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Studenckie Koło Naukowe Edukacji Równościowej „Emancypacja”, pod merytoryczną opieką Wydziału Studiów Edukacyjnych Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu oraz Interdyscyplinarnej Grupy Badawczej Płeć i Edukacja – Gender & Education, zorganizowało 8 marca 2021 roku konferencję naukową z okazji Międzynarodowego Dnia Kobiet.
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In the practical application of the crime of rape, as a basic crime that protects the sexual integrity of man, there were different views on certain elements of this crime that led to different interpretations and applications of this incrimination. Most often, the difference referred to the interpretation of the element of coercion, and after the introduction of a new concept of the crime of rape in our criminal legislation, differences also occur in terms of interpretation of "other sexual acts" or "equal sexual acts". The author cites relevant examples from case law, emphasizing that the views of case law on these issues are slowly approaching international standards in the field of protection of human sexual integrity.
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Many studies assessing the benefits of restorative justice have emphasized how such procedures can lead to greater satisfaction, empowerment for the victim, and less re-offending by the offender. Despite these findings, restorative justice procedures are not reaching their full potential due to barriers in accessibility. One factor at the core of inaccessibility is the lack of a restorative culture, and instead the punitive attitudes of legal professionals which dominate criminal justice. As a result, many legal professionals fail to refer cases to restorative justice procedures, despite their ability to do so. This article presents empirical findings to illustrate how legal culture may be a reason that insufficient numbers of victims and offenders are being referred to restorative justice procedures. Information is provided based on qualitative data from referral bodies, such as the police, prosecutors and victim support, in addition to restorative justice practitioners. Practical implications are also discussed, focusing on how better cooperation and awareness can partly deal with the issue of a dominant punitive legal culture.
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This study examines the victims’ experiences and perceptions in meeting with their young offenders in China, as part of the out-of-court reconciliation programmes promoted within the Chinese justice system. A pattern of altruistic victims’ behaviour emerged out of the study, pointing at the predominance of the rehabilitation and reintegration ideals for young offenders. While a cultural and societal explanation is provided, the findings are also discussed in relation to the practice of restorative justice encounters in youth offending in the western world. The study suggests that it is problematic to look at Chinese practices through the ‘process’ lens of restorative justice in the West. The comparative analysis reveals both similarities and differences in the understanding of restoration. The article concludes that repairing the harm should respect a society’s own context, tradition and culture.
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Trauma is considered a significant event that causes intense fear and anxiety and frequent avoidance owing to its unfolding and persistence. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop when the distress and symptoms caused by the development and acute nature of the trauma do not resolve spontaneously over time. Incompatibility with one's existing schemas and the emergence of new nonfunctional schemas are both effective in the development of PTSD. Thus, while working with trauma victims, attempts to restructure the existing traumatic cognitions by doing assessments about traumatic cognitions play an effective role in reinterpreting the traumatic experience. This review study examines the nature of trauma, the expression of trauma according to cognitive therapy, widely recognized cognitive models explaining trauma, and frequently utilized effective cognitive methods for trauma victims. The impact of cognitive processes on the development and continuation of trauma was expressed, and the models of different experts explaining trauma were discussed in detail. Furthermore, considering the contribution of cognitive therapy intervention techniques for PTSD in healthily reevaluating the trauma, cognitive therapy methods that are thought to contribute to both the victim and mental health professionals are included.
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This study examines the relationship between perceived paternal acceptance–rejection in childhood and the tendency to engage in abusive relationships in female adults. The sample consisted of 60 adult females aged 23–58 (M=37.95; SD=8.102): 30 survivors of domestic violence and 30 randomly selected participants. The data were collected through self-assessment questionnaires: (1) Adult Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire/Control (mother and father versions); and (2) Adult Personality Assessment Questionnaire. The results show that perceived paternal and maternal rejection in childhood is significantly higher in female survivors of domestic violence than in the control group. The female victims also perceived their fathers as significantly more rejecting than their mothers. The level of psychological adjustment correlates positively with the perceived acceptance by both parents. The results are discussed within the framework of IPARTheory.
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In the first period of humanity, women were hunting and gathering with men. After the invention of agriculture and people's settled life, women started to work more inside the house and men started to work outside. With the increase in infant mortality rates, women's lives began to take shape more in the home. This situation continued until after the industrial revolution and the decline in male participation of women in the post-war workforce. In these processes, women started to work in society and participate in social life again. However, most women continued to work in their home lives. With the technological developments and the entry of television into the houses, people started to get information about the life outside the home, with television, which is the reflector of the outside world, without leaving the house. Afterwards, these images watched by individuals began to be quite effective in shaping their lives. From this point of view, this study was carried out to determine the representation of women and the impact of television series on society. The study, which was carried out with the phenomenological research method from the qualitative research method, was based on the comparison of the thoughts of two different generations between the ages of 40-45 (middle adults) and 20-25 (young adults) using a semi-structured interview form. Within the scope of the research, in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 people in total. The data of the research were analyzed by descriptive analysis method. Within the scope of the study, three themes emerged: the display of violence against women, the presentation of gender inequality in TV series and the symbolization of patriarchy in TV series. As a result of the research, it is seen that there is a lot of violence against women in television series, TV series show women weaker, and patriarchy is heavily covered. In line with these results, considering the effect of television on individuals, it is suggested that there should be TV series aimed at raising awareness of the society in television series, and that the series in which women are more powerful rather than those in which they are shown as helpless and weak.
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„The environment in which violence occurs most frequently is school, unfortunately. Violence in school, in all its forms, is a violation of children's rights to education, health and welfare. We cannot talk about a quality education, inclusive and fair, if students face violence in the school environment. School violence is a complex phenomenon that includes at least two distinct dimensions: physical, psychological abuse and forms of violence between children, which include hostile attitudes, contempt, humiliation, insult, defiance, rudeness, anti-school attitudes, verbal violence, bullying. Violence in school manifests itself both in the form of singular violent actions and in the form of permanent intimidation, humiliation and systematic harassment (bullying). Bullying is a specific form of aggression, characterized by repetitive, systematic, directed against a person who has difficulty defending himself, in order to denigrate his personality, diminish self-esteem and minimize the role in the social group. Today, compared to the 70s of the 20th century, when the first efforts were made to study bullying, it is recognized that this is a complex problem, which has a variety of forms of manifestation and can occur in different spaces, including on digital communication platforms. Unlike physical violence, bullying also includes verbal violence (insults, nicknames and threats), relational violence (isolation, spreading rumours) and violence in the online environment - cyberbullying (posting public messages, derogatory pictures, etc.). Bullying is an unpleasant experience, but one that can be avoided through information. Moreover, bullying and religiosity are important factors that determine the harmonious development of future adults. Today, many countries around the world are interested in developing educational policies to prevent and combat bullying, as it has serious consequences for both victims, perpetrators and witnesses. Adolescents involved in bullying situations as aggressors, victims or witnesses are more prone to absenteeism, dropping out of school, have lower performance in the disciplines school. Adolescent aggressors or victims of bullying are more likely to show symptoms of depression and anxiety, have low self-esteem, feel alone. In some cases, they lose interest in activities. The emotional and behavioural problems that both victims and aggressors suffer from can continue into adulthood.”
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The adoption of the United Nations Secretary-General's Guidelines on Reparations for Conflict-Related Sexual Violence (2014) represents an addition to the existing normative developments in the field of gender-sensitive reparations. Despite this progressive normative progress, there remain conceptual gaps in the legal and political framework for reparations that address conflict-related sexual violence and, consequently, ongoing challenges in implementing gender sensitive reparations. Challenges include the exclusion of women from legal remedies due to bias in creation and implementation of reparations regimes. Transformative reparations address the immediate reparative needs of survivors of sexual abuse, taking into account social and economic barriers to full equality for women in many societies. These reparations go beyond the immediacy of sexual violence, encompassing equality, justice and the longitudinal needs of those who have experienced sexual abuse. For this purpose, appropriate principles of reparations for conflict-related sexual violence are proposed. In this paper, the authors place special emphasis on the current problems of protection of the right to health and education of victims of sexual violence in war. Restitution, rehabilitation, reparation and resocialization of victims of sexual violence in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) are also presented. This is based on the fact that the passage of time has not healed the wounds of war, including the long-term psychological, physical, economic and social consequences of sexual violence in war for survivors and their families. Many victims still suffer from trauma associated with wartime sexual violence, which has significant consequences and is difficult to overcome. Most survivors also suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder associated with various psychological conditions. In the final part, some legal solutions for achieving reparation for victims of sexual violence in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina are problematized, and specific proposals de lege ferenda are presented.
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Often, in different economic and social analyses, GDP has come to take on the role of a complete indicator of the global development of society and progress in general. However, only the use of GDP as a measure of well-being necessitates an ongoing campaign to change the perspective to guide policies and evaluate progress. Is needed indicators that promote truly sustainable development that improves human life quality and correctly reflect the degree of social welfare. Citizens deserve an accurate sense of how well their economies are performing, with a view to long-term sustainability. GDP has and always will have valuable short-term insights, but to respond to 21st-century pressures we need modern economic indicators. Critiques of the GDP make way for other measures of progress and well-being to be recognized and used more comprehensively.
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As part of a relatively new notion — “queering Holocaust studies” — the article deals with the issue of nonheteronormative forms of sexuality among Polish male former concentration camp prisoners. The analysis of selected excerpts from Mieczysław Karwacki’s book Życie wśród śmierci [lit. Life among death] (1999) is conducted with the use of the queer category as well as scholarly reflection on the topic of wartime sexuality. This strategy shows how crucial transgressive themes (concerning the homo- and heterosexual experiences of the author, touching upon his physicality and masculinity) are for the book, and how the author challenges the constraining, binary division into “female” and “male” topics of concentration camp literature. A queer reading of the book by Karwacki — someone hitherto anonymous, unknown to both readers and researchers — reveals the need to split open the martyrological, heteronormative model of war memoirs and to incorporate this kind of content into concentration-camp discourse in Poland.
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This paper discusses only the systems of concentration camps, omitting how individual camps functioned. The analysis starts with late 19th-century Spanish camps in Cuba and ends with late 20th-century camps for Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first part of the paper discusses the problems of defining a concentration camp and proposes an original definition. The second part focuses on the victims, including their position within the camp hierarchy. The third part shows the practice of history politics based on the system of camps to which Silesians and other groups were sent after the war. Consequently, the paper offers an original definition of a concentration camp that is missing from many scholarly papers, and discusses Polish complications in history politics related to avoiding the term “Polish concentration camps”. The interpretation was based on the hermeneutics of academic literature and multimodal discourse analysis, especially as it pertains to post-war camps.
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The article focuses on death zones in concentration camps and those that in themselves were purely death camps. In 1944–1945, in the concentration camp system, these places were spaces of dying, where emaciated and sick prisoners were locked away, thus condemning them to death. Although mass murders were also committed in these places, the majority of the inmates died due to the inaction of camp personnel, who out of their passivity made yet another way of killing prisoners deemed “useless”. The first section of the paper presents the findings of historians, and strives to show on their basis when and why death camps and death zones appeared, how they functioned, and where they were located. In the second part the focus is on a specific death zone: the Little Camp at Buchenwald. This fragment of the article gives the floor above all to former prisoners of this place, as well as inmates of the main camp at Buchenwald who were able to observe from behind the barbed wire the fate of those consigned to the Little Camp.
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The paper tackles the still to be fully explored forced isolation centres functioning beyond the democratic system of justice, serving the so-called re- -education or quite simply isolation, and ultimately elimination, of political opponents or those sharing different worldviews to a particular political regime. The first section presents information concerning the Croatian Nazi extermination camp at Jasenovac, which was established during the existence of the so-called Independent State of Croatia during the Second World War. In the second part there is a description of the so-called re-education camps, intended for Josip Broz Tito’s opponents, establishing on the Croatian island of Goli Otok. The third part concerns issues related to the functioning of isolation camps of unspecified nature (and mainly identified as camps for military and civilian prisoners of war) in Kosovan territory. These camps were run by functionaries of the Kosovo Liberation Army.
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In this paper I argue that Nietzsche and Girard provide, for the first time, a phenomenology and genealogical account of the victim as both an ontological and moral category. First, I lay out Girard’s mimetic theory and show how it culminates in a phenomenology of victims and victimization. I then turn to Nietzsche, in particular Girard’s consideration of Nietzsche as the most important theologian of recent past, to show that Girard’s phenomenology – of victims, violence, and scapegoating – already exists within Nietzsche’s philosophical framework, albeit with a significantly different interpretation. It is my hope to problematize the seemingly self-evident and axiomatic character of the category of the “victim” by highlighting its specific genealogy within the Judeo-Christian tradition in order to further a much broader discussion on the hermeneutics of violence in general.
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The text presents and analyses the traumatic history of forcible ownership deprivation of the so-called “former people “conducted by the communist Bulgarian rulers.Urban properties, houses and industrial sites were nationalised or partially taken “in the name of the people“; village landowners were forced to give their land to cooperatives.The state policy of “squeezing the city population” ensured homes for thousands of people coming from the countryside. Through in-depth interviews and biographical methods, the victims’ emotions are reconstructed; their ways of coping with trauma and this specific type of personal crisis are shown. Effects on individual identity formation are also traced.The second part of the text examines changes in objects and possessions that occurred after forcible appropriation. Following Appadurai’s concept of the social life of things, the biographical trajectories of these objects and the physical transformations they underwent due to the forcible transfer from their original owners - city dwellers to the former villagers new urban settlers, members of the Communist party are analysed.
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Emotional abuse against a child in the family can negatively affect his or her physical, mental, spiritual, moral, as well as social development. The purpose of this paper is to analyze socio-structural and cultural determinants of emotional abuse against children in rural areas, given that these groups of determinants differ in the conditions under which urban and rural abuse is more or less likely to occur. Different behaviors can be classified under emotional abuse – rejection, degradation, intimidation, different discriminatory practices, and certainly denial of emotional response. The methods of theoretical content analysis with basic methods of concretization and specialization, normative, comparative method, as well as basic quantitative analysis of tabulated data are applied in this paper. The expected results of the research should give a clearer picture of the differences in socio-structural and cultural treatment of activities that can be considered emotional abuse against children in rural areas, compared to urban areas. It is also interesting to analyze comparative data on the prevalence of emotional abuse against children in families in the Balkan region. Comparing the experiences of urban and rural areas, this paper contributes to a clearer picture of the conditionality of emotional abuse against children in rural areas and makes overarching recommendations to prevent the basic socio-structural and cultural determinants and factors in this domain.
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The method involved with utilizing the web, mobile phones, or different gadgets for sending or posting messages or pictures expected to hurt or humiliate someone else is known as cyberbullying. The most widely recognized wellsprings of cyberbullying are web-based media destinations, for example, Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and Twitter, and texting administrations like WhatsApp, SMS, and email. Weakness rose with web use: 22.4% of respondents (matured 13–18 years) who utilized the web for longer than 3 hours daily were powerless against web-based tormenting, while up to 28% of respondents who utilized the web for over 4 hours daily confronted cyberbullying, finished up the review named 'Online Study and Internet Addiction'. Directing centered programs for preparing educators, and meetings with students on web security and rules of the school educational plan could be successful. Existing digital laws ought to be reexamined for security issues, and entryways, where digital wrongdoing can be accounted for.
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Intuitive-creative criminalistics is an approach in criminal investigations that emphasizes the importance of intuition, creativity, and unconventional thinking in solving crimes. This approach deviates from traditional, strictly analytical methods, giving investigators the freedom to use their instincts, experience, and imagination in interpreting evidence and understanding criminal activities. The key element of intuitive-creative criminalistics lies in the ability to recognize patterns and connections that are not immediately apparent. This includes analyzing the behavior of suspects, understanding psychological motives, and utilizing innovative techniques to reconstruct crimes. This approach also promotes multidisciplinary work, where experts from various fields such as criminalistics, law, psychology, forensics, and sociology collaborate to gain a more comprehensive insight into criminal cases. Through the analysis of works and books previously published by authors, with only the citation of sources, we will attempt to relate the aforementioned inductive-creative criminological thinking. Intuitive-creative criminalistics acknowledges that standard procedures and logical analysis are not always sufficient to solve complex or unusual crimes. The focus is on flexibility, openness to new ideas, and the ability to think 'outside the box.' The approach is particularly useful in cases where conventional methods are inadequate or when evidence is unclear or incomplete. By combining intuition and creativity with rigorous analysis, intuitive-creative criminalistics helps in discovering new avenues in investigations, which can lead to innovative solutions and more successful resolution of crimes.
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The purpose of this study is to show the impact on the creation of cultural memory in which film, as an element of prosthetic memory, is one of the significant mass media forms of the artistic framework, easily accessible and viral convergent digital environment through the analyzes two films In the Land of Blood and Honey and Quo Vadis, Aida? produces in post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina, which treat the most severe war traumas of raped Bosnian women and genocide against Bosniaks occurred during aggression against Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period 1992-1995. The analysis of these two films was done according to the concept of Astrid Erll which includes three categories of communication: intra–medial (experiential, mythical, antagonistic, and reflexive), inter-medial (premediation and remediation), and pluri-medial communication creating context for film reception as social-integrative collective phenomenon. The results of the analyses of films show that pluri-medial communication is not fully realized for the constructing and stabilizing the historical narrative as a social integrative phenomenon, and the film as a fictional prosthetic memory is not realized as a cultural memory of war traumas of Bosnian society. The film as a platform of prosthetic memory in the digital age has the potential to bypass rigid, censored, and propaganda ofpluri-medial communication emphasized in the mass media of Bosnian entity Republikof Srpska as well as Serbia which disables and limits the context of reception of social-integrative collective phenomenon of war traumas based on historical facts.
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