We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The review of: - Hathapradipika, Przeł., wstęp i oprac. Maria Marcinkowska-Rosół i Sven Sellmer; Poznań: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 2018, 213 s. [zawiera bibliografię, 5 apendyksów, indeks], ISBN 978–83–232–3407–4 [twarda okładka]. - Maria Marcinkowska-Rosół i Sven Sellmer, Studia nad Hathapradipiką Swatmaramy; Poznań: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 2019, 238 s. [zawiera bibliografię, indeks], ISBN 978–83–232–3452–4 [twarda okładka].
More...
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The goal of this article is to present a specific character of the Renaissance political thinking in Italy and its influence on the Spanish political thought at XVIth century. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The article presents two – in the opinion of author – principal components of the Renaissance political thought in Italy: the ideas of the reason of State and the balance of powers. It reveals theirs influence on the minds of the Florentine humanists of Quattrocento and Cinquecento, and analyses also theirs effect on the Spanish Habsburgs aspiration to the hegemony. The method applied is the history of ideas. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article consists of the two parts: the first is dedicated to the political thought of the Italian Renaissance, the second one – to the an analysis of its impact on the political strategies of Spain at the time of its hegemony in Europe as the main power, which defended the catholic reason of State. RESEARCH RESULTS: The principal result of analyses is to take notice of the substantial Renaissance concept of the reason of State, which was taking shape in Italy at the epoch before the Council of Trent, and which was focused mainly on the politics limited to the political strategies of the Appenine Peninsula States. In the second part appears a thesis that there were attempts to implant this concept to the Iberic Peninsula, but – owing to the new geopolitical situation and after Italian wars and revival of Thomism – this concept could not be either understood or applicable. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The intention of the article is to show an important moment of the epoch of the late Renaissance, when – owing to the change of geopolitical situation in Europe and to the evangelization of the New World – the Italian ideas of reason of State and of balance of powers have to make room for reasons resulting from the necessity of defending the catholic world against the Protestantism.
More...
Nicholas Tempelfeld of Brzeg (ca. 1400–1471) was a distinguished Silesian figure among the scholar of the University of Krakow: he was a professor of theology educated there, a dean of the Faculty of Arts, a canonic of St. Florian’s Chapel, a preacher in St. Mary’s Church in Krakow and St. Elisabeth’s Church in Wroclaw, and even a politician, if we may call the author of the treatise against Czech king George of Podiebrad so. His philosophical output remains unknown since he seems to have written a single commentary on Aristotle (Parva naturalia) and is to be discovered on the basis of research into his university sermons. The paper presents the edition (preceded by a substantial introduction) of two redactions — a draft and a proper redaction — of such a sermon: his opening lectures on Summulae logicales by Peter of Spain, composed during his activity at the University of Krakow. The draft consists of seven notabilia only, dealing primarily with some general problems concerning logic. The proper redaction is a deeply elaborated introduction to Peter’s work, that — according to Nicholas — should be entitled: The treatise by Peter of Spain dealing with the argumentation and some other things relating to it, compiling views of the other philosophers, composed because of the love for young students to these students obtain the way of argumentation, as well as the possibility to discern the truth from the false. It contains the recommendation of logic, some general logical problems, like the causes and subject matter of commented text, and the accessus to the first part of the Tractatus. Both versions of the sermon are preserved in Ms. Wroclaw, University Library, cod. I Q 380.
More...
The article extends a contemporary discussion about the Epitaph of Jan of Jeřeň and argues that these two male saints who are traditionally referred to as Bartholomew and Thomas do not have to be the only interpretation here. Simultaneously, it shows us the basic need to deal with the concrete objects displayed. These can essentially influence the narrative potential of the artwork. This study points out the desirable multidisciplinary approach that is being demonstrated here by an example of a type of an object (falchion) in relation to a medieval art of Central Europe.
More...
Funeral ceremonies of the Hungarian nobility in the late medieval Kingdom of Hungary are the central focus of this study. Due to the relative lack of reports preserved from the Hungarian environment, the current paper is centred on three specific noble funerals that took place in late medieval Hungary. The funeral ceremonies of John Pongrác of Dengeleg, Ulrich of Cilli and Hedwig of Cieszyn were duly reported by contemporary authors and therefore comprise the knowledge base for this text. The aim of this study is to investigate the course of funeral ceremonies, the symbolic level of mourning towards the nobility and observe any common and varying elements. The current paper also discusses the purpose of several customary features of the burials (processions, clothes, colours etc.), as well as how they were prepared and organised. Moreover, the idea of what a proper nobleman’s funeral should look like according to contemporaries as well as the intentions of the scribes as to how to inform about the death or burial of the members of Hungarian nobility are also presented.
More...
The article presents the results of research on miniatures of manuscripts and engravings of printed books of the 13th—16th centuries — important pictorial sources on material culture, including costume and household items related to the life of a child, as well as their games, toys and dolls. The medieval miniatures have been massively studied by students of historic costumes, seldom toys, while this article addresses the miniatures and engravings as the most important pictorial source on the Middle Ages and early Modern times. References are provided to specific images from books and their digitized copies and some replicas.The identified sources show that the book illustration of the studied period is able to provide what is necessary for understanding how medieval children grew up and developed, how they were dressed, slept, what and how they played. Gospel stories about Jesus Christ’s infancy were most important in this matter. Among the secular subjects, quite informative are illustrations with the births of princely children and the lives of historical figures, known and anonymous characters of miniatures and engravings.
More...
The authors examine a stray find of two Early Rus’ miniature copper alloy icons of the middle — second half of the 13th century found in a broad historical and cultural context in Eastern Poland. One of them is the central wing of a triptych with the image of the Mother of God Hodegetria and a Medusa Gorgon composition on the back. The other icon, also depicting the Hodegetria and the Child with an unfolded scroll, is extremely unique. This iconographic type is characteristic of Southern Italy. The icon itself can copy an unpreserved large-sized icon from Kyiv. The icons were hidden in an uninhabited space in forest no later than in the 14th century. This corresponds to the archaic rituals of concealing unused sacred objects due to their worn and torn state or changes in the cultural situation. The article provides an overview of sacred objects found in Central-Eastern Europe in a similar context — in forest or on trees. Water was another element intended to conceal sacred objects. The authors substantiate the hypothesis that the lead pilgrimage badges found in Western Europe in rivers or in a wet context were also deposited there in accordance with the archaic rituals of “floating on water” due to religious changes at the turn of the 15th—16th centuries. The concealment of icons in the forest was associated with the entry of the Rus’-Polish borderlands into the Kingdom of Poland and subsequent transformations of the local Orthodox culture.
More...
The study discusses the cognitive benefits of a discourse-oriented reading of old texts whose confessional polemic discourse of the Reformation period becomes meaningful again. The object of research are the communicative aspects of language and the various dimensions of socio-cultural life. The aim of the analysis is not so much discussing the characteristics of the code, but the description of its users, seen as subjects of discourse, and of the relations among them, of their knowledge system, ways of thinking about the world, basic concepts, ideas and values (or rather their profiles) contained in discourse, the communication strategies used, as well as the cultural and social conditions and institutional framework in which the discourse takes place. While on the one hand, from the research perspective, all these parameters make up the characteristics of discourse, on the other, the category of discourse allows for a consistent inclusion of such diverse properties in its description.
More...
Review of: Cătălina Bălinișteanu-Furdu, Old and Middle English Literature. The Literature of the Renaissance, Bacău, Editura Alma Mater, 2021, 212 pages.
More...
The schism between the Western and Eastern churches, which formally took place in Constantinople, gave rise to a rich polemical literary tradition, but anti-Latin theme entered relatively late into hagiography as a special literary genre. This did not happen in Byzantium until the 30s of the 13th century. There is not a single hagiography completely devoted to the denunciation of the Latins in the Greek circle of writing (in Byzantium, Cyprus and Crete, Palestine and Mount Athos) of the 13th–16th centuries. This topic is associated exclusively with biographical details and is mentioned episodically in the hagiographies. None of the monuments of late Greek-Byzantine hagiography with anti-Latin fragments entered the Old Russian literature. On the contrary, there is not only an increase in interest in this topic in ancient Russian literature, but there is even a life written purposefully as an anti-Latin pamphlet — the life of the holy martyr Isidore of Yuryev. The dynamics of the emergence of anti-Latin theme in Old Russian hagiography is asynchronous with Byzantine hagiography — it became relevant in Old Russia only in the second half of the 15th century. Almost all Russian saints whose lives contain anti-Latin themes are associated with the Baltic region. This is the legendary origin of the holy fools Isidor Tverdislov of Rostov and Procopius of Ustyug, the monks Anthony the Roman and Serapion of Pskov, the military-political activity of the prince Alexander Nevsky and the holy martyr Isidor’s of Yuryev death at the hands of the Latins. The article concludes that Byzantine hagiography did not play a role in the formation of anti-Latin theme in ancient Russian hagiography.
More...
Until recently, historiography has lacked major comparative studies on the phenomen of Holy in Central Europe. Meanwhile, there were very vast regions in which there were no local saints until the end of the Middle Ages. One of these historical regions was Upper Saxony. What was the way of formation of the sacral cult here? What political or socio-cultural factors played a decisive role in the emergence of the cult of saints? And what were the functions of the saints in a changing society? The problems are studied on the example of St. Benno, Bishop of Meißen, who was canonized in 1523. He became the last saint of the medieval Latin Church and the first saint for the Wettin dynasty. The article shows the instrumentalization of his memory at various stages. From the 13th century he acted in the service of the bishops of Meißen, who aspired to become imperial princes. From the 15th century the princely dynasty of the Wettins (Albertine House) was busy about the canonization of Benno in order to strengthen their own authority in the Holy Roman Empire. The decisive contribution in this direction was made by Duke George the Bearded. Two events marked the efforts of the Saxon prince in the public space: the translation into German of the Life of St. Benno, made by Hieronymus Emser in 1517 and the transfer of Benno’s relics in the cathedral of Meißen in 1524. During the Reformation, the cult of St. Benno was called upon to oppose Protestantism. Paradoxically, however, he was able to play his role as a link between the dynasty and subjects only in Bavaria from the end of the 16th century.
More...
Following the diplomatic sources written in urban contexts, account books represent one of the richest and most diverse sources of information concerning the governance and everyday life of any medieval town. This situation is also fully valid for the small Transylvanian corner of Eastern Central Europe, where a handful of urban settlements of German foundation had developed and flourished in the Late Middle Ages. Through a few historical records of this nature, dating from the last years of the 15th century, the town of Cluj – at this point jointly administrated by its Hungarian and German communities – resembles in their employment with the predominantly Saxon towns of Sibiu, Bistrița, Brașov and Sighișoara. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to typologically frame the preserved fragments of the medieval accounts of Cluj, part of them already put in circulation since the end of the 19th century, while another, more modest in scope, was completely unpublished so far, as well as to give all these sources a new and updated critical edition.
More...
The coats of arms of the patrician families were embedded as spolia in the Villa Antoinette, also known as Maharzeva vila in the town of Rab. One of the slabs on which the coats of arms are carved bears the signature of the master craftsman Ilija. After a short introduction through the attribution of coats of arms to certain families, other known works signed by master craftsman Ilija are listed. These are stone slabs in the bell tower of St John the Evangelist on the island of Rab and the Church of St Nicholas in Kraljevica. In conclusion, the possible places where the coats of arms could have originally stood are considered. It is pondered upon exactly what Ilija did at the Church of St John the Evangelist with his associate craftsman Marko, and whether there is the possibility that Marko and Ilija worked together on the church in Kraljevica. The dates of their signed works are given and the thesis is presented about the existence of a Kvarner workshop whose members were master craftsmen Ilija and Marko, masons and builders, and which operated in the wider area of Kvarner.
More...
Dimetoka is one of the Balkan towns that remained under the rule of the Ottoman Empire for about 5.5 centuries. It can be accepted among the places that the Ottomans conquered in the first period in Rumelia. Today, it is located in the Evros/Meriç region within the borders of Greece. Dimetoka is located in the settlement zone of the Ottoman state in Rumelia. It is known that Turkish and Muslim people were brought from Anatolia for the settlement and development of the city. In order to realize the settlement policy in the city, the Ottomans adopted the people they settled in the region to the timar, waqf, and mülk systems. Therefore, it can be said that Dimetoka is a settlement where timars, waqfs, mülks, and farms are densely established. This article focuses on the identification of mülks in Dimetoka and their transformation into Waqf and Timar. In the 15th and 16th centuries, mülk records in this city were recorded in the cadastral registers. In this study on these cadastral registers, information is given about the mülk lands in the city and their usage methods. The ways in which the mülks are acquired and the way they are transferred to the next generations are stated. Evaluations were made on how the properties were given to whom and how they turned into Waqf and Timar. This study is based on archive analysis, analysis, criticism and synthesis. The determination of Dimetoka mülks and their changes and transformations over time have been revealed in the historical period we have limited.
More...
In Turkish poetic and prose works written during the 14th and 15th centuries, the blue eye color was synonymous with danger, hatred, repulsion and wickedness, both in this world and in the afterlife. According to some stories and texts, blue eyes, which the Turks accepted as sacred, chosen, and superior in pre-Islamic times, became associated with liars, sinners, terrifying, wicked, and ruthless people and beings in Turkish poetic and prose works written in and outside of Anatolia during the 14th and 15th centuries. This article traces the use of blue eyes in 14th and 15th century Divan poetry. First, the works that depict blue-eyed wicked, terrifying, ruthless, ugly, and deceitful characters and beings are identified. Later, the reason behind this notable negative attitude towards blue eyes is explored and revealed by examining its origins.
More...
Рresentation of the recently published collection of studies The Late Medieval Balkans. Studies in Honor of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Snezhana Rakova, Sofia: Wunderkammer, 2022, 406. Colleagues and followers of Dr. Rakova are devoting their interesting research results in the field of history, cultural, literary and art studies, related to their own research interest, but also with common tangents points with Rakova's research and publications.
More...
The article traces the history of the “Instructions to the newly appointed priest” from the 13th to the 20th century. This text was created in Rus’ and has a compilation character. It exists in two editions – the Full one (from the 13th century) and the Short one, which is known from the manuscript copies from the beginning of the 15th century and possibly associated with Metropolitan Cyprian. The “Instruction” was given to the priest during the liturgy; and this has determined the distribution of the text. The language of the “Instruction” was regularly updated; in the Kyiv Metropolis, it included the vocabulary of “prosta mova”. The “Instruction” was repeatedly published in print both in the Moscow Patriarchate and in the Kyiv Metropolis, supplied with comments on incomprehensible words. The last analyzed edition originated in 1930 in Warsaw. The history of the “Instruction” testifies to the remarkable stability of the text, despite its archaic nature.
More...
This study presents a probe into the field of beverage culture as it was cultivated in the late 15th and early 16th century at the courts of the descendants of Casimir IV († 1492) ruler of Poland and Lithuania of the Jagiellonian dynasty: King Vladislaus († 1516) of Bohemia and Hungary, his son, King Louis († 1526) of Bohemia and Hungary, and then his brothers, King John Albert († 1501) of Poland, the Grand Duke of Lithuania and later also King of Poland Alexander († 1506) and the future ruler of Poland-Lithuania (the then Duke of Opava and Głogów and the governor of Silesia and Lusatia) Sigismund († 1548). The starting point of the research was a comprehensive analysis of rare, preserved account books kept at the courts of these monarchs. This study describes the various types of beverages consumed (especially wine and beer) both in the social and geographical contexts. In addition, it also includes the sphere of consumers’ taste preferences.
More...
This paper addresses the question of the status of Slavic/Serbian language in the Ottoman Empire during the late 15th century by focusing on three multilingual languagelearning handbooks, which were produced at or around the Ottoman court and contain fragments in Serbian written in the Arabic script. Two of these handbooks (MSs Süleymaniye Ayasofya 4749 and Ayasofya 4750) have attracted scholarly attention since 1936. Using the historical language ideology as a hermeneutical tool, this paper first revisits the scholarly interpretations of these two manuscripts and then introduces a third, so far unnoticed codex (MS SB Berlin Or.oct.33). The analysis of the form and contents of this manuscript provides new insights into the original context in which all three manuscripts were produced, along with a series of similar handbooks which do not contain Slavic material.
More...