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The investigation has been conducted on a representative sample of Zagreb's secondary schools in their first c1asses (N=958), their average age being 15.6 years. In 1995 a poll took place which explored the extent of people's smoking habits, their attitudes against smoking, as well as the possible influence of the way they spend their free time on the acceptance of tobacco smoking. Results pointed out that in the last month of school there was 24.5% of those who smoked one or more cigarettes each day. Their parents are smokers in about 60% of the cases (fathers 63%, mothers 52%), but smoking behaviour within the family is not statistically significantly bound with the smoking behaviour of youths. Students who spend less time studying, those who choose the kind of school that does not indicate their orientation towards an educational career, and especially.these who skip CIasses, smoke quite often, more in quantity and begin their bad habit earlier.
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The study aim was to investigate the prevalence and attitudes towards cessation training among Czech medical students and evaluate its impact on smoking status of the students. Methods: The Global Health Professions Student Survey (GHPSS) was conducted among 187 dental and 707 medical students of 11 Medical Universities in Czech Republic in 2011. Results: Twety-one percent of dental students and 20% of medical students declared current tobacco smoking. In nearly 73% students both directions declared that they were passively exposed to tobacco smoke in their home environment over the last week and 60% of dental students and 47% of students of medical (p <0.001) indicating such exposure in public places. Nearly 90% of students said that physicians should provide advice on quitting smoking and 60% of respondents expressed the view that a physician should be adequately trained in the techniques supported throwing tobacco addiction but only 3.2% of dental students and 2.8% of medical students confirmed that it held such training during their studies. Conclusions: There is a need for inclusion in the program of studies practical exercises in the field of smoking cessation techniques, so as to equip future physicians the right tools useful in working with patients with the problem of tobacco.
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Introduction and objective: Healthcare professionals (HP) play a key role in the antitobacco counseling. The objective of the study was to investigate the prevalence and attitudes towards tobacco cessation training among medical students, and to evaluate their impact on the smoking status of the students. Material and methods: The Global Health Professions Student Survey was conducted among 389 dental and 1164 medical students in Poland in 2010. Results: 33% of the dental and 26% of the medical students declared current tobacco smoking. More than 73% of them were in favour of banning smoking in public places and more than 85% believed that HP had a role in providing anti-smoking advice to their patients. In addition, about 75% of the students thought that the patients have more chances to quit smoking if advised to do so by a HP. Only 23% of the dental students and 27% of the medical students declared that they had received specific training on smoking cessation techniques during their studies. The students who were in favour of a smoking ban in public places and those who believed that HP had a role in providing advice to patients appeared to have a lower probability of being smokers (OR=0,5 and OR=0,4; p<0.05). The risk of being a smoker was higher among the students who declared that they had received formal training in smoking cessation approaches to use with patients during their medical school training (OR=2.2 among dental and OR=1.6 among medical students, p<0,05). Conclusions: There is a need to adopt a standard undergraduate curriculum containing comprehensive tobacco control and cessation training to improve HP effectiveness as role models.
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Tobacco kills around 6 million people each year. The purpose of our study was to analyze the socio-economic dimensions associated with cessation success among adults in Uruguay. Data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), a cross-sectional, populationbased, nationally representative survey was utilized. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses with results being presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals were applied to study differences among those respondents who sustained smoking abstinence and those who continued smoking. GATS study revealed that social gradients in tobacco quitting exist. Younger age, particularly in men, and having lower socio-economic situation were associated with reduced odds for quitting. Factors that are driving differences in smoking cessation between diverse social groups need to be considered when implementing relevant interventions. Further studies are also needed.
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Tobacco use and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in reproductive-aged women can cause many health problems, for example: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), lung cancer, breast cancer, eye disease and adverse reproductive health outcomes. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of smoking and the determinants of smoking among reproductive-aged women in Greece. The data used for this analysis come from a Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). The highest percentage of women smokers has occurred among women living in homes where smoking was allowed (55,2%). Most women exposed to secondhand smoke at home, also was in the group of women who live in homes where smoking was allowed (99,4%). Most women exposed to secondhand smoke at work, was in the group of women living in homes with no rules on smoking (70,4%). In Greece, the percentage of smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke among reproductive-aged women is high, so it is reasonable to introduce strategies for smoking cessation and prevent initiation of smoking.
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Aim of the study was the analysis of the attitudes and opinions the Spanish medical students on smoking ban in the public places, the role of the health provider in the process of quitting, and practical skills in anti-tobacco counseling obtained during studies. The Global Health Professions Student Survey (GHPSS) in Spain was conducted among 920 medical students in 2010. 21.0% of medical students declared current tobacco smoking, 33.3% of students were exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke at home, and nearly 3/4 in public places. 76.2% of students supported the ban on smoking in all public places. More than half of students expressed the opinion that the physician plays an important role in shaping the attitudes of patients and anti-tobacco consueling, almost all (97.1%) of students said that the physician plays an important role in providing quitting advice. Similarly about 74% of the students think that the patients have more chances to quit smoking if they are advised by health professional. Only 15.8% of students declared that they received specific training on smoking cessation techniques during their studies. In this group the chance of being smoker was significantly lower. In the group of students who opted for support for a smoking ban in all public places, risks of being a smoker was lower. There is a need to efficiently train and oblige students to participate in activities of anti-tobacco counseling, so that doctors can fully carry out its tasks in the future, not only therapeutic but also preventive.
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Aim of the study was the analysis of the attitudes and opinions the Ukrainian medical students on smoking ban in the public places, the role of the health provider in the process of quitting, and practical skills in anti-tobacco counseling obtained during studies. The Global Health Professions Student Survey (GHPSS) in Ukraine was conducted among 2973 medical students in 20102013. 33.8% of medical students declared current tobacco smoking, the half of students were exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke at home, and nearly 3/4 in public places. 77.6% of students supported the ban on smoking in all public places. More than 66% of students expressed the opinion that the physician plays an important role in shaping the attitudes of patients and anti-tobacco counseling, in addition, over 93% of students said that the physician plays an important role in providing quitting advice. Similarly about 66% of the students think that the patients have more chances to quit smoking if they are advised by health professional. Only 25.8% of students declared that they received specific training on smoking cessation techniques during their studies. In this group the chance of being smoker was significantly lower. In the group of students who opted for support for a smoking ban in all public places, risks of being a smoker was lower. There is a need to efficiently train and oblige students to participate in activities of anti-tobacco counseling, so that doctors can fully carry out its tasks in the future, not only therapeutic but also preventive.
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The Republic of Lithuania enacted new alcohol legislation, which includes many alcohol beverages control measures. One of the most controversial was the ban of alcohol advertising in mass media, which provoked negative reactions of alcohol market and foreign media. This rule triggered whole-society discussion about the positive impact on society, especially minors. The author analyses the enacted Lithuanian regulation and different opinions, as well as the comparison with the broadcasting regulation of alcohol advertising in the Slovak Republic which has similar world position in international drinking ratings.
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Hundreds and thousands of lives have come to an end, either because of an overdose or suicide caused by substance addiction. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) found that over a quarter of a billion people aged 15-64 have used illegal drugs (UNODC, 2019), a multiple-stage suicide. The main purpose of this research is to assess the impact of the Teen Challenge Programme in recovering addicts and highlighting elements influencing the success of the programme 13 years after it was launched in Romania. The main question of the research is, How do spiritual practices within the Teen Challenge Programme influence the recovery of addicts? In this study, we used the case study method, and a research tool consisting in a semi-structured interview guide. The research sample consisted in 7 male addicts who were beneficiaries of the Teen Challenge Organisation, and recovered through this programme.
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Adolescence is a time when children become more independent and start experimenting with new forms of behaviour which are often undesirable or risky. Such behaviours can have consequences, such as poor mental health, poor academic performance, legat problema, addiction, and other issues that have a major negative impact on health and success in later life. In this paper we try to give an overview of frequent risk behaviours in adolescents (peer violence and cigarette, alcohol and canabis consumption) from a public health perspective with a special focus on the situation in Croatia, as well as to mention risk factors and protective factors for the development of these behaviours.
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The text presents research on conflicts between young people and their parents/guardians recognized as a trigger for young people’s antisocial behavior. The research was carried out among Polish high school youth (middle and high school) and their parents. In total 150 people participated in the study. The study was based on the author’s questionnaire addressed to parents and the scale of social maladjustment developed by Lesław Pytka, addressed to young people. The aim of the study was to indicate the existence of possible correlation between conflicts of youth with parents/guardians and manifested antisocial behavior. The study referred to those antisocial behaviors that are most often manifested by young people. These are: physical aggression, verbal aggression, alcohol consumption, truancy and atypical forms of sexual behavior. The statistical analysis was based on the IBM SPSS program.General conclusions from the study: conflicts of young people with parents/guardians determine the manifestations of antisocial behavior, but this significance has not been fully confirmed for all assumed variables.
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This research was conducted to examine the effects of depression states on substance abuse tendency and compare it according to various variables of students studying at Gazi University Faculty of Sport Sciences. The research group consisted of 422 students, 220 of whom were females, and 202 of whom were males. In the research, the Item Use Tendency Scale and Beck Depression Scale were used as the data collection tools. The data obtained in the study were analyzed using SPSS for Windows 22.0 program. In the analysis of the research variables, parametric methods were used because the number of samples (n = 422) was high enough according to the law of large numbers. Number, percentage, average, and standard deviation were used as descriptive statistical methods in the evaluation of the data. The t-test was used to compare continuous quantitative data between two independent groups, and the Oneway Anova test was used to compare continuous quantitative data between more than two independent groups. Scheffe test was used as the second-degree analysis to determine the differences after the Anova test. Pearson Correlation and regression analysis were used among the continuous variables of the study. As a result, it was determined that depression increased the tendency of substance use among students of the participants. The tendency to use substances was higher among female students than male students, and the tendency to use substances was not affected by age, marital status, department, average income, and class status.
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Review of: Raimo Pullat, Risto Pullat: Morze wódki. Przemyt spirytusu na Bałtyku w okresie międzywojennym. [Ein Meer aus Wodka. Der Schmuggel von Schnaps im Ostseeraum in der Zwischenkriegszeit.] Polska Akademia Umiejętności. Kraków 2013. 501 S., Ill. ISBN 978- 83-7676-152-7. Reviewed by Andrzej Klonder.
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In this study, attitudes towards individuals who use addictive substances and factors affecting attitudes was aim to examined. The study was conducted in Manisa city center on a sample of 396 and a questionnaire developed by the researcher was used as data collection tool, and the collected data was analyzed in IBM SPSS 25.0 software program. It was found that the presence of a person who used alcohol, drugs and addiction treatment in his family and his immediate environment affected the participants' negative attitudes and behaviors towards individuals using addictive substances. Generally speaking, the participants who do not use alcohol or drugs or who have not been treated for addiction are more likely to have negative attitudes towards these individuals. It was found that the participants' smoking, alcohol and drug use status and non-having children status also reduces many negative attitudes and thoughts towards individuals using addictive substances.
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In this study, it is aimed to analyze the correlation among the addiction of smartphone, the internet addiction and the fear of missing developments of the licensed athletes. The study was designed in the descriptive and correlational survey models of the quantitative research method. 548 voluntary licensed athletes in total studying at sports education institutes of the universities. As data collection tool, Nomophobia, Internet addiction and Fear of Missing Developments Scale were used. Independent T test, One-way Anova and Multiple Linear Regression tests were used in the analysis of the data. The Correlation results revealed a medium and positive correlation between fear of missing developments, nomophobia and internet addiction subscales. Also it can be said that fear of missing development and nomofobia are an important estimators of internet addiction. As a result, the digital age that we live in has a significant effect on emergence of digital addiction and related addictions. It is also important that users should read and make sense of the texts, messages and images spread through digital media.
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Background: Social networks, in particular Facebook, are part of the lives of almost every individual, and in addition to searching for people, making friends or communicating, they also enable self-presentation (photos, statuses, videos). Part of this, especially among young people, may be the presentation of risky forms of behavior (e.g. alcohol consumption) that may have direct (attitudes) or indirect (normative beliefs) effects on behavior. It has been found that contributions presenting alcohol use reinforce subsequent risk consumption in individuals who have seen such contributions. This is explained by the social pressure to conform to a certain type of behavior which is most often represented by friends who self-present and self-reveal on Facebook what they prefer (such as alcohol consumption and parties). Such a link between Facebook and alcohol is therefore elaborated in theory and quality. However, there is no known methodology from the literature to address the link. Objective: The aim was to prepare a methodology measuring the interconnection of Facebook and alcohol for the purposes of further investigation of the issue in the context of significant socio-psychological factors. Methods: A questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic variables (gender, age, university, year of study) and 38 items related to Facebook and alcohol linkage; which were: a) taken from conducted research (Alhabash et al., 2016); b) derived from the outlined topics (Huang et al., 2014; Westgate et al., 2014; Rodrique et al., 2016; Hutton et al., 2016; Barnes et al., 2016), which were qualitatively elaborated on through discussion in focus groups; c) supplemented by items that logically lacked and complemented the examined context (concerning the individual themselves and their contribution to Facebook, the general contribution of friends, the descriptive norms, and the truthfulness of the presented contributions on Facebook). The respondents’ task was to mark on the five-point Likert scale the extent to which they agree or disagree with a given statement (1 - strongly disagree; 5 – strongly agree). Research sample: The research sample consisted of 160 college students from Pavol Jozef Šafárik University (66.3%; n = 106) and Prešov University (33.8%; n = 54) (86.9% of women; M = 21.20; SD = 1.44). The respondents came mainly from the second and third year of study. The selection of the research sample was made on an occasional basis. The basic criterion for data collection was the willingness of both teachers and university students to participate in research. The response rate was 60%. Data collection was carried out at the beginning of 2016. Data analysis: Factor analysis (principal axis factoring) was used to reduce the number of items and reveal the factor structure of our methodology. Individual items were used for statistical analysis. Within the factor analysis, we followed the individual criteria for assigning items to the extracted factors: a) the correlation matrix's own numbers greater than 1; (b) factor charge of items with a minimum value of 0,5; (c) discarding items which have at least two saturation values ≥ 0.3; (d) discarding items that were conceptually unacceptable; e) The minimum number of items in the factor had to be 3. Results: Overall, factor analysis was performed three times due to the gradual exclusion of items due to failure to meet the criteria for inclusion in the factor. In the first step of the factor analysis, 11 factors were revealed, the scree plot revealed a fourth factor break. However, 19 items were excluded based on non-compliance. In a second step, the principal axis factoring analysis with oblimin rotation was repeated to eliminate the excluded items and pointed to the existence of 6 factors. The scree plot revealed a break after the second factor. An additional 10 items were excluded based on non-compliance. In the third step, the principal axis factoring with oblimin rotation was repeated without excluding items and revealed the existence of 3 factors explaining 31.26%; 11.03% and 5.71% variance. The Scree plot pointed to the second-factor break. 4 items were excluded based on non-compliance (two items had eigenvalue less than 0.5; one factor contained only 1 item, one item logically explained a better second factor, but its factor charge for the second factor was low). Other items have defined and explained adequately extracted factors. The result was 2 factors. The first factor was named as the attractiveness of the alcohol related post (motivation to use alcohol after seeing a Facebook post with alcohol) and consisted of 3 items. The alpha coefficient was 0.87. The second factor was named the incidence of alcohol related Facebook posts of friends and consists of 3 items. The alpha coefficient is 0.74. Limits: cross-sectional data collection design, occasional sampling limited by teachers' willingness to participate in data collection; the prevailing number of women in the research sample. Conclusion: The result of the statistical analysis is the methodology of "Aspects of Presenting Alcohol Related Posts on Facebook", consisting of 6 items that represent 2 factors. We recommend re-validating the developed methodology and its subsequent use in the context in relation to other socio-psychological factors.
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In December 2014, Russia was accused of developing a state-organized doping system in the second decade of the twenty-first century. The scandal resulted in many Russian athletes being banned from competing in the Olympics in Rio in 2016 and the IOC’s suspension of the Russian National Olympic Committee prior to the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang. The research presented in this article aims to answer the research question of whether the doping scandal actually affected the international image of Russia. The research was conducted with the use of frame analysis of public discourse. The hypothesis to be tested states that the Russian doping scandal contributed to the intensification of a negative external image of this state.
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The global drug control system is enshrined in the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. The International Narcotics Control Board, the UN body mandated to monitor the implementation of these Conventions, and the various control mechanisms prescribed by the Conventions provide a robust control system for the licit trade, production and manufacture of drugs. The development of new psychoactive substances (NPS), in particular non-scheduled synthetic opioids such as fentanyl and its analogues, pose new risks and dangers to the general public, as well as to the front-line officers most directly exposed to these substances in the drug-supply chain. In this paper, the authors present the organization and operation of the International Narcotics Control Board and the various control mechanisms prescribed by the said Conventions. As mass drug use and drug-related offenses impair the security of each country, this problem is of global importance. The aim of this paper is to present this problem, but also to show the unity of humanity in the fight against this problem. At the same time, this paper contains several recommendations that are topical for every country in the world and for the Republic of Serbia.
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