conditions under which they performed their official duties and their sources of income. An important criterion for determining the place in the social hierarchy was also the tax status under Ottoman law – whether people of a certain category with special obligations cultivated Mirian land within timars, zeamets, hass and waqfs, owing land taxes to their owners (which was characteristic of the raya), or were exempt from tax. The martoloses and falconers, owners of timars, as well as those who received a salary for their regular military service were identified as representatives of the askers. Voynuk commanders of lower rank – lagators, and Wallachian elders - princes, who in the 15th century owed timars can also be classified as military class. One step lower in the hierarchy were the representatives of those military aid groups which, in return for their service, were exempt from all land and personal taxes within the official farms they owned. These people were an intermediate category between the raya and the askers. Voinuks, part of the akandjias, the Falconers and the martoloses, had a similar status. This group also includes the Vlachs, who made a living from cattle breeding, and few settled in the villages, engaged in agriculture, but did not pay land taxes. The lowest in this categorization are some of the falconers, akandjias and martoloses, as well as all derbentjias. These groups were exempted only from state extraordinary taxes and duties, but paid all other raiyat taxes along with the ordinary raya. Therefore, we can say that these people best fit the concept of privileged raya.

Does Ukraine Have a History of Liberties? On Early Modern Ukrainian Studies

Author(s): Ivo Cerman / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The present review article explores the question of whether the post-Soviet Ukrainian historians have shown any interest in the history of liberties in their own country, and if so, what have they discovered on the subject. Firstly, I discuss the way in which Ukrainian historiography re-evaluates the country’s original ‘reunification’ with Russia during Khmelnitsky’s uprising (1648-1654). The uprising is today interpreted as the foundation of an independent hetman state. However, the main change has occurred in the evaluation of what is called Hetman Orlik’s constitution of 1710. It is considered today as the culmination of independent Ukrainian development. It has achieved cult status and is regarded as the first constitution, which introduced the separation of powers and safeguarded the Cossacks’ liberties. The critical interpretation of early modern history by Natalya Yakovenko is appreciated here; because she put early modern Ukraine back into the Polish context, she also developed a specific realistic method of history-writing and critically evaluated the impact of the Cossack wars. The Rzeczpospolita’s place in Ukrainian history has been further defended in the works of Mikola Krikun and Oleksandr Vynnichenko from the University of Lviv. However, it is in the realm of constitutional history that a fixed rights-centred historical narrative has been developed. In the last section, we recall some topics of the era after the loss of independence which are neglected in the Ukrainian research. These are the codification of 1728-1743 and the philosophical work of Yakiv Kozelskiy connected to the Legislative Commission of 1767.

book reviews

Author(s): Václav Bůžek,Ivo Cerman,Kateřina Pražáková,Josef Hrdlička,Rostislav Smíšek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2022

Наблюдения върху войнушкото стопанство в казите Филибе и Татар Пазарджик през XVI – началото на XVII век

Author(s): Krastyo Yordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2022

On the basis of several unpublished registers, the article examines the real practice of official Voynuk land ownership. The historical-legal analysis is applied in the research work. According to law, Voynuk farms were exempt from land taxes, but were part of the state land fund. However, the Voynuk baştina differed from the Rayet çiftlik and baştina not only in that it also included vineyards, gardens and even houses, but the sizes of the fields were often smaller than the legal norms for a pair of arable land. This can be explained by the fact that these areas were sufficient for the sustenance of a Voynuk household, since the considered category of population was exempt from land taxes and jizyah. However, as early as the 16th century, a property differentiation was gradually created between the Voynuks and a thin layer of wealthy owners of service lands stood out. They expanded their arable lands both by unregulated means, entering in the timar land, and through perhaps perfectly legal transactions for the transfer of shares of arable land between the Voynuks themselves.

Lühidalt

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 02/2015

Reviews of: Kirjarahva pildiraamat. Fotosid aastatest 2001–2009. Pildistanud Alar Madisson, koostanud Alar Madisson, Piret Noorhani, Vilve Asmer. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, Kunst, 2009. [127] lk Kirjarahva teine pildiraamat. Fotosid aastatest 2010–2013. Pildistanud Alar Madisson, koostanud Alar Madisson, Piret Noorhani, Vilve Asmer. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, 2013. [123] lk. Lev Võgotski. Mõtlemine ja kõne. Psühholoogilised uurimused. Tõlkinud Peeter Tulviste. (Avatud Eesti Raamat.) Tartu: Ilmamaa, 2014. 509 lk. Leo Tolstoi. Mis on kunst? Tõlkinud Andri Ksenofontov. (Avatud Eesti Raamat.) Tartu: Ilmamaa, 2014. 314 lk. Eesti perioodikas ilmunud järjejuttude bibliograafia 1918–1944. Koostaja Kalev Sikk. Väljaandja: Lembit Sikk Pärna talu, 2014. 258 lk + Lisad: Anderomaanid, 6 lk; Errata, 1 lk. Kas sa Tammsaaret oled lugenud? Kirjanduslik eluloovestlus Helga Nõuga. Koostaja Rutt Hinrikus. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, Eesti Kultuurilooline Arhiiv, 2014. 144 lk. Helga Nõu. Valetaja. Mälestused, tõeotsimised. Tallinn: Eesti Ajalehed, 2011. 280 lk. Martin Klöker. Tallinna kirjanduselu 17. sajandi esimesel poolel (1600-1657). Haridusinstitutsioonid ja juhuluuletamine. Tõlkinud ja eessõna Kristi Viiding. Tallinn: Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus, 2014. 679 lk.

Kaitstud doktoritööd

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 04/2018

Defended doctoral theses.