Subkultura skinheadów w Republice Czeskiej

Author(s): Josef Smolík / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

This article briefly describes the skinhead subculture, its history, components, characteristics, values, attitudes and norms. It also presents the various currents of the subculture, with an emphasis on the current apolitical trend within this subculture. The article discusses not only the skinhead subculture in England (its roots, development, etc.), but also the situation in the Czech Republic. The skinhead scene in the Czech Republic is characterized by disunity, caused by political orientation and the engagements of its various supporters, who identify either with: (a) the extreme right (National Socialism), (b) the traditional current (patriotism and the classic themes of the original skinhead subculture), or (c) the extreme left (Trotskyism, communism, and anarchist or ‘autonomist’ currents). It is difficult to establish how many skinheads there are in the Czech Republic today, but one estimate puts the figure at five thousand people when adding all currents together.

Lewicowość bez utopii – Rozmowa o książce Krzysztofa Świrka 'Teorie ideologii na przecięciu marksizmu i psychoanalizy'. Streszczenie spotkania autorskiego

Author(s): Filip Łapiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2018

Ideologie, symptomy i polityczna sejsmologia: Krzysztof Świrek, Teorie ideologii na przecięciu marksizmu i psychoanalizy

Author(s): Michał Warchala / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2018

Ani kapitulacja, ani śmierć – odpowiedź na recenzję Michała Warchali

Author(s): Krzysztof Świrek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2018

Love as Emotion and Social Practice: A Feminist Perspective

Author(s): Brook Sadler / Language(s): English Issue: 11 (25)/2018

I argue that love is both an emotion and a social practice. First, I observe that erotic or romantic love is often thought to be a passive, overwhelming, physically intense, a-rational, andindividual experience. In opposition to these assumptions, I sketch a view of emotions that revealstheir rational, willful, and social nature. Seen in this way, the emotion of love is something that can be re-invented through attention to social norms and institutions. Next, I advance the idea that emotions can be social practices. How we think about love, the norms for love, and our ideas aboutlove, including popular ideas about love as an emotion, constitute the social practice of love.Looking at the contemporary American context, I argue that the social practice of love provides a bolster for patriarchy. Because romantic love is closely linked to marriage, it participates in limiting women’s choices about family, career, and civic and political engagement. Thepreeminent place of romantic love in women’s lives diverts women’s attention from other formsof love, including female friendship and love of meaningful work. Discourses of love, which emphasize love as an overwhelming emotion beyond our control, function to foreclose feminist scrutiny of patriarchal practices. Without rejecting the positive nature of erotic love, I recommend a feminist reinvention of the practice of love. My argument draws upon varied resources from philosophy and cultural studies.

Do Subversive Weddings Challenge Amatonormativity? Polyamorous Weddings and Romantic Love Ideals

Author(s): Elizabeth Brake / Language(s): English Issue: 11 (25)/2018

Subversive weddings seem to challenge widespread norms regarding romantic love.Weddings have a social significance as capstones of romantic love narratives; often, they serve as symbols of romantic love. Changing their significance would thus be a powerful tool in changing widespread expectations and beliefs regarding romantic love or committed love relationships more generally. Insofar as amatonormativity (the expectation and normative expectation that everyone seeks and flourishes in the same type of dyadic, romantic, sexual love relationship) is harmful, this is a good thing. Polyamorous weddings, for example, seem to challenge the norm that romantic love relationships must be exclusive, and the prevalence of such weddings could increase social visibility of non-exclusive love relationships. It could also lead to greater visibility for other nontraditional life paths, such as prioritizing friendships over romantic love relationships, or abstaining from romantic love relationships. But can subversive weddings really subvert the prevailing norms? One problem is that if weddings – or attempted weddings – diverge too far from the social norms, they may not succeed in changing those norms because they will not be recognized as weddings at all. A second problem is that such weddings may lead to assimilation to, rather than subversion of, dominant norms. This poses a dilemma: if subversive weddings are not in fact weddings, it seems they cannot change the social significance of weddings in the way they are intended to do; but if they are weddings, their attempts at subversion could be undermined because they bear the social significance of weddings.

Repronormativity and its Others: Queering Parental Love in Times of Culturally Compulsory Reproduction

Author(s): Ana Cristina Santos / Language(s): English Issue: 11 (25)/2018

We may have believed women’s (sexual) agency was an established right in Southern Europe. However, the recent history of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in Portugal provides an enlightening example of how sexuality and reproduction have remained bounded. Until 2016, women in Portugal could not access ART unless they were formally partnered with a man (married or in a different-sex de facto union).1 In this paper, I start by exploring the cultural context in which the motherhood regime, understood as both reproduction and parenting, is embedded in Portugal. The motherhood regime puts forward strong expectations about becoming a parent, hence feeding the cultural imaginary that makes reproduction compulsory (Roseneil et al. 2016). Having repronormativity as its backdrop, this section of the paper is in silent dialogue with the legal framework that removed most obstacles to same-sex parenting in Portugal in December 2016. In the second section, I consider biographic narrative interviews conducted with lesbian and bisexual mothers in Lisbon between April and July 2016, with a particular focus on participants’ encounters with dominant ideologies of motherhood and cultural expectations around parental love. Participants in the study often reported situations demonstrating that love was the only emotion that made it culturally acceptable for women to engage in same-sex partnering and parenting. I will advance a reading of queer that can be used in future reproductive studies. I will suggest that in Southern Europe, where reproduction and parenting have been historically constrained by strict rules around gender and sexuality (Moreira, 2018, Santos 2013, Trujillo 2016), failing to be a particular kind of (heteronormative, cisnormative, mononormative) mother may offer a fruitful way for queering parental love through embracing reproductive misfits.

The Future of Men – Men, Masculinities and Gender Equality

Author(s): / Language(s): English Issue: 12 (26)/2019

The Man Box: The Making of Masculinity

Author(s): Giese Rachel / Language(s): English Issue: 12 (26)/2019

This article looks at the concept of the “man box”: the behaviors and expectations associated with a conventional, rigid form of manliness, an exaggerated, archetypal machismo that academics describe as “hegemonic masculinity.” I explore how manliness and masculinity are tied to male identity and how throughout the centuries anxiety over boys has manifested itself with the changing perceptions of masculinity.

Intelektualiści totalni: między dominacją a krytyką

Author(s): Krzysztof Świrek,Tomasz Rawski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2019

The Effects of Empathy, Social Structure and Social Environment on Individuals’ Moral Behavior Choices in China

Author(s): Shuqin LONG / Language(s): English Issue: 71/2020

Based on the data of the Survey of Residents’ Living and Psychological Conditions in Jiangsu Province, China in 2016, this article analyzed the influencing mechanism of individuals’ moral behavior choices when facing a conflict between righteousness and self-interest. The binary logistic regression models indicated that individuals’ choices of moral behaviors do not differ among various social classes. Empathy has a remarkable influence, but its impact mechanism is complex. The social environment has a significant effect, where malignant events have a stronger influence than others. Furthermore, social environment has more significant effect on individual moral behavior choices than empathy, so, creating a benevolent and harmonious social environment will allow the individual’s empathy to come into full play.

Mezőgazdaság a (sosem) létező szocializmusban. A kapitalista piacgazdaság Kádár-kori gyökerei

Author(s): Mátyás Domschitz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 29/2021

Review of Martha Lampland: Object of Labor. Commodification in Socialist Hungary

Towards great ethno-civilizations and spiritual empires? How the European New Right imagines a post-liberal world order

Author(s): Manni Crone / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

Far-right parties and pundits are often portrayed as parochial nationalists obsessed with the idea of national sovereignty. Opposed to a liberal world order, they prefer a rogue world of nation-states on the loose. This essay seeks to complicate that narrative. It suggests that alongside political parties with a nationalist agenda, an increasing number of voices on the radical Right are now pushing for a re-spiritualized world order in which cultures, civilizations, and empires are to set the scene. This vision of global order echoes Christopher Coker’s recent claim that “we now live in a world in which civilization is fast becoming the currency of international politics.” But, why does this strand of the far-right prefer civilizations to nation-states? To ponder this question, this essay zooms in on the European New Right and more precisely two of its main luminaries, Alain de Benoist and Aleksandr Dugin. It shows how the New Right stretches back to classical geopolitics to imagine a future polycentric world order in which large civilizations are set free from American hegemony. The empires of the future are no longer underpinned by nation-states but by ethnopluralism—a “blossoming variety” of local, ethnic, agrarian polities.

ISLAMOFOBIJA, MUSULMONŲ REPREZENTACIJA IR STEREOTIPAI VAKARUOSE PO 9/11 ĮVYKIŲ

Author(s): Rūta Sutkutė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2 (49)/2019

The role of the media as an intermediary between the formation of images and the representation of reality in the context of Orientalism and Islamophobia was analyzed in the paper. In the 21st century the media has become the dominant source of knowledge about Islam and the Muslims because it selectively decides what the West should know about Islam and what should be disguised. However, the underlying assumption is media, as a stereotype formation institution, opportunities depend on a local sociocultural context. The main goal of this research was to identify the role of the media as an intermediary in shaping social values and worldviews and stereotyping in different cultural environments on the basis of the Muhammad caricature crisis analysis. In order to achieve this objective the following tasks were set: to analyze the role of the media as an intermediary in shaping value-based orientation and constructing stereotypes, to clarify the concepts of a stereotype and Islamophobia and to identify a link between a negative image of Islam and the Muslims constructed by the media, to examine media constructed stereotypes of the Muslims and Islam in four different countries on the basis of the Muhammad caricature case. Quantitative content analysis was carried out and the hypothesis that the same event is differently portrayed in different cultures seeking to shape value orientation of a specific audience it is targeting at was proved. The Western media seeks to portray the Muslims as terrorists / Islamists who oppose the West, its values and any possibility of integration in a Western society. Meanwhile, in the Lebanon and India (Kashmir) media, there is no manifestation of Orientalism and Islamophobia because the audience it is targeting at is dominated by the Muslims; however, there is a noticeable manifestation of Occidentalism - resistance to the West and portrayal of Western societies as Islamophobic. Comparative analysis confirmed the statement that actors with very different believes and values construct different stories of an event. The Western media mainly publishes statements of those politicians, writers and journalists, who promote the phenomena of Muslim marginalization, stigmatization and Islamophobia. Meanwhile, in a cardinally opposite culture (Kashmir and Lebanon), the actors, Muslim representatives, religious leaders (imams), who are in power to form value orientation and public opinion and whose statements are reproduced in articles, express a hostile position to the West and its hegemony in the Orient.

БАЛОК И ПАЛАТКА - НОВЫЕ ЖИЛИЩА НА ОКРАИНАХ НЕНЕЦКОЙ ОЙКУМЕНЫ

Author(s): Yuri N. Kvashnin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (43)/2021

The article examines the processes of adaptation of the Nenets to new types of dwellings in the extreme east (in the interfluve of the Taz and Yenisei rivers) and the extreme west (in the Kanin tundra) of their territory in the XX - early XXI centuries. The article analyzes the problems faced by economic workers in the 1930-1980s, trying to replace the traditional yurts by introducing artificially designed tents, wagons, and trailers into the everyday life of northern nomads. The processes of a difficult, but natural transition of the Taz-Yenisei Nenets from the yurts to the Dolgan-type gullies, and the Kanin Nenets into tents designed by the Komi-Izhemtsy are shown. The transition of the Yenisei Nenets to the gullies might not have taken place if not for the construction of collective farms in the North in the 1930s. The Dolgans were the only nomads who lived in the gullies for almost a century before the establishment of Soviet power. None of the peoples who roamed at that time in the immediate vicinity of them replaced the traditional chums with beams. Only the attempts of Soviet workers to voluntarily improve the nomadic life of reindeer herders made this change possible. Gullies proved to be the most acceptable type of housing to replace the yurts. The transformation of the life of the Nenets of the Kanin tundra began in the 1960s-1980s. The Komi-Izhemtsy became the innovators who radically changed the life of the Kanin reindeer breeders. A tent built in the early 1960s by the late 1980s gradually replaced the yurt. The Nenets resisted this innovation for a long time and gave up only because they saw an important advantage of the tent - the absence of the need to slaughter a large number of reindeer and to engage in labor-intensive manufacturing of skins for tires. The main conclusion of the study is that it is only the conservative thinking that for a long time did not allow the Nenets to change anything in their way of life, including the types of dwellings

Social Theater in the Crisis Time in Ukraine: A Sociological Perspective (on the Basis of Data from Kharkiv)

Author(s): Yuliya Soroka,Anna Savchenko / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

A variety of interactive theater techniques is widely used in work with marginalized groups, in social work, social pedagogy, and psychotherapy. The crisis in Ukraine, spawned by the abuse of power that led to the Euromaidan protests, the annexation of the Crimea, and military operations in Donbas, contributed to the growing popularity of social theater as a form of social activism. Social theater is characterized by the direct connection between a creative product and real-life events, the involvement of amateur performers, creation of plays based on the testimonies of real people, encouragement of the audience participation in the performance, financial independence, and the non-profit status. Social theater is conceptualized through the distinction with traditional theater and identified with documentary drama. Unlike political theater, which focuses on criticizing the political system, social theater focuses on social contradictions and inequalities. This also distinguishes social theater from art therapy, where an individual is the object of influence. In sociology social theater is viewed from the perspective of social transformations. To analyze such processes of social transformation at the micro level, the article uses the concepts of emancipation and empowerment. The empirical basis of the article consists of interviews with participants of the forum theater and playback theater, conducted in Kharkiv in 2018. Kharkiv’s borders with both the Russian Federation and the territories that are not controlled by the Ukrainian government make it unique compared to other Ukrainian cities where social theater groups operate. In 2014 Kharkiv managed to avoid the fate of Donetsk and Luhans’k, which were occupied by separatists. In contrast to the complex structure of the local frontier identity, Kharkiv authorities traditionally attempt to impose strict control on public space, suppressing alternative views. The data presented in this article addresses the following questions: what topics performances of social theater in Kharkiv covered during the period under study, how individual transformations of participants take place in the emancipatory space of social theater, and how the distinctive features of social theater turn it into a place of empowerment.

Walka z gwałtowną radykalizacją postaw w Unii Europejskiej. Podejście normatywne i instytucjonalne

Author(s): Luiza Wojnicz / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 02/2022

The main purpose of the article is to discuss and evaluate the legal and institutional achievements of the European Union in the area of countering violent radicalization. The studyis based on several methods. The first one is the institutional-legal method, which selects thekey legal acts and structures in the issue under discussion. The second method adopted is the method of analysis, which is helpful in evaluating both the normative and institutional parts, as it helps to identify, firstly, the key risk areas for the occurrence of jihadist narratives, and secondly, the methodology that the EU has developed in the area of preventing and combating radicalization.The analysis of the legal acts and the institutional system allows an assessment of theeffectiveness of the measures and methods at the EU' s disposal, which consequently leads to confirmation or refutation of the thesis that the EU's approach to preventing and combating radicalization is effective. The conclusions of the analysis indicate that the EU's action on preventing and combating violent radicalization is centered around places where extremist propaganda is highly likely to spread and radicalization occurs as a result, such as prisons and the Internet. And it is primarily in these two areas that the EU's efforts are focused, both in the normative and institutional spheres. The author believes that the comprehensive institutional and legal tools at the EU'sdisposal in the fight against radicalization are effective, although not without flaws. This, however, does not impede confirmation of the thesis of the effectiveness of action undertaken by the EU and the awareness on the part of this organization that the fight against radicalization is a process that requires constant work and cooperation between many actors.

Epistemologiczna i polityczna ideologiczność psychiatrii w obliczu epidemii chorób psychicznych

Author(s): Marcin Żółtowski,Bartosz Mika / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2022

A real mental-health crisis – or a mere discursive alert in regard to a crisis – presents researchers with an opportunity to reveal the ideological nature of psychiatry. This paper is based on the concepts of Terry Eagleton and the rich achievements of Marx’s social thought. We understand ideologies as the minimum reflectivity inscribed in human practices and giving them social meaning. Ideology not only produces cognitive categories and epistemology but also reproduces social power relations. Thus, criticism of an ideology is an indication of the illusory nature of social relations themselves. The article indicates that in describing “human suffering,” a psychiatrist becomes entangled in the given society’s axionormative system, at the intersection of discursive fields, with psychiatry always being an interpretative, descriptive, and idiographic science. Both psychiatrists and social researchers indicate that modern psychiatric doctrine is not a homogeneous monolith but the result of disputes and discussions within the discipline itself, as well as of changes within society. Psychiatry is universalising, rationalising, communicating, naturalising, and limiting, and thus it has the distinctive features of ideology in the definition Eagleton proposes. The paper exposes the ideological character of psychiatry; this ideological character arises from real social relations, and makes psychiatry the litmus test of contemporary capitalist society. Our approach also allows for a more nuanced view than in previous popular concepts (that is, Fisher’s or Byung-Chul Han’s) and is sensitive to the features of psychiatry itself, with an analysis of its social role.

Možnosti využití projektového vyučování při výuce prevence projevů extremismu v bezpečnostních sborech

Author(s): Ivo Svoboda / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

This paper deals with a project education in teaching lessons of extremism in the security forces. Due to the multidisciplinary nature and specifics of the issue, it is necessary to access to the teaching from interdisciplinary positions and with using specific and non-traditional teaching methods. The project teaching is also one of them. The aim of the study is to present the findings of the author's practical education and judicial practice.

Насилие и метафизика и котки

Author(s): Darin Tenev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The article addresses the problem of cat cruelty represented in Post-war and Contemporary Japanese Literature, discussing it against the background of the attitude toward cats in the West and in Japan before the WWII. I give numerous examples of violence against cats in Japanese fiction written between 1945 and 2020 but I focus in particular, on the one hand, on a scandal involving the writer Bando Masako who admitted in an essay published by Nihon Keizai Shinbun that she kills kittens precisely because she loves cats, and on the other, on a short text by Shibusawa Tatsuhiko, titled „Cats and Metaphysics“. The analyses show that even though there are significant and irreducible cultural differences cat cruelty throughout the ages shares a common motive, a motive I see as metaphysical, that has to do with man’s finitude facing what the human being cannot thoroughly understand. In the factual and real violence against cats there is already a fictional moment involved, a motive that makes the distinction between „real“ and „literary“ cats difficult. It is this motive that reveals most of the attempts to legitimize violence against cats as unacceptable. Violence poses a metaphysical question concerning the epistemological and ontological finitude of the human being and at the same time attempts to be the answer to that question at the point where the question cannot be answered. As a response violence is irresponsible.