Древний Новгород и разпространение одноеровых кириллических систем в Древней Руси

Author(s): Aneta Nikolova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2015

The subject of this article is the Old Cyrillic writing system that used yer’ only (the so-called monoyeric Ь-system) as well as the specific, non-standard but constant orthographical rules (ъ>o, ь; е>ь). This system appears in birch bark manuscripts in Old Novgorod from the mid-12th to the late 14th century, it is developed from the Old Bulgarian monoyeric system and can be defined and described as another Old Cyrillic monoyeric scribe school.

Бунтовният Хемус. Масивът като база за нападения и убежище по време на първите Асеневци

Author(s): Kiril Marinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

Mountains were always a convenient region, which could be profited from as both a safe refuge protecting from the enemy as well as an opportune starting point of an attack against the enemy’s territory. An analysis of works left by Byzantine historians and orators, describing military struggles between the Byzantines and the Bulgarians, which took place at the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th centuries, prove the abovementioned role was played by the Haemus range (meaning here the Pre-Balkan and Stara Planina) in the process of recreating the Bulgarian state on the eve of the late Medieval Period. The texts suggest that over the period the mountains were associated by the Byzantines with a lair of rebels, i. e. a place, where their enemies were seeking refuge form the imperial army, and an area from which they would launch their attacks against the Byzantine territory. The Bulgarians, in turn, utilized the naturally protective characteristic of the Haemus itself as well as strongholds constructed therein to turn the region into a stronghold of their independence movement, which was especially important in the initial period of existence of their late medieval Bulgarian state, i.e. still when it was not a well-established political structure.

Из Архивския номоканон

Author(s): Kamen Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

Manuscript No. 1160 (XIV c.) from Church-Historical and Archival Institute by the St. Synod of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church in Sofia contains the text of the Slavic penitential nomocanon – rules for church-legal regulation of the behavior of Orthodox Christians derived from Scripture, from the apostolic and the Church Fathers rules, from the rules of the Church Councils. It is believed without necessarily having a direct and clear evidence that on ff. 165a-181b in the manuscript contained a corpus of rules whose alleged author was Patriarch Basil (1186 – 1232) himself. The translation of the rules is carried out from an independently established text of the facsimile edition of the monument. Until now, they have not been translated from Old Bulgarian language to Modern Bulgarian language.

Номади в историята на средновековните северозападни български земи

Author(s): Neven Iliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

In the Time of First Bulgarian Tsardom this is Bulgarians. They come into being at the end of 7 c. And their numbers rise in the first half of 9 c. In this Period the District of Bidin is well defended. During the Second Bulgarian Tsardom the District becomes a border and this demands a dependable ally. Such allies become the Polovtsi (Comanians) who have considerable military force. What is more, the Leaders of the Comanians come from the supreme Polovcians Aristocracy.

Да остраееш по английски: грижа за възрастните в средновековна Англия (ХIII–ХV в.)

Author(s): Nadezhda Hristova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2014

This paper aims at presenting the social and legal practices established in England during the Middle Ages, which guaranteed the elderly in need among the urban population that they would spend their old age in peace and relative ease. The research is based on data from bylaws of guilds and religious fraternities, monastery cartularies, town and court registers.

Антиюдаизмът в законодателството на късноантична и средновековна Европа (III–ХV в.). Опит за кратък обзор

Author(s): Ivelin A. Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2013

Oбезщетения и наказания за причиняване на телесна повреда и смърт според „Закони на сивата гъска”

Author(s): Nadezhda Hristova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2012

This paper focuses upon the section Treatment of Homicide of the Icelandic Gray Goose Laws (Grágás) and deals with cases of murder and attempts to cause bodily injury to a person, and with the penalties inflicted for such acts. According to Grágás two were the punishments imposed for injuring or killing a person and the choice between them depended on the character and the graveness of the act. The milder punishment was the so called lesser outlawry which meant confiscation of property and exile for three years but with temporary rights of residence and passage. While abroad the perpetrator was immune from attack but could entirely lose this right in case he did not strictly obey the law. He could return to a normal life after three years. The more severe penalty was the full outlawry which meant loss of all goods, loss of status, and denial of assistance – virtually a death penalty. It was a life-long outlawry. It is stipulated in the code what is a bodily injury and an attempt is made at classifying injures. An attacked and injured person was entitled to seek for justice and to insist that lesser outlawry should be inflicted as a punishment. According to Grágás the penalty for murder was full outlawry. Besides in killing cases kindred payments were supposed to be made to members of the dead man’s family by corresponding members of the killer’s family: this atonement was legally due irrespective of the outcome of a lawsuit for the crime. The analysis of the section Treatment of Homicide of the Icelandic Gray Goose Laws shows that outlawry was the predominant penalty. The law stipulates it in most cases of injuring or murdering a person. It is difficult to tell what effect this punishment had. Undoubtedly its gravity should not be underestimated. The exiled person was lonely since he was excluded from all social contacts and was threatened by violence and death from unrelated third parties who sought to increase their own prestige by killing an outlaw. Probably such a punishment had a preventive effect upon the Icelandic society and restrained the committing of serious legal offences.

The Radish (Raphanus L.) in selected Sources from Antiquity and the Byzantine Period

Author(s): Maciej Kokoszko,Krzysztof Jagusiak,Jolanta Dybała / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The article deals with the role of radish (Raphanus L.) in ancient and Byzantine world. The study is based on selected sources written between 5th/4th c. BC and 7th c. AD. Among them authors analyzed medical treatises composed by anonymous Hippocratic author (5th/4th c. BC), Galen (2nd – 3rd c. AD), Oribasius (4th c. AD), Aetius of Amida (6th c. AD), and Paul of Aegina (7th c. AD), botanical works written by Theophrastus (4th c. BC) and Dioscurides (1st c. AD), and a treatise of different (literary, antiquarian, historical, culinary) character made by Athenaeus of Naucratis in 2nd c. AD. The vegetable under study was a common and cheap food in ancient and Byzantine times, known in many varieties and eaten often by the poorest part of society. It was also widely used by physicians in healing illnesses of different etiology, used its warming, drying and cathartic properties.

Бележки за българо-византийските отношения по времето на хан Тервел

Author(s): Dimo Cheshmedzhiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

In the article the author makes an attempt to find answers to some controversial questions concerning Khan Tervel, such as when and under what circumstances his reign ended, who was his successor, what was the Bulgarian participation in the coup d’etat attempt in Byzantium in 718. Based on the main sources for the period and the studies of Bulgarian and foreign historians, the author presents different opinions and throws light on those questions which are examined in the context of the relations between Bulgaria and Byzantium.

Пленниците в българо-византийските отношения през VIII в.

Author(s): Yanko Hristov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

Not surprisingly, one can say that without attention to the captivity and the fate of prisoners of war studies concerning relations between Bulgarian khanate and Byzantine Empire hardly would have achieved considerable accomplishment. Along with this, however, as regards the monitoring of aspects about the fate of the war-captives in the VIII century it looks as if there are enough things to add. The very moment of those caught up in enemy’s hands, apart from not such a large number of references in early medieval written sources, is usually passed by. Such a condition of the historical database must have been taken into consideration in an effort to explore the issue of war-captives in struggles between Byzantium and Bulgaria at all. Despite the obstacle and difficulties an attempt to explore the issues of war-captives’ fate is motivated by the pulse, dynamics and changes or military successes and failures during the turbulent Byzantino-Bulgarian relations of the Early Medieval epoch.

Още веднъж за Роман Воила – един ромейски аристократ от български произход в борба за престола в Константинопол

Author(s): Simeon Antonov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The 11th c. saw the rise of many men of relatively humble origin to the peaks of imperial power. One of them was Romanos Boïlas, Emperor Konstantinos IX Monomachos’ personal favourite, who almost succeeded in becoming his murderer and successor at the throne. He was certainly a man of some influence, even though it did not last for long. However, our sources for this character are rather biased and unreliable, which have long been ascertained by the scholars. Here we tried to give another insight into his personality, while, at the same time, offering some reasonable explanations for the bias of the Byzantine historians. For this purpose, an attempt is made to establish the correlations between their narratives. The conclusions concern the way Michael Psellos described his anonymous character, which greatly affected his later colleagues.

Власт и общество в антологията „Златоструй“на цар Симеон Велики

Author(s): Dimitar Kenanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2013

In oration 43, in the anthology “Zlatostruj” is interpreted chapter 13 of the epistle of St. apostle Paul to the people of Rome. In (13:1) obedience to the bearers of power is preached and this behavioral principle is a motto for the author’s text. St. John Chrysostom follows the apostle’s belief that Christ introduces His laws not to destroy the social reciprocity and the civil order, but to strengthen them in order to prevent unnecessary and useless wars. It is normal the power and the society to be in a state of co obedience and consent, in constant obtaining and application of the Christian principles of the attitude between personalities. It is evident that king Simeon the Great shares the idea for an ideal, educated and undivided Christian state under the patronage of God and the power of pious earthly king, God’s servant (Rom.13:4). The consent and co obedience of the nationals is guided by the supreme principle of love – you must love your neighbor as yourself (Matthew 22:37–39).

Демография на България през Средновековието

Author(s): Shteliyan Shterionov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

Clarifying the demographic state of humankind during all periods of its historical development is an issue that has long been of interest to the scientific community. This paper traces the specifics and trends in the dynamics of the main demographic processes and structures of the population inhabiting Bulgaria during the Middle Ages. Their analysis allows us to establish that, during the period under review, the Bulgarian state’s characteristic demographic potential was formed with its establishment. The way it was created and the specifics of its subsequent development predetermined its sustainability, and allowed it to preserve its identity despite many negative processes.

An Unexpected Aspect of Slavery?

Author(s): Kremena Markova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This article states the hypothesis of the social origin of two representatives of the Eastern Orthodox Church clergy in the period between the 9th and 12th centuries. Bishop Sergii, who was a eunuch, took the Belgrade Bishopric during the rule of Knyaz Boris I. Mikhail, who was called Maxim, was a bishop of Ohrid in the 1120s. It is an indisputable fact that both of them were eunuchs, and this contradicts one of the basic rules of the Church about cheirotonia (ordination). It is specified in which cases persons with impaired “physical integrity” and disabilities were allowed to be elected and to hold senior Church positions. The sources analyzed point towards a slave origin of both of them. The author proposes the thesis that the ideal (desired) model of construction of the Eastern Orthodox Church has been corrected during its long-term history by practice through a real model, which, in some cases, radically contradicts the basic, declared rules.

Историческая топонимия провинции Родопа. Этимологические и лингвострановедческие аспекты

Author(s): Aleksandr Shaposhnikov / Language(s): Russian,Greek, Modern (1453-) Issue: 1/2018

IX. ve XVI. YÜZYILLAR ARASINDA MÛSİKÎ RİSÂLESİ YAZAN MÜELLİFLERİN ÎK‘ TARİFLERİ

Author(s): Ehsan Raeisi,Ferit Bulut / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 58/2023

This research examines the îkâ‘ descriptions of the authors who wrote music risâla between the IX and XVI centuries. The definition of the concept of îkâ‘ in the music risâla of that period, which was written between the centuries mentioned above and played an essential role in the formation of today’s Turkish music theory, and to determine how this concept changed and developed within that period presents the significance of this research. Besides, the opportunity to compare the authors’ descriptions of this concept came out with the help of this research. It is descriptive research, and the relevant data were acquired using literature review and musical analysis methods. As a result of the research, it was determined that naqra and proportion elements, especially the time element, were used as the key elements in the îkâ‘ descriptions of the period mentioned above. It also came out that the îkâ‘ descriptions made by Fârâbî and Urmevî guided many authors in this regard.

Średniowieczne początki i późniejsze fazy refleksji nad pochodzeniem, językiem, tożsamością i jednością Słowian

Author(s): Jerzy Strzelczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 88/2022

The paper is an attempt at defining the main signs and lines of development of global Slavic thought from the Middle Ages until the 20th and 21st centuries.

МІНІАТЮРА ЯК ОБРАЗОТВОРЧА ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЯ ТЕКСТУ

Author(s): Olena Chumachenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2023

The purpose of the article is to consider the miniature as a pictorial interpretation of the text, as one of the elements of «entertainment» in the context of the development of medieval culture. The research methodology. An analytical method is used to collect theoretical material about the miniatures of the Mirovingian period (V–VII centuries), on the example of the Sacramentarium Gelasianum and Gellon Sacramentarium; the miniatures from the times of the Carolingian revival of the VIII-IX centuries, («Gospel of Godescalk», «Gospel of Ada», «Gospel from the monastery of St. Medard in Soissons»). A historical and cultural method is applied to analyse the role of the miniature in the socio-cultural life of Medieval Europe as one of the elements of ceremonial and ritual «entertainment». An art historical method that involves a detailed examination and description of a medieval book miniature, and a theoretical method are used to summarise the findings. The scientific novelty of the work is that for the first time the miniatures are considered as a pictorial interpretation of the text in the context of the development of the medieval culture, as a sensual form of knowledge of an ideal model, and one of the elements of the personification of ritualistic "entertainment" in the socio-cultural life of this historical period. Conclusions. The article examines the miniature as a visual interpretation of the text in the context of the development of the culture of the Middle Ages. It has been proven that since ancient times the miniature, on the example of the "Ambrosian Iliad", was the personification of ceremonial and ritual, and partly artistic "entertainment", which made it possible to outline the miniature as a pictorial component of this phenomenon, as well as a pictorial interpretation of the handwritten text which reflects the most current events of this historical era. The brightest examples of the miniatures in the early Christian tradition of Western Europe, which are presented in the Merovingian manuscripts of the V-VIII centuries, are considered using the example of the Sacramentarium Gelasianum and Gellon Sacramentarium. Graphic miniature decoration becomes not just a pictorial interpretation of the text, but turns into an element of worship. There are many images of birds, fish, animals, and plant ornaments, the emphasis is on red, yellow, and green. Great attention is paid to the decorative design of the capital letters of the sections, they become special symbolic signs that are even attributed with magical meaning. The miniature begins to act as a sensual form of knowledge of the ideal model, which is available to the chosen ones. This tradition continues on the example of Carolingian manuscripts, the miniatures «Source of Life» («Gospel of Godescalcus»), «Adoration of the Lamb» and «Source of Life» («Gospel from the Monastery of St. Medard in Soissons») are symbolic, personifying the theocentric worldview, that the Gospel is the source of eternal life.

E. MICHAEL GERLI, RYAN D. GILES (edd.), The Routledge Hispanic Studies Companion to Medieval Iberia: Unity in Diversity

Author(s): David De Pablo / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2022

Review of: E. MICHAEL GERLI, RYAN D. GILES (edd.), The Routledge Hispanic Studies Companion to Medieval Iberia: Unity in Diversity, London 2021, Routledge, 668 s., ISBN 978-11-386-2932-5.

ALAIN CORBIN, JEAN-JACQUES COURTINE, GEORGES VIGARELLO (edd.), Histoire des émotions

Author(s): Ondřej Švec / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2018

Review of: ALAIN CORBIN, JEAN-JACQUES COURTINE, GEORGES VIGARELLO (edd.), Histoire des émotions, díl 1: De l’Antiquité aux Lumières, Paris 2016, Seuil, 536 s., ISBN 978-2021177299; ALAIN CORBIN, JEAN-JACQUES COURTINE, GEORGES VIGARELLO (edd.), Histoire des émotions, díl 2: Des Lumières à la fin du XIX e siècle, Paris 2016, Seuil, 470 s., ISBN 978-2021177367