,„Și încă a pustiit şi sfânta mănăstire”. Mănăstirea Govora și un gest de putere de la mijlocul secolului al XV-lea

Author(s): Ramona Adina Neacsa (Lupu) / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: XXXIII/2015

This paper analyses the destruction of the Govora Monastery by the boyar Albu the Great in mid fifteenth-century Wallachia. The main contention of the article is that this sacrilegious act was embedded in the struggles between different Wallachian noble groups competing for power. Thus, by devastating the monastery, Albu the Great was trying to strengthen his own position, while undermining that of the founder of the monastery, no other than Vlad the Devil, the lord of Wallachia. The Govora monastery played an important role in supporting and legitimizing Vlad’s rule, therefore any act of violence directed against it was actually aimed to its founder. A locus of history and legitimacy, the monastery had a significant capital of symbolic power that could be manipulated, destroyed or, on the contrary, restored. This is precisely what happed with Govora in the second half of the fifteenth century, when Vlad the Devil’s descendents took care to restore the family monastic foundation. Thus, Vlad the Impaler punished Albu the Great and his entire kin and, afterwards, Vlad the Monk and Radu the Great re-established the monastic estate by buying back two of its former villages, Glodul and Hinţa. The purpose of this article is to suggest that the fifteenth-century Wallachian monasteries were not solely a network of religious and economic centres, but also hubs of political power.

15. Yüzyilda Hitay’da Bir Timurlu Sefir: Giyaseddin Nakkaş’in Hitay Gözlemleri

Author(s): Betül Mutlu / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 67/2011

Hıtay Sefaretnamesi is our oldest known travel book written by Hoca Gıyaseddin Nakkaş in Persian in 1422 and transleted into Ottoman Turkish in 1728 by Küçükçelebizade İsmail Asım. Mirza Baysungur of the Timurid Mirza’s was commissioned as an envoy Hoca Gıyaseddin Nakkaş , while performing the embassy official duty, has not only satisfied with the physical observations but also dealt with social and cultural structure of Hıtay society and transferred them to his prepared report in detail. İn this regard Hıtay Sefaretnamesi can not be ignored as a source is important in the 15th century research as well as being our first travel book. The present paper analyses the narration and observation notes of the Hıtay Sefaretnamesi.

A horvátországi magyarlakta falvak története

Author(s): Krisztián Szigetvári / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2004

A New Archaeological Study of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul

Author(s): Ken Dark,Jan Kostenec / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

A Szilágyság és a Wesselényi család (14–17. század)

Author(s): / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2012

This volume contains the edited texts of the papers presented at the conference "Sălaj (Szilágy) Region and the Wesselényi Family in the 14–17th centuries" held between 7 and 8 September 2012 in Cluj (Kolozsvár). The essays deal with the estate system and the political and economic history of the medieval Sălaj (Szilágy) region (Middle Solnoc/Szolnok and Crasna/Kraszna counties), as well as with the history of the Wesselényi family archives and the early modern history of the Wesselényi family.

About the interpretation and purpose of the charter issued by Bishop of Eger for burghers of Košice in 1290

Author(s): Drahoslav Magdoško / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2014

According to the charter issued by Andrew, Bishop of Eger, the Košice burghers were exempted from jurisdiction of Archdeacon of Abaujvár in 1290. Circumstances connected to its origin and then comparison with other charters containing similar privilege seem to be essential factors leading to better understanding of the source. Hereby a very detailed analysis of the text might say more to explain its meaning. Therefore, the cognoscible context of exemptions with the examination of circumstances leading to the issuance of the charter in 1290, along with consideration of the words written in the text, encourage the opinion that the burghers of Košice had been exempted from jurisdiction of Abaujvár´s Archdeacon even before. The Bishop´s charter seems to be only a confirmation of the right allowed earlier, which was a common phenomenon in the towns (or in the communities of guests) of the Hungarian Kingdom.

Angielska Kompania Wschodnia w handlu bałtyckim

Author(s): Andrzej Groth / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2015

In the 15th century the economic relations between England and the Baltic countries became more intensified. The Baltic market was an important receiver of English cloth, and – at the same time – supplied the English shipyards with all the basic raw materials and semi-finished products. It is worth reminding that in the mid-16th century raw materials for the shipbuilding industry accounted for 1/2 to 3/4 of the Baltic exports to England, and textile products accounted for 80% of the value of the English imports to the Baltic countries. Most of these raw materials were delivered by the economy of the Polish-Lithuanian state, which up to the middle of the 17th century kept the dominant position in the commercial exchange between the Baltic region and the West of Europe. The key role in the Baltic trade with England was played by three ports: Elbląg (Elbing), Gdańsk (Danzig) and Królewiec (Königsberg). The prominent role of Elbląg resulted from the fact that the Eastland Company had its headquarters there. After the truce in Altmark was signed (1629) the Eastland Company practically lost its headquarters as its stay in Elbląg became pointless because of the restrictions imposed by the Polish Sejm (Parliament) on the trade with the ports under the Swedish rule. After the liquidation of the Eastland Company’s office in Elbląg the port’s participation in the Baltic trade was taken over by Gdańsk, Królewiec and partly by the Livonian ports. Since the 1680s the Baltic trade concentrated in the Swedish ports. In England the ports that participated in the Baltic trade were mainly the ones from the Eastern coast: London, Hull and Newcastle.

Anotimpurile cruciate ale unui rege: documente milaneze asupra politicii lui Matia Corvin în anul 1475*

Author(s): Alexandru Simon / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 4/2012

The paper is an inventory of selected sources that help retrace the main coordinates and the evolution (“the seasons”) of Matthias Corvinus throughout 1475, a year that began with great crusader hopes and expectations (in particular after mid March) and virtually ended in Ottoman fear and threat and Christian concern and feud. Based on documents extracted from Italian archives, the paper also directs attention towards the relation between fact and propaganda in the early months of 1476, after the Ottoman conquest of Caffa in June 1475 and prior to sultan Mehmed II’s Moldavia campaign of July 1476. The study indicates also the structural internal relation between the various units in king Matthias Corvinus’ “great anti-Ottoman” army and administration, as recorded that year by various western diplomats with “support” from the king of Hungary. The analysis reveals both the conscientious exaggerations made and their detrimental effects on the pragmatic reception and support of crusader warfare, led by East Central European monarchs, in the Italian Peninsula. At the same time, the sources point out the efforts made by the parties directly involved in the clash with the Ottoman Empire to overcome these handicaps and to secure actual funding, without however (fully) abandoning the rhetoric of exaggeration.

Antonij von Novgorod und die Kirche des Theodoros ἐν τοῖς Σφωρακίου – Ein Beitrag zur sakralen Topographie von Konstantinopel

Author(s): Arne Effenberger / Language(s): German / Publication Year: 0

Antyturecka korespondencja Macieja Korwina i Sykstusa IV. Przyczynek do dziejów propagandy w stosunkach międzynarodowych w późnym średniowieczu

Author(s): Piotr Trafilowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2016

The text analyzes the published correspondence of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary (1458–1490), and Pope Sixtus IV (1471–1484). The major part of the letters of both writers was devoted to the fight against the Turk who threatened Christian Europe. These documents are interesting not only because they describe the military action conducted in the Balkans, but also because they constitute a basis on which we can observe the duplicitous politics of the ruler, who had been titled by the pope as the greatest defender of Christianity. Using the argument of his involvement in the fight against the Turk, he pursued his other goals, directing his campaign towards the north-west and entering into conflict with such countries as Poland. At the same time, on the international arena, he was such a deft politician that Polish diplomacy couldn’t stand up to him in any way.

Anul 1432: începutul conflictului dintre Ilie vodă şi Ştefan vodă, fiii lui Alexandru cel Bun. Documente inedite din arhiva Ordinului Teuton

Author(s): Liviu Cîmpeanu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: XXXIII/2015

The fratricide war between Alexander the Good’s descendants is difficult to reconstruct due to the lack of sources. Thus, until now, historians dated the beginning of the conflict between Alexander’s sons, Elijah and Stephen, using Jan Dlugosz’s Chronicle. According to the Polish chronicler, the war started in the autumn of 1433, when Stephen received Ottoman and Wallachian support. However, documents from the archive of the Teutonic Order from Berlin-Dahlem shed a new light on these events. It seems that the first conflict between Elijah and Stephen broke in mid-1432, after a joint rule that lasted half a year. Although Stephen was helped by the Wallachians, he was defeated by Elijah, who in his turn was assisted by the Tatars mercenaries sent by his Lithuanian ally, Boleslav Swidrigaillo. As a result, Stephen fled to the Ottomans. Later that year, he once again tried to gain the throne, but he failed despite having the Ottomans’ support. Next spring, in 1433, the two brothers made a short lived peace. The second was ended with Stephen’s victory, which was recognized by the Polish king as the legitimate ruler of Moldavia, while Elijah fled the country. Thus, it seems that Dlugosz compressed the two fratricidal wars, from 1432 and 1433, in a single one.

Archeologické nálezy v uliciach Košíc – studne

Author(s): Marcela Durišová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1/2013

This contribution describes and evaluates four wells explored or documented in 1990s in the streets of Košice. Two of the wells were investigated in Hlavná Street – one of them is located in the Lower Gate area and the other is near the Immaculata. The third well was researched in Dominikánske Square. The well in front of Kováčska Street 26, damaged by a sewer trench, was documented only. Profile of the wells is round, narrowing towards the bottom. Their construction character is identical as well – stone walls built on a wooden base construction. The maximum difference between the bottoms’ levels is 1.5 m. It was impossible to measure the depth and identify the construction method of the well in Kováčska Street – in front of Kováčska 25, as it was situated under the bottom of the sewer trench backfill. Despite the fact that dating of the wells was not possible, it is undoubtable that they were used in the modern era. They disappeared when the city water supply was built in the beginning of the 20th century.

Az alsó ispotály

Author(s): Lajos Rácz / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2015

Rüsz-Fogarasi Enikő: Egy elfeledett intézmény. A kolozsvári Szentlélek-ispotály kora újkori története. L’Harmattan, Budapest, 2012. 172 oldal

Az erdélyi vármegyék középkori szolgabírái

Author(s): András Kovács W. / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2016

The office of iudex nobilium (szolgabíró) was created by royal authority in Hungary in the 1270s, and it was introduced shortly afterwards in Transylvania as well, most probably by the king’s local representative, the voivode of Transylvania. Iudices nobilium are mentioned in Transylvanian documentary sources already in the first decades of the 14th century in each of the counties; their number becomes settled later at two per county. They formed, together with the comes (ispán) and the county notary, the authorities of the “noble” county, as literature calls it. The two iudices nobilium were elected by the county nobility from their own circles. Their participation as co-judges in the judicial sessions (congregatio generalis) held by the voivodes for the Transylvanian nobility can be documented since 1327 and up to the abolishment of these in 1412. In addition to judicial activity, they executed orders of the central authorities as well: in most of the cases one of the iudices nobilium carried out inquiries ordered by the voivode or vice-voivode; there were some cases however when the inquiries were led by another nobleman from the county, at the request of and chosen by the plaintiff (in cases when the scene of the inquiry was far from the home of the iudex nobilium, or when this latter was hindered by other circumstances). Iudices nobilium were local smallholders, who did not hold any offices of greater importance, though in some cases became comites of their county.

Az Európa-gondolat fejlődéstörténete a második világháborúig

Author(s): Balázs Varga / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Badania krucyfi ksu z belki tęczowej w kościele św. Wojciecha w Krakowie przy użyciu dwuźródłowej tomografi i komputerowej

Author(s): Anna Mikolajska,Agnieszka Lubon-Radwanska,Malgorzata Urbanczyk-Zawadzka,Robert Pawel Banys / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 23/2015

This paper explores the structure of the presented Crucifi x. It also details the application of X-ray Dual Source Computed Tomography as a modern tool in the investigations of wooden objects. Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most powerful non-destructive techniques available, and can be thus used for the full volume inspection of an object. For the first time in Poland, we utilized this system of X-ray Dual Source Computed Tomography in the study of our cultural heritage. This Crucifi x comes from the oldest church in Kraków, the Church of St. Adalbert. It dates back to the beginning of the 15th century and is an “import” of Tuscan art. This is the first time it was so extensively investigated.

Between Entrepreneurship and Law - Direct Action in the Matter of Contractor Agreement in the New Romanian Civil Code

Author(s): Manuel Cristian Firica / Language(s): English / Issue: 7 (37)/2015

The phrase direct action is the product of case law. If in the old Romanian Civil Code of 1864 there was no article of law to make reference to this expression, but only two derogations in articles 1488 and 1798 pointed out, the new Romanian Civil Code- entered into force on 1 October 2011 and considered one of the significant milestones of the legislative reform unparalleled in Romania's juridical history of the past twenty- five years, after the fall of communism- allots the notion two articles- no. 1856 and 2023 and, moreover, article 1807 stipulates the actions that may be taken against a subtenant. Apart from the fact that the concept is defined according to the old Romanian Civil Code, with some references to the old Romanian Civil Code, and compared with other countries’ way of considering the institution of direct action, the paper approaches a case of its practical application allowed by Romanian law- direct action in the matter of contractor agreement.

BOBOVAC

Author(s): Emir Isovic / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 2/2015

Bosanski psaltir

Iz zbornika Hvala krstjanina

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian,Old Slavonic / Issue: 60/2012

Verzija crkvenoslavenskog psaltira uvrštena u Hvalov zbornik donosi niz zagonetki. Iako se rukopis po svome kolofonu vezuje za Crkvu bosansku, i premda je pisan za pokrovitelja Hrvoja Vukčića Hrvatinića koji je njegovao veze sa hrvatskim glagoljašima u sklopu Rimokatoličke crkve, struktura teksta psaltira sasvim jasno je izvedena iz pravoslavne prakse. Njegovi psalmi podijeljeni su na uobičajenih dvadeset katizmi (u staroj praksi istočnog monaštva, mjesta na kojima se čitanje može prekinuti kako bi pastva sjela) koje se, opet, dalje dijele na slave (mjesta za pojanje slavoslovlja). Takve podjele, koje potječu iz istočnog monaštva, nepoznate su u zapadnoj crkvi. Pored toga, nakon 150 kanonskih psalama slijedi ”psalam bez broja”, pjesma Davidova o pobjedi nad Golijatom, te skup biblijskih pjesama, iz Starog i Novog zavjeta, koje su u istočnoj crkvi postale ustaljeni dodatak psaltiru za razliku od ponešto drugačijeg izbora biblijskih pjesama uobičajenog na Zapadu. Stoga se naoko čini da ta komponenta Zbornika ide u prilog tezi da je verzija Svetog pisma koju je koristila Crkva bosanska navodno došla iz istočnog, pravoslavnog izvora. Tako se Hvalov psaltir, još otkako je Rački o tome pisao, često navodi kao dokaz – gotovo kao jedini dokaz – da su bosanski krstjani vjerovatno priznavali i koristili Stari baš kao i Novi zavjet.

Bosansko-humski krstjani u turskim vrelima (napomene)

Author(s): Nenad Maocanin / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

By the mid-16th century half of the Bosnian population converted to Islam. The interest for joining the Ottoman war machine that numerous groups within the population exhibited and the rise of new types of towns can, to a certain extent, enable the deciphering of this phenomenon. However, social, economic and financial elements are of even greater importance. Recently, it has been found that, even after the conquest, many slaves were taken from Bosnia to the Empire’s hinterland and this factor of insecurity could have instigated the convergence (this will be dealt with later). On the doctrinal level, specific affinities between krstjani and Islam could not have existed.