The Kievan Manuscript of Synopsis Basilicorum major

Author(s): Dorotei Getov / Language(s): English Issue: 14-15/2015

The aim of this article is to provide a basis for evaluation of the place of a new Greek witness in the manuscript tradition of a major source for the history of Byzantine Law – the Synopsis Basilicorum major. The author describes exhaustively the main texts and scholia in cod. Kiev, National Library of Ukraine, Φ. I № 137/2. His new comprehensive description supplements and corrects the one published in a recent catalogue by Ievhen Chernukhin.

НИКИТА ХОНИАТ СРЕЩУ МАНУИЛ I КОМНИН: ПОЛЕМИКА, СВЪРЗАНА С ИСЛЯМА, В КОНТЕКСТА НА ВИЗАНТИЙСКАТА ТРАДИЦИЯ

Author(s): Dimitar Yordanov Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

Byzantine society had very complex relations with the Islamic Eastern neighbors. Islam, to be sure, started and continued to be menace for Byzantium for the all long eighth centuries they used to coexist. However, Byzantine society needed a certain period of time to accept Islam as another religion, standing against Christianity in the East. After the first Byzantine revenge acts against Judaism a long tradition was formed with two main streams. The first of them envisaged Islam as a demoniac pseudo-religion (or anti-religion), the second being milder and ready to accept the Islamic neighbors not as a whole, but rather as different states, culturally not so different from Byzantium, with diplomacy playing role for keeping balance in the East. Thus, the Byzantine Real politik appeared as a phenomenon, what provoked crusaders to accuse Byzantium as being traitor to the Christian cause in the East. In that context should we pose the interesting incident at the end of Manuel I Komnenos’ reign (1143 – 1180). Both Church and society were provoked by the decision of the Emperor to lift up the anathemas against Allah from the trivial ritual of denouncing Islam. This formula was used generally by Muslims who converted to Christianity for whatever reason. Manuel sent twice tomoi for approval, provoking no less than an angry reaction in the Church and society. Thus, two main concepts made a stand against each other, a more traditional one and another, more practical, political, if not to say tolerant. For Manuel and his followers, who were not missing, as we know from Choniates, the doctrine of Muhammadwas just a deviation, untrue enough, of the unified Biblical tradition implying, anyhow, the existence of one and only God, Creator of the world. His opponents, Choniates being definitely among them, refused even to listen to such an interpretation. This radically harsh view on Islam corresponded with the anathemas against Islam in Choniates’ Treasure of Orthodoxy. Although in that particular case Choniates took side with the traditional opposition against the Emperor, in his History he used to be more delicate observer of Muslims, especially when comparing them with the Latins who became “champions” of his wrath.

Ктиторски изображения и надписи в манастири и църкви на Видинската епархия от XIV – XIX век

Author(s): Atanaska Stamboliyska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

A survey will be made in the present article of the existing donor images and inscription in somemonasteries and churches in the bishopric of Vidin in the 14th – 19th c. This type of sources contain immense information, which not only allows us to trace back the foundation and development of the monastic and parish network, but also presents data on the physical features, garments, adornments, haircut and colours of donor’s clothes. The inscriptions, on the other hand, contain rich repertoire of names, thus supplementing to the existing onomastic fund. Data provided by the images and inscriptions in the churches is backed up and supplemented by the Ottoman registers, hagiographic literature and archaeological material.

Църковният закон на патриарх Василий в Архивския номоканон (ЦИАИ 1160)

Author(s): Ancho Kaloyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

The Arhivski Nomocanon (Church History and Archives Institute 1160) is end of the 14th century copy of the Penitential Nomocanon of the Bulgarian church. Its initial composition originated in 913 from translated and domestic legal documents and later new texts were added, among which we identify Patriarch Vasilii’s Ecclesiastical law. In the Law the total number of rules is 117, united thematically in 9 groups, of which the first two are meaningful: the first is about the hierarchy in the autocephalous Church headed by a Patriarch, the second establishes the priority of the ecclesiastical court over the tsar’s court, sign of the uniat with Rome (1204–1232) at the time of Patriarch Vasilii’s rule.

Цамблаковата проповед ѻ͗ ѹ͗сопшии– социална картина на живота в България през XIV век

Author(s): Maria Spasova / Language(s): Bulgarian,Old Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

The article gives excerpts and information for the social life in the Medieval Bulgaria that are contained in the sermon of Gregory Tzamblak. In contrast to the historical sources where the facts are „painted” with background information, the sermons are characterized by the art peculiarities of the rhetoric prose and with elements of the vivid, folk language. The sermon is a kind of mediator between the clergyman preacher and the laymen who are playing the role of his audience. The theological theses, the Biblical excerpts and their interpretation are given through familiar to the Christians examples. Paintnigs from the real life are being painted and though this represents a Medieval realism of the imitation, the sermon is an authentic historical source for the picture of the social life in.

Въоръженото насилие, войната и мирът в “Сага за фарьорците”: Опит за анализ

Author(s): Ivelin A. Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

The article deals with violence and peacekeeping in the Faereynga Saga which had been written in Iceland at the beginning of the XIII c. First, the author focuses on hostilities and limited-scale armed violence on the island. The analysis of textual information leads to a clear identification of several types of hostility activities, not all can be classified as a typical military conflict but rather as acts of revenge and murder. Next, the author concludes that the available information does not allow to fix the frequency and intensity of this type of actions. Obviously, they were relatively rare events that left a long lasting impression for generations. Some of the examples show that the reason or occasion were not only blood feud, but also actions against Vikings or conflicts with foreign merchants. Furthermore, the purpose of armed violence was not only physical injury or murder, but also a demonstration of expulsion or social isolation of an outlawed person or a whole group. In conclusion, the author underlines that the Faereynga Saga provides unique information about small scale conflicts and armed clashes in the Faroe Islands. Also, he concludes that the saga could be a reliable source concerning the victims in the armed clashes. Next, unlike the armed violence, peace should be regarded as private and regional rather than as a political reality. Finally, the author notes that analysed clashes and conflicts provides a valuable information about conflicts and peace keeping in isolated Scandinavian societies in the North Atlantic.

Византийските свещени войни: проблеми и дискусии

Author(s): Iliyan Mihov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

The article discusses various aspects of Byzantine Empire’s history in the 6th – 7th c., called by some historiographers the “Holy Wars of Early Byzantium”. In the 6th c. the Byzantines built up the most enduring medieval doctrine – the doctrine of the Holy Empire: it is the idea of the Sacred Byzantine Empire understood as a union of State and Church. An important aspect in the Medieval worldview is the unity of religion and politics. The idea of the inextricable link between the Byzantine Empire and the Christian faith turns on the traditional ancient view of the world, which is divided into Roman and barbarian and now began to be divided into Christian and non-Christian. Between the 3rd and 7th c., Byzantium’s main rival in public attitude is the Sasanian Empire. The culmination of these relations are the so-called Heraclius’ Wars with the Sasanian Empire and the restoration of the True Cross to Jerusalem. The emergence of a new religious-political doctrine – the Islam and Byzantium’s attitude to the new historical realities during Nicephorus II Phocas (963 – 969) and John I Tzimiskes (969 – 976) are also discussed. In parallel, the Crusades occurred in Western Europe that creates a new dimension to the concept of Holy War, which even today builds up the image of the so-called Holy wars.

Varia: За глаголната система у митр. Григорий Цамблак и в среднобългарския превод на Златоустовия хомилетичния свод „За серафимите“

Author(s): Teodora Ilieva G. / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

The object of investigation in the present paper is the comparative study of the temporal system in translated and original works of Tarnovo and non-Tarnovo origin from the 14th century, published in the last decade. The study focuses on the parallel between the verbal system of the largely unresearched pre-Euthymian homiletic manuscript of six homilies “On the Seraphim”, translated by Dionysius Divni, and six works of the representative of TarnovoLiterary School – Metropolitan Gregory Tsamblak, which are genealogically connected with it. The following aspects have been studied contrastively: the paradigm of the verb tenses – Present tense, Past Imperfect, Past Aorist, Past Perfect, Plusquamperfectum, Future Simple, descriptive future-tense forms, Past Future tense; the unchanging infinitive; the verboids – present active participle, aorist active participle, passive participles; passive voice; conditional and imperative mood. Their similarities (conformity to Middle Bulgarian tendencies and Athonite influences) and differences (the degree of archaisation, individual style) have been inspected.

Конференция на тема „От Черната смърт до холерата. Борбата срещу епи- демиите в историческа перспектива, XIV – XIX век“

Author(s): Albena Simova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2022

Кръстоносната идея – памет и реалност

Author(s): Raya Zaimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/1998

The peculiar interpretation in French literature of the subject of the “Crusades”, made by politicians and men of letters after the formation of the Ottoman Empire, is examined. Born in the Middle Ages, the so-called “crusades idea” was transformed in time according to the actual political situations. It retained its external form, went through internal metamorphoses and in the 18th c. grew into the so-called “Eastern Question”. On the other hand, at the same time French historiography of the 16th – 18th c., written by armchair men of letters, reflected a bygone age – a dream which the thinking of the Enlightenment fully destroyed. In the 19th c. the deposits of the two currents led to the publication of series of mediaeval French and other chronicles the interpretation of which rested at the foundation of positivism in science.

Етнокултурен модел на историческото съзнание през българското средновековие

Author(s): Valeri Katzounov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/1991

The problem of the historical consciousness of the peoples is too wide and not yet well enough researched area in the sphere of the social sciences. In a sense it is a part of a much wider problem of the ethnical consciousness and self-consciousness. The article makes a detailed and critical review of accessible home and foreign publications. On the basis of their review, the author reveals his own understanding upon the raised questions in the specialized literature. A detailed analysis is made on the relations: national consciousness and self-consciousness and historical consciousness and self-consciousness. An original model is built of the historical consciousness considered with the peculiarities of the social development in the different periods of the Bulgarian history for the time from the 7th to the first half of the 18th century. An original principal scheme is presented of composition of ethnical self-consciousness as individual human reflection of a concrete socioimportant ideas. According to the author, this is a complex of complicated, interweaved and mutually connected ideas from which basic are: the idea of community of the origin (from the idea of ethnical identity); the idea of the community of the historical fate (from the idea of a political organization, the idea of state system in society); the idea of cultural peculiarities (from the idea of cultural identity, for cultural community of the society).The first two most precisely reveal the sense of the concepts “historical consciousness” and “historical self-consciousness”.

Република Седемте съединени острова – първа гръцка държава в революционна Европа

Author(s): Svetla Glushkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

The Greek-inhabited Ionian islands were key in Mediterranean trade. They came under Venetian rule at the end of the 14th century. The Ionians lived in a stratified society enjoying personal freedoms, brought together by their Orthodox religion. At the end of the 18th century, the Ionian islands were dragged into the complex political relations between the big countries in Europe and the Ottoman Empire. In June 1797, the islands were occupied by the French army, but soon after that, they came under Russo-Ottoman protection. A republic with a moderate constitution was established, which was later replaced by one after a Venetian model, retaining noble titles and privileges.

Кой е адресатът на писмото, включено под № 16 в документалната сбирка Ponemata diaphora

Author(s): Iliya Iliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2022

The collection of texts known under the title Ponemata diaphora, composed probably before the end of the 14th century, represents part of the decisions of various ecclesiastical legal cases taken personally by Archbishop Demetrios Chomatianos (1216–1236) or by the Synod of the Church of “all of Bulgaria” with headquarters in Ohrid. The content of the documentary material reveals the colorful picture of the daily life of the Bulgarians of that era – their joys, sorrows and daily cares for home and family. One of the most interesting documents in the collection is the one included under No. 16, representing a letter reply to an unnamed ruler – Theodore Comnenus or Ivan II Asen.

ИДЕОЛОШКИ РАСПОНИ САВРЕМЕНИХ ПРИЧА О КОСОВУ

Author(s): Aleksandra D. Matić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 78/2022

This paper examines the ideological ranges of contemporary stories about Kosovo, as reflections on the social, political, and cultural background in which they arise, as well as the processes of establishing or abandoning the dominant identity matrices, based on the Kosovo myth. As Kosovo is our great story, the constitutive narrative of our national being, but also of Serbian literary-historical consciousness, it proved necessary to shed light on how contemporary Serbian prose reflects this narrative, but also to elucidate the diachronic perspective, which gives ideologies a mythical or symbolic dimension. The five authors and texts I am analyzing are Branislav Janković, “Nightingale the Chicken” (Slavuj-pile), Muharem Bazdulj “From Prizren the tame place” (Iz Prizrena mjesta pitomoga), Dejan Stojiljković, “No cour- age” (Nema hrabrosti), Vesna Kapor “What would you like to remember” (Čega bi voleo da se sećaš) and Ana Radmilović “Kosovo - three hundred miracles” (Kosovo– trista čuda). Among the selected contemporary stories, a range from establishingand empowering to challenging the dominant ideological discourse on Kosovo and its mythology is noticeable. The common intention is to constitute “small” stories by referring to a “private” view of Kosovo resulting from a fragmentation of the world image, and hence deconstruction or rethinking inherited identities based on new policies and ideological constructs represented in our era, which produce internal dissonance in the text itself.

ბიბლიური მეფე დავითი და ქართველი მწერლები (V – XVIII საუკუნეები)

Author(s): Murad Mtvarelidze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 2/2021

Biblical King Davit is especially popular in ancient Georgian literature. On the one hand, Georgian writers paraphrase his works, which is important, but even more interesting is the fact that in relation to this biblical king, important issues are reflected in the works of Georgian writers, such as the idea of the biblical origin of Georgian kings, symbolic consideration of Davit as Christ the Father, scrambling of Davit and Giant, as well as the metaphors "Davit’s Harp", "Davit's Precepts", "Davit's City", "Davit's Garden". For Georgian writers, Biblical Davit remains an exemplary hero, so when they talk about this or that character, they try to explain their actions with the examples of Davit's life or the aims of his thought, and thus determine the peculiarities of the character or action of this or that character. Strengthening of the royal dynasty of the Bagrationi made the legend of their biblical origin even more actual. Later, with the strengthening and prosperity of the country, this idea acquired more popularity, which was manifested in almost all the ascending stages of the development of Georgian literature. The article shows that the myth has traveled successfully from century to century and on the one hand gave the Georgian kings a sense of specialness, and on the other hand, Georgian writers from this ancestral dynasty used this moment along with their positive aspects to describe this or that historical figure. After the conquest of Georgia by Russia (1801) when the monarchy was abolished in Georgia and the country lost its national independence, this myth was gradually forgotten. Davit Knar, along with his sling, immediately gained popularity in Georgian heraldry. Since the Georgian kings considered themselves the descendants of the biblical Davit, this important element was reflected on the coat of arms of the Bagrationis as a symbol of devotion to the Bible and a kind of permanent and uninterrupted union with it. The metaphor "Davit's harp" in some cases refers to the harp of Davit Psalm-chanter in the literal sense, and is sometimes understood as a psalm chant, as well as the use of this metaphor as a measure to determine the fictional level of this or that work. As for the "Davit’s Precepts", it is a kind of allegorical collocation and primarily considers the views of the prophet Davit on this or that issue. From this point of view, the attitude to Davit’s precepts established by a remarkable Georgian poet of the 18th century, Davit Guramishvili is worth considering. When talking about the origin of the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ with Georgian authors or translated monuments, primarily attention is drawn to the term that Davit eulogizes Christ in advance; he prophesies the birth of the Messiah and sings hymns to him. The quotation of Davit's hymns traces the whole of the old Georgian secular or historical writing. For Georgian writers, the important episodes of the life of the biblical King Davit are exemplary, which they refer to when necessary, and his thoughts - a guide, which occupies an important part in the life and work of this or that literary or historical hero.

ჩინეთის ისტორია

Author(s): Emzar Makaradze / Language(s): English,Georgian Issue: 1/2023

Review of the monograph created by a group of authors (Otar Chigladze, Davit Andghuladze, Nana Gelashvili, Shalva Chikhladze, Archil Kalandia, Marine Jibladze) - "History of China". Chief editor and compiler Marine Jibladze, publishing house, "Golden Fleece", Tbilisi, 2022.

Rituály středověku a raného novověku v recentní české a polské historiografii

Author(s): Tomáš Malý / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2021

The study summarises Czech and partially Polish texts on medieval and early modern rituals which have been written in the last three decades. The historiographical preoccupation with rituals and ceremonies is subject to criticism, or it is related to the developments in recent European historiography. We can conclude that both Czech and Polish historians primarily focused on the rituals of the monarchy, which they viewed from the perspective of the main actor, i.e., the king, and considered them a reflection of the political power. Contrary to anthropologists, who are interested in cultural meanings and categories, historians leaned more towards a socio-historical perspective. Descriptions, which partly result in the confirmation of the main actors’ positions of power and partly in an insight into the everyday life and material culture of the power elite, are prominent in the texts. The overall result is a rather reduced reception of anthropological perspective in the analysis of ritual. The current knowledge, essentially dependent on the quality of the existing sources, could be expanded by taking inspiration from spatial studies, e.g., methods developed in recent archaeology, as the conclusion of the study shows.

The Songs of the Lost Land: Re-envisioning the Turkish Folk Songs from Adakele through Previous Compilations and Research Studies

Author(s): Cenk Güray,Duygu Günever / Language(s): Turkish,English Issue: 1/2021

Adakale, a center of Turkish culture in the Balkans since the 15th century, has witnessed the establishment of cultural communication between the Balkan people sharing the multicultural life symbolized by the River Danube. After the “loss” of Adakale by being submerged in 1970, music and literature were the only media reflecting this memory. The past studies of Turkish folk poetry and music compiled from the Adakale region will be evaluated within this work. Possible methods of re-envisioning the melodies of the compiled lyrics whose melodies are lost will be discussed by utilizing compilations made from other regions of the Balkan Peninsula and using the folk melodies in Turkey that originated from the Balkan lands.

Международна научна конференция „Четивото за миряни в южнославянския репертоар ХІV–ХVІІІ век“

Author(s): Irina Kuzidova-Karadzhinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 47/2023

Notes Bibliographiques

Author(s): Vladimir Sadek,Jiřina Šedinová,Anita Franková,Alexandr Putík / Language(s): English,French,German Issue: 1+2/1991

Review of: Milada Vilímková: Le ghetto de Prague. Prague, Artia 1990, 231 pages; Josef Krása, České iluminované rukopisy 13./16. století (Böhumische illuminierte Handschriften des 13./16. Jahrhunderts) - Praha, Odeon, 1990, 456 Seiten; Milan Kuna, Hudba na hranici života (Musik an der Grenze des Lebens) Praha, Naše vojsko, 199; Martin Buber, Chasídská vyprávění (Récits hassidiques) Traduit de l’allemand par Alena Bláhová, Prague 1990, éditions Kalich, 575 page; Vladimir Lipscher: Zwischen Kaiser, Fiskus, Adel, Zünften: Die Juden im Habsburgerreich des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts am Beispiel Böhmens und Mährens. Abhandlung zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät I der Universität Zürich. Zürich, Zentralstelle der Studentenschaft, 1983, 298 Seite; The Feast and the Fast. The dramatic personal story of the Tosfos Yom Tov Zt”L. Prepared by Rabbi C.U. Lipschitz and Dr. Neil Rosenstein, New York — Jerusalem 1984, 75 pp., 41 genealogical charts; Kieval, Hillel J.: The Making of Czech Jewry. National Conflict and Jewish Society in Bohemia 1870—1918. New York — Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1988, 279 pp. The Kaufmann Haggadah. A 14th Century Hebrew Manuscript from the Oriental Collection of the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest, Kultura International, 1990. (Facsimile, 60 folios; introductory study by Gabrielle Sed-Rajna, 23 pp.)