‘Stranded Pakistanis’ in Bangladesh – victims of political divisions of 70 years ago

Author(s): Agnieszka Kuczkiewicz‑Fraś / Language(s): English Issue: 51/2019

Nearly 300,000 Urdu-speaking Muslims, coming mostly from India’s Bihar, live today in Bangladesh, half of them in the makeshift camps maintained by the Bangladeshi government. After the division of the Subcontinent in 1947 they migrated to East Bengal (from 1955 known as East Pakistan), despite stronger cultural and linguistic ties (they were Urdu, not Bengali, speakers) connecting them with West Pakistan. In 1971, after East Pakistan became independent and Bangladesh was formed, these so-called ‘Biharis’ were placed by the authorities of the newly formed republic in the camps, from which they were supposed—and they hoped—to be relocated to Pakistan. However, over the next 20 years, only a small number of these people has actually been transferred. The rest of them are still inhabiting slum-like camps in former East Bengal, deprived of any citizenship and all related rights (to work, education, health care, insurance, etc.). The governments of Pakistan and Bangladesh consistently refuse to take responsibility for their fate, incapable of making any steps that would eventually solve the complex problem of these people, also known as ‘stranded Pakistanis.’ The article explains historical and political factors that were responsible for the fate of ‘Biharis’ and presents their current legal situation in Bangladesh.

“Brief Overview of Novelties Within the New Criminal Code of Republika Srpska Regarding Legal Protection of Children and Juveniles from Sexual Violence”

Author(s): Ena Kazić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

After fourteen years of implementation of the reformer Criminal Code of Republika Srpska, in July 2017 a new Criminal Code of Republika Srpska came into force, and with it (partially) a new, post-reform stage in the development of contemporary criminal law in Bosnia and Herzegovina has begun. Although, the Code brings a number of novelties in the field of criminal law, the subject of this article are novelties regarding the legal protection of children and minors from sexual violence in Republika Srpska. The aim is to determine, after an analysis of relevant legal provisions, whether and to what extent the new Code has modified the legal protection of this group of passive subjects with respect to sex offenses (which, in addition to the standard consequences that they generally leave on the victims, can leave indelible consequences for victims whose psychophysical development is still not completed). Also, based on this analysis, the question whether the prescription of new legal protection of children and minors in the Republic of Srpska has been harmonized with or got distant from other positive criminal laws in Bosnia and Herzegovina will be answered. In this article descriptive, normative and comparative scientific methods will be applied.

“Central and Eastern Europe after the First World War”. Edited by Burkhard Olschowsky, Piotr Juszkiewicz, and Jan Rydel. De Gruyter, Olderbourg. 2021. 435p.

Author(s): Paul Popa / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

“Jack be nimble, Jack be quick…”: A Curious Existence in Emma Donoghue’s Room

Author(s): Noémi Albert / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Emma Donoghue’s 2010 novel presents a mother and son in confinement, locked in a soundproof garden shed. The text operates with the dichotomy of inside/outside, recognizable in such different manifestations as the son’s perception of the world, confinement and escape, and others. These dualities reflect on the novel’s most prominent issue, which is trauma as experienced by Ma and Jack, respectively. Its investigation comprises the core of the paper, which entails a careful analysis of the peculiar bond between mother and son, breastfeeding a five-year-old in confinement, and the role language plays in the novel. The analysis of these issues will ultimately shed light on existence itself as particularized in the two characters. In the novel, this existence comes to the fore through the focus on the fundamental human values that stand at the core of their personas and their connection.

“Miss Sarajevo” and Spivak

Author(s): Gwenyth Landes / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Review of the war documentary "Miss Sarajevo" and how it overcomes the limit of the subaltern.

“Miss Sarajevo” i Spivak

Author(s): Gwenyth Landes / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 1/2020

Review of the war documentary "Miss Sarajevo" and how it overcomes the limit of the subaltern.

“Night Guard”: Holocaust Mechanisms in the Polish Rural Areas, 1942–1945. Preliminary Introduction into Research

Author(s): Andrzej Żbikowski / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2011

This article concerns some characteristics of the so-called third stage of the annihilation of Polish Jewry during World War II, after sending most of them to the killing centers. That phase consisted of individual—not mass—murder that took place “among Poles” and before their eyes, frequently with their participation, when Jewish refugees attempted to hide from persecutors or blended into the anonymous crowds of the larger cities (on the so-called Aryan side) or hid in hardly accessible rural areas poorly controlled by the German police. Most hiding Jews were hunted down and murdered by special Kommandos of the German gendarmerie in the first weeks following deportations in a given area. Unprepared for hiding for an extended period, they found hideouts and trusted their financial means to Polish friends. In my opinion, in 80 to 90 percent of the cases, Poles rescued Jews for money or other material gain, and when the funds (or other valuables) were exhausted, the attitude to those rescued changed radically. The purpose of this article is to present an outline of how a certain structure functioned—the “Night Guard” (peasant or rural, part of the occupation-era administrative and coercive apparatus), which can be found in wartime historical sources and in the immediate postwar investigation and trial files based on the August Decree of 1944 (on account-settling with the past regarding collaboration with the German occupier) as well as in testimonies of Jewish survivors. The guards were obliged to hunt hidden Jews, and the score of their activity was very high.

“Obey My Will or Suffer”: Violence against Women in Icelandic Folk Legends

Author(s): Dagrúnósk Jónsdóttir / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This article will look at how domestic and sexual violence against women is presented in the Icelandic folk legend collections from the 19th and early 20th centuries. Gender-based violence is a subject relatively absent in Icelandic legend collections which were mostly told, collected and published by men (the exception being the collection of Torfhildur Þorsteinssdóttir Hólm). Violence plays a role in the subordination of women, and there is good reason to consider how violence against women is portrayed in the oral legends of the past. I will among other things consider the effect these particular legends might have had on those who heard them and examine the roles of the legends in maintaining and shaping a discourse which in many cases may well have attempted to normalise this violence.

Удобства и рискове при използване на интернет за лични цели

Author(s): Adelina Balieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

Daily use of internet enables people to take advantage of the benefits of a large number of online services by carrying out certain activities in the network. The aim of the text is to reveal the conveniences and risks of using internet for achieving personal goals; to differentiate the types of usage of individual internet users; to make dynamic analysis and trend of private internet use in Bulgaria; to reveal benefits in using internet. As a conclusion are given recommendations on reducing the risk.

Улога команде Црвене армије у подизању гробних места совјетских војника у Србији

Author(s): Milana Živanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2019

Based on documents from Russian and Serbian archives, postwar press and literature, this article analyses the involvement of the Soviet military command in memorial construction – building monuments, memorials and cemeteries for the Soviet soldiers who fell in Serbia; and its involvement in the postwar funerary rituals from the autumn of 1944 through the end of 1945. It showcases the importance of the Soviet factor in commemorative practice soon after the end of the military operations.

Употребата на наркотиците в България. Национално представително изследване, декември 2002 г. - януари 2003 г.

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

On March 14, 2003 the Center for the Study of Democracy hosted a round table on Public-Private Partnerships in Preventing Drug Abuse and Trafficking. Experts from government agencies and non-governmental organizations were invited to the discussion. Experts from the Working Group on the Abuse and Trafficking of Drugs at the Center for the Study of Democracy presented the results of the first national representative survey on drugs consumption in Bulgaria. Experts from the Sofia Directorate of Internal Affairs, the National Service for Combating Organized Crime, Customs Agency, National Council on Narcotics, Bulgarian Youth Red Cross and Free and Democratic Bulgaria Foundation took part in the discussion.

Употребяващите наркотици в затвора: опитът на Норвегия и предизвикателствата пред България

Author(s): Dimitar Markov,Hedda Giertsen,Maria Doichinova / Language(s): Bulgarian

Publication looks over the situation of drug users in two European countries – Norway, known for its social and welfare-oriented state, and Bulgaria, which since the beginning of the transition from totalitarism to democracy lacks sustainable policies on prisons and drugs. The aim of this work is to comparatively present the penal policy towards drug users and the measures taken for convicted people addicted to narcotic substances, to identify those features which can be transferable and can assist Bulgarian authorities to improve the situation of drug users in and outside the prison. Finally, this research will try to propose concrete measures to be taken both within the penitentiary system and as crime prevention efforts among drug users.

УСЛУГИТЕ НА ПРВИОТ СЕМЕЕН ЦЕНТАР НА ГРАД СКОПЈЕ ВО ВРСКА СО ЖРТВИТЕ И СТОРИТЕЛИТЕ НА СЕМЕЈНО НАСИЛСТВО

Author(s): Makedonka Radulovic,Vladimir Ilievski,Irena Avirovic Bundalevska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 5/2020

Domestic violence is a very serious and complex problem which every country faces, including the Republic of North Macedonia. The complexity of this problem results in enormous consequences for individuals, families, and the general development of societies. The most common causes of domestic violence can be identified in: lack of material resources of the family, unemployment, presence of addictive alcoholism, drugs and other psychotropic substances, gambling, infidelity, and in some situations the poor mental state of family members, etc. Domestic violence most often occurs within the family community, whether it is a marital or extramarital union, between marital and extramarital partners, children, the elderly in the family, or between family relationships resulting from damaged family relationships, resulting in one of the most widespread forms of violence. In order to prevent and fight domestic violence in North Macedonia, in the past years the country is undertaking specific multilevel activities at national and local level. The main activities are aimed at preventing violence, protecting victims from domestic violence and implementing adequate national and international legal framework. This paper will analyze the current state of domestic violence in the Republic of North Macedonia and the categories of domestic violence. Special attention will be given to the services provided by the First Family Center of the City of Skopje, which is the only specialized counseling center for victims of domestic violence, perpetrators of domestic violence, minors living in families with domestic violence which are direct or indirect victims of violence, as well as other family members who assist in the counseling process. Finally, the paper will also present a case study in order to show the activities, services and results achieved in the area of professional work with victim of domestic violence.

УТИЦАЈ МЕРА НЕФОРМАЛНЕ ДРУШТВЕНЕ КОНТРОЛЕ НА НЕПРИЛАГОЂЕНО ПОНАШАЊЕ ДЕЦЕ

Author(s): Miomira P. Kostić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 40-41/2000

The autor points out an importance of the unformal social control measures to stop and prevent an impractical (deviant) children' behavior which can be developed into delinquency. It is emphasized of the family and school preventive affects as the primary groups for growing up and gathe¬ring. The influence of the civil and humanitarian associations is reflected on family violence uncovering to an impractical children' behavior. The author also deals with the international organizations programs which regulate all institutional and uninstitutional affects to aim at protection the priority children'groups (delinquents; orphans; refuges and handicapped children).

Участники бытовых конфликтов в Латинском квартале Парижа по материалам нотариальных актов: жертвы и агрессоры

Author(s): N. S. Nazareva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2018

The present paper is a research on the intersection between social history and history of law. The attention is focused on fights, quarrels, and manslaughters that took place in Paris during the first part of the 16 century. The main source for this study is notarial acts, which are preserved in the Minutier Central of the French National Archives. It has been revealed that the two parties of the conflict asked for intervention of a royal notary in order to resolve their conflict or to sign the deal that was already discussed. That would permit Parisians to avoid dealing with the complicated judicial system. As a result of the analysis of 214 notarial acts, the following patterns have been discovered: firstly, the subjects of most agreements (122) were beatings and fights; secondly, the participants in such agreements were mostly small artisans and bourgeois; thirdly, most of them lived in the Latin Quarter, i.e., in the area where the offices of notaries, whose archives formed the basis of the study, were located, as well as in the surrounding suburbs; fourthly, apprentices of various professions and typographers turned out to be the aggressors in a higher number of cases, while day laborers were more often the victims. The obtained results broaden our vision about the French judicial system in the 16th century that comprised various social institutions for conflict resolution.

Уязвими групи лишени от свобода: Наръчник

Author(s): Alejandro Forero Cuéllar,María Celeste Tortosa,Klaus Dreckmann,Dimitar Markov,Maria Doichinova / Language(s): Bulgarian

In prison, certain groups of inmates are subject to disadvantages due to specifics of their origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, etc. These groups usually need special treatment, which is not always provided, which leads to unequal treatment and violation of their rights. This handbook examines the situation of such vulnerable groups within the prison systems of Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Lithuania and Spain. Starting from the classification of the UN Handbook on Prisoners with special needs and looking at the different national contexts, the authors identify different groups as vulnerable in different countries. In order to encompass as many groups as possible, their list was extended to include some particularly marginalised groups, such as sex offenders, prisoners with disabilities, etc. Each group is viewed in context, explaining the situations of vulnerability both generally and in the selected countries. From one side, the handbook presents the efforts for compensation of vulnerabilities in every country available in the legislation or provided by prison authorities or other actors. From the other side, it identifies the gaps in the measures and practices, which vary both from country to country and from group to group.

ФАКТОРЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ МЕЖСИБЛИНГОВОГО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ В СЕМЬЯХ С ПСИХИЧЕСКИ БОЛЬНЫМ РЕБЕНКОМ

Author(s): Sergej Aleksandrovich Sudjin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The article is devoted to the characteristics of the relations between sibs in families with a mentally ill child. The features of these interactions in the context of one of the sibs mental illness are analyzed; the factors of inter-sibs relations configuration are considered. The main factor among them is gender. This aspect affects both the extent of mutual emotional intimacy between sibs and extent of involvement in the problem-solving of mentally ill brother or sister. Among other factors to be noted are the order of mentally ill childbirth, the age of healthy sibling at the moment of the first manifestation of illness, type of disease as such and its duration. The conclusion is drawn about the necessity of social work with healthy siblings in the process of the rehabilitation of families with a mentally ill child. Article represents the review of foreign literature on the problem of the intersiblings relations burdened by a mental disorder of one of them. These articles were published between 1962 and 2015, covering the main milestones of interest to this problem. In the late sixties in medicine the research was directed at estimating the stress level and psychological features of a joint growing with a sick brother or sister. The attention was paid also to the social and emotional consequences which adult siblings might experience. This direction went in parallel with growing of self-help groups’ popularity in Western Europe and the USA. Another factor was the increasing popularity of narratives about the joint socialization of healthy and mentally sick children. In the 1980s the research projects focused on description and studying healthy sibling problems such as the lower self-esteem, stigmatization, and shame. Later the scientific interest shifted towards studying the variables which are associated with the burden which healthy siblings experienced during cohabitation with a sick brother or sister. It was conncected with using the multidimensional data analysis in social and psychological researches and emergence of new methods of empirical information collection.

ФЕМИЦИД КАО ОБЛИК РОДНО ЗАСНОВАНОГ НАСИЉА

Author(s): Slobodanka Konstantinović Vilić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 64/2013

The most severe manifestation form of violence against women is femicide - the sexis and mizogenic killing of females by males. The unique and general definition of femicide is not yet established, which makes statistical monitoring of femicide even more difficult, both in the international and national level. About femicide can be learned through the media, the police reports, through various estimations of the number of victims, through studies about mortality rates for women. But still, the though “dark figure” remains in increase. Murders of female inmates/spouses/partners are rarely described in media as a result of the growing violence in the family; on the contrary, when reporting on these crimes, women is the one to blame in order to justify the perpetrator in the public. Suicides of women who suffered years of domestic violence are also not included as femicide, although the suicide is the result of chronic manifestations of violence women suffered from the partner. The prevention of femicide prevention includes general measures and activities aiming to reduce patriarchal patterns of gender socialization, redefining gender roles, information and training skills of non-violent conflict resolution, abandonment of the the contol, power and domination concept. At the individual level, it is also important to educate women about the risk of victimization, how to prevent an escalation of violence into femicide, how to get protection, help and support on time. The legal reform in the field of subject is necessary in order to establish femicide charges and punishment measures, as well as early detection and response in any case of femicide behavior.

ФЕНОМЕН ДЕЦЕ РАТА (РАТНИКА)

Author(s): Hatidža Beriša,Vladimir Tomašević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5/2020

Modern political reality that we are witnessing, is marked by an escalation of terrorist activities around the world. Terrorism is the weapon of the weak, which in the modern era to which we belong, as a way of confronting the powerful enemy forces, using numerous and various political and religious groups and organizations. Although it is well known that all terrorist organizations around the world have their own offspring, and that the recruitment of children and manipulation of them do not differ significantly from the same phenomenon in countries affected by armed conflict, in the following we will passages, because the thematic specificity and nature of the work itself, exposure primarily focus on the abuse of children in armed conflict, without particular reference to the abuse in the commission of terrorist activities. Guided by this fact, the paper will seek to said phenomenom approach relying on scientific methods of content analysis of publicly available information contained in the reports of UN bodies, as well as a number of regional initiatives and the coalitions, their programs and work activities, gathered around the same goal-reducing the expansion of the multiple significant social phenomena.

ФОРЕНЗИЧКО УТВРЂИВАЊЕ ИДЕНТИТЕТА НА ОСНОВУ ГЛАСА

Author(s): Marija S. Milosavljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 71/2020

This paper analyzes the significance of the application of forensic phonetics in investigative and judicial processes, i.e. the application of the language knowledge in order to solve various criminal actions and litigations. The aim is to determine, based on the available literature in which manner and extent the forensic practice of identity recognition based on voice is represented in the judiciary. The basic frames of forensic expert analysis in the field of determining the person based on voice are presented. The concept of identity in criminalistics is indicated, as well as the eviden- tial value of the results of the expert analysis in the speaker’s recognition. The final results of the forensic expert analysis, expressed in a scale of ranged probabilities, are considered. Requirement and possibility of using the voice in various types and stages of police procedures, criminal investigation or criminal proceedings are indicated.