Zjawisko islamskiego terroryzmu samobójczego kobiet

Author(s): Mateusz Zulczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The direct objective of the suicide bomber is not only to bring their own death, but to cause the largest possible number of casualties among the community of potential adversary. The death of the executive intensifies the feeling of fear, because it shows complete intransigence of bomber and his willingness to submit biggest sacrifice in the form of his life. When planning terrorist attacks, the terrorists are counting primarily on the psychological effect, and it is much greater when made by woman, in many traditional environments identified as vulnerable, fragile, unable to harm. Article aims to describe the phenomenon of female suicide Islamic terrorism, on selected examples that clearly show similarities and differences among female suicide bombers in the various communities.

Międzynarodowe organizacje przestępcze – typologia, charakterystyka i zwalczanie

Author(s): Mariusz Wódka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The aim of the article is to present and describe a phenomenon of transnational organized crime. Crime is a complex phenomenon in which you can “control” society and the functioning of organized criminal groups is largely the socio-political-economic activity focused on financial benefits. For the sake of citizens as well as financial and economic security, each state has to create mechanisms safeguarding and protecting against these practices. This requires close cooperation between national and international institutions appointed to counteracting and combating transnational criminal groups.

Present trends among jihadists after the Arab Spring

Author(s): Marcin Styszyński / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

Radykalizm i ekstremizm nowych ruchów społecznych na przykładzie Frontu Wyzwolenia Zwierząt

Author(s): Arkadiusz Machniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

A Feminist Analysis: Sexual Violence in the Bosnian War (1992-1995)

Author(s): Özgenur Çaputlu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Throughout history, war violence has disproportionately affected women, especially in patriarchal societies. Wartime rape, which is the most common and destructive type of conflict-related sexual violence, is the clearest example of these effects. This study clarifies the sexual violence experiences of Yugoslavian women during the Bosnian War, which had lasted between the years 1992-1995, with an anti-militarist feminist perspective. The first part of the article includes hypotheses of feminist theory about conflict-related sexual violence. The second part handles types of sexual violence such as wartime rape, forced prostitution, and forced pregnancy that had affected women in Yugoslavian conflict areas between 1992-1995. The last part of the study describes the numerical dimensions of the sexual violence used in the Bosnian War and its ef-fects on Yugoslavian women. Throughout history, war violence has disproportionately affected women, especially in patriarchal societies. Wartime rape, which is the most common and destructive type of conflict-related sexual violence, is the clearest example of these effects. This study clarifies the sexual violence experiences of Yugoslavian women during the Bosnian War, which had lasted between the years 1992-1995, with an anti-militarist feminist perspective. The first part of the article includes hypotheses of feminist theory about conflict-related sexual violence. The second part handles types of sexual violence such as wartime rape, forced prostitution, and forced pregnancy that had affected women in Yugoslavian conflict areas between 1992-1995. The last part of the study describes the numerical dimensions of the sexual violence used in the Bosnian War and its effects on Yugoslavian women.

Responsibility of the United Nations for peacekeeping operations: recent developments in dual attribution

Author(s): Petra Kocen / Language(s): English Issue: 1 (19)/2020

This article critically examines the existing practice on the topic of responsibility for the United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations. Peacekeeping is a tool that has encountered many changes during the past few decades. It has developed into an instrument that can be authorized to use force beyond self-defense in a high-risk environment with limited consent by the Host State. This increased authorization to use force has also brought about an increased risk for potential wrongdoings by peacekeepers and has highlighted the issue of UN responsibility. It has long been the practice of the Organization to assume exclusive responsibility for peacekeeping operations. Yet, due to its broad immunities and other jurisdictional issues, this largely remains a theoretical concept. As a way around this stand-still, cases have been filed at national courts of troop-contributing States. In the recent judgment of Mothers of Srebrenica, the Supreme Court of The Netherlands had issued a ruling in which The Netherlands was found partially responsible for their actions. This brings to question the fairness of the current situation in which only one actor out of the two involved on a peacekeeping mission accepts its share of responsibility.

СУМИРАН ОСВРТ ВРЗ МЕЃУНАРОДНОТО ПРАВО ЗА ПРАВАТА НА ЧОВЕКОТ И НЕГОВИТЕ МОМЕНТАЛНИ СЛАБОСТИ КАКО ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ЗА ЗАШТИТА НА ЖЕНИТЕ ОД РОДОВО ЗАСНОВАНО НАСИЛСТВО-НОВА КОНВЕНЦИЈА ЗА РОДОВО ЗАСНОВАНО НАСИЛСТВО

Author(s): Luljeta Xhemaili / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1/2023

Throughout history, various forms of violence have manifested themselves in society as a result of the dominance of certain sectors or groups over others. In this context, gender-based violence is a key social mechanism for perpetuating women's subordination, because male hegemony—power considered the generic inheritance of men—is based on social control over women. Therefore, violations of women's human rights are directly or indirectly related to the gender system and mainstream cultural values. According to the terms of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, women enjoy the same rights and freedoms as men and autonomy. Gender-based violence, the protection of victims - survivors, the punishment of perpetrators of this type of violence and the support of survivors is one of the most controversial issues. at the international level in recent times. Along with the lines of discussion that follow, this paper argues that in an effort to strengthen existing frameworks, it is important to recognize that existing international human rights law already imposes broad and detailed obligations on states in relation to gender violence. and that proposals for a new instrument and other measures should not undermine but rather complement existing protection. He argued that greater efforts should be made to invoke and enforce existing standards, regardless of the position adopted on the desirability of a new treaty. The question that naturally arises is whether the new convention provides an overview of the role played by international law and its practice in advancing efforts to protect women from gender-based violence, so is a new convention desirable? , what measures might be applied if such an instrument were to be approved, and how it might be properly accomplished.

SOCIOLOŠKI PRISTUP U UPRAVLJANJU SREDNJOŠKOLSKIM NASILJEM U SRBIJI U COVID – 19 POSTPANDEMIJSKOM PERIODU

Author(s): Milena Milosavljević Stević,Života Radosavljević,Aleksandar Anđelković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2024

It is evident that the world has been grappling with violence of various kinds and levels through history. Precise analyses indicate that contemporary society views this issue from the perspectives of security and rights, emphasizing preventive action and the sanctioning of perpetrators. There are few studies that delve into the sociological aspect of violence, despite sociology being a social science which examines human relationships and interactions. Given that sociology has developed specialized branches such as cultural sociology, rural sociology, sociology of religion, business sociology, sociology of labour, sociology of sport, etc., there is a need to consider introducing sociology of violence as a branch of study that comprehensively addresses the issue of violence. This is significant as the intensity of violence not directly related to war activities is drastically increasing, even with dramatic consequences.In the light of the above, it is essential to focus attention specifically on certain types of violence and their causes. This paper draws attention to the sociological managerial aspect of high school violence in the Republic of Serbia, encompassing not only violence among students, but also violence by teachers against students, students against teachers, and violence perpetrated by parents against teachers. The research focuses on the period following the conclusion of the Covid–19 pandemic crisis in the Republic of Serbia, aiming to determine whether and to what extent the pandemic has affected violence in Serbia high schools.The aim of this paper is to higlight specific sociological phenomena that influence violence in Serbian high schools, with the intention that the research findings could be used to formulate policies and strategies against all types of violence in high schools

Dva příspěvky k otázce etnických menšin za Francouzské revoluce. Zrovnoprávnění židovských obyvatel Francie a nebělošského obyvatelstva francouzských kolonií

Author(s): / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2013

Protože bychom na stránkách časopisu Cornova rádi zveřejňovali také zajímavé prameny, buď dosud nepublikované, nebo nedostupné v češtině, dovolujeme si zde představit první české překlady dvou klíčových příspěvků do diskusí o zrovnoprávnění etnických menšin z počátků Francouzské revoluce – jednak jeden z „emancipačních“ textů na podporu židovského obyvatelstva od významného katolického kněze a revolučního poslance abbého Henriho Grégoira a současně emocionální proslov proti obchodu s černochy a jejich otroctví od revolucionáře -girondina Jacquesa -Pierra Brissota.

„Euthanasie“-Verbrechen im besetzten Europa. Zur Dimension des nationalsozialistischen Massenmords

Author(s): Lutz Kaelber / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Review of: „Euthanasie“-Verbrechen im besetzten Europa. Zur Dimension des nationalsozialistischen Massenmords, Hrsg. von Jörg Osterloh, Jan Erik Schulte und Sybille Steinbacher. (Studien zur Geschichte und Wirkung des Holocaust, Bd. 6.) Wallstein. Göttingen 2022. 391 S. ISBN 978-3-8353-5076-2. (€ 38,–.)

The Aggressiveness of Institutionalized Minors Depending on the Type of Residence

Author(s): Catalin-George Fedor,Daniela Cojocaru / Language(s): English Issue: 86/2024

This article presents the findings of a research study that sought to identify and compare the levels of aggression exhibited by institutionalised minors, contingent on the type of residence in which they are situated. To this end, the research was conducted on a sample of 200 minors residing in four different forms of care: foster care, traditional placement centre, and apartment. The Buss and Perry aggression questionnaire was employed to assess four dimensions of aggression: verbal, physical, anger and hostility. The results demonstrate the presence of all forms of aggression in the research subjects, albeit with varying levels contingent on the type of residence of the institutionalised minor. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the child protection system requires reform, with an emphasis on developing the maternal care component and reducing the proportion of traditional foster care centres.

Historical and Cultural Heritage of Azerbaijan Destroyed as a Result of Armenian Aggression

Author(s): Sübhan Talıblı / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The article studies the historical, material and moral monuments of Azerbaijan, which were destroyed because of the aggression of the Republic of Armenia and its supporting forces. At the same time, the article examines the issues such as the history of Karabakh, the Karabakh Khanate, sociopolitical, socio-economic, cultural and moral situation of Karabakh, Armenia's terror against the historical, cultural and spiritual monuments of Azerbaijan, Armenian vandalism in Irevan, the Turkic-Muslim, Albanian monuments destroyed in Karabakh during the occupation. At the same time, it analyzes the position of international and regional organizations regarding material and moral monuments destroyed as a result of Armenian vandalism, measures taken by the Republic of Azerbaijan regarding the destruction of monuments as a result of Armenian aggression. The principle of historicity and comparative analysis methods were used in the research paper. The major purpose of the research is to bring the atrocities committed against Azerbaijanis as a result of Armenian vandalism to the attention of the world community.

Social Marketing Strategy for Social Care Programs for Victims of Human Trafficking Crimes

Author(s): Ahmed Nasser Almogbel,Abdelwanis Mohamed Elrashidy / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2024

This study aimed to determine the social marketing strategy for social care programs for victims of human trafficking crimes by identifying the reality, mechanisms, challenges, and proposals for activating social marketing for social care programs for victims of human trafficking crimes. The research is descriptive research that aims to describe the social marketing strategy for social care programs for victims of human trafficking crimes. In line with the type of research, the researcher relied on the social survey method with a sample, which is one of the most appropriate methods for descriptive research. The research community was represented by officials in the department of combating human trafficking crimes at the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development and in shelter centers in the kingdom's regions. The research sample was determined by a simple random sample of officials in the Department of Combating Human Trafficking Crimes at the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development and shelter centers in the kingdom's regions, consisting of 121 individuals. The research results confirmed that The challenges of social marketing for social care programs for victims of human trafficking crimes were represented in: interest in superficial advertising aspects of social marketing, lack of marketing skills among those in charge of social marketing programs, lack of good planning for social marketing programs, and poor training of workers in the field of social marketing. The proposals to activate social marketing for social care programs for victims of human trafficking crimes represented: interest in conducting social surveys to determine the needs of victims, building a specialized department in social marketing for social care programs for victims of human trafficking crimes, interest in realistic advertising aspects of social marketing, and measuring victims’ satisfaction with the programs scientifically provided to them.

Schools and Cultural Centers as De- tention Sites in the Territory of the Self-Proclaimed Republic of Srpska During the Aggression Against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995)

Author(s): Muamer Džananović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

During the aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992- 1995), the authorities of the self-proclaimed Republic of Srpska (RS) committed numerous crimes, including genocide against Bosniaks. In pursuit of their territorial goals, the RS political leadership established numerous camps and detention facilities, often using schools and cultural centers for this purpose. These facilities, once centers of education and culture, were transformed into sites of mass atrocities, torture, and killings of civilians. This paper explores the systematic nature, scope, and mass scale of crimes committed in these facilities, with a particular focus on the Srebrenica genocide in July 1995, as well as the crimes in Prijedor and Zvornik during 1992. The paper provides an overview of schools and cultural centers as detention sites for Bosniaks and Croats in around 25 other municipalities that came under RS control in the spring and summer of 1992. Additionally, the paper highlights how the RS treats this past inadequately and how these schools and the now mostly destroyed cultural centers, often glorify the perpetrators of these crimes, rather than commemorating the victims. The aim of this research is to contribute to the proper memorialization of these crimes and to raise awareness among present and future generations about the importance of confronting legally adjudicated and historically established facts.

FACTORS OF ADOLESCENT AGGRESSION TOWARDS TEACHERS

Author(s): Maria Pleșca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 38/2024

This review analyzes studies on the problem of aggression towards teachers. The reasons for students' aggressive behavior towards their teachers have been identified by analyzing psychological theories. The article also provides recommendations for reducing and preventing student aggression towards teachers. In the sequence of research presented, it has been shown that the prevalence rates of teacher bullying around the world highlight the magnitude of the problem and raise concerns that this area has long-term detrimental consequences on the lives of students, teachers, and educational institutions as a whole. It has been established that the use of psychological theories, models, and concepts in explaining the reasons for the manifestation of aggression in the relationship with the teacher on the part of students not only makes it possible to determine the reasons for such behavior but also helps to take this problem into account at different levels of the educational process. The influence of school climate on teacher victimization was also examined and recommendations for the implementation of preventive measures were made. Based on the analysis, directions for further study of this problem were presented. In particular, it is necessary to study the prevalence of forms of aggressive behavior toward teachers and to develop a set of preventive measures aimed at combating aggression toward teachers.

DISCRIMINATION POLICIES THAT LEAD TO FORCED MIGRATION: THE QUESTION OF THE BULGARIAN TURKS WITHIN UNITED NATIONS (1988-1989)

Author(s): Drenusha KAMBER,Hava REXHEPI,Gojart KAMBERI / Language(s): English Issue: 22-23/2024

On August 21, 1989, Turkey’s decision to close the borders with Bulgaria it was interpreted by the authorities in Ankara as an attempt to force Sofia through dialogue both governments to reach an immigration agreement. Turkey considering itself as the kin state several times tried to sensibilize and prove that ethnic Turks living in Bulgaria experienced continued repression and forced assimilation while Bulgaria perceived those attempts as long-term policy of Turkey in interfering on internal issues of Bulgaria. The confrontations between Turkey and Bulgaria increased with the decision of Turkey to address this problem within United Nations. In the recent academic literature, most of the studies are focused on the internal factors and practices related to the assimilation campaign, for the period 1985-1989. The purpose of this paper, it is to contextualize the arguments used in favor and against internationalization of the question of the Bulgarian Turks through multilateral diplomacy as an instrument used by state authorities in Turkey and Bulgaria. The term Bulgarian Turks it is used in the sense of ethnicity referring to the ethnic Turks living in Bulgaria and having the status of the minority group. In this paper will be analyzed the content of the documents delivered by the Permanent Representatives of Turkey and Bulgaria in UN to the UN Secretary General and UN General Assembly, and the reports of the UN Special Rapporteur appointed in accordance with resolution 1986/20. The paper it is guided by two research questions: What kind of engagement Turkey chose in raising the question of the Bulgarian Turks into UN level? What actions took Bulgaria within UN in negating the accusations for an assimilation campaign?

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN SCHOOLS IN ROMANIA

Author(s): Ana Vladescu,Bogdan BORȘ,Denisa Leonte / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article presents the results of a mixed-method study undertaken in Romanian public schools on the incidence of violence and gender-based violence (GBV) in children aged 11-15. In this regard, we underline the importance of social and gender norms affecting the perpetration and protraction of violent behaviour amongst children, as well as the importance of differing perception biases affecting the understanding and prevention of violent behaviour within the institutional setting. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we identify differing typologies of perpetrators and victims, as well as how cultural and social norms provide a baseline identification with certain types of violence, when the element of gender is taken into consideration.

PRECISION: A COMPREHENSIVE REINTEGRATION APPROACH FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY IN ROMANIA

Author(s): Bogdan BORȘ / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The PRECISION project (Promote Rehabilitation, Empowerment of Children and Support for Youth OffeNders) was implemented by Terre des hommes Foundation in Romania across the four detention facilities for children and youth, has significantly improved the prospects of 225 children and youth deprived of liberty for successful reintegration into society. This multifaceted programme focused on training staff on child-friendly practices, engaging the young detainees in psychosocial activities, a mentoring programme and vocational training. The qualitative analysis of the project shows that it effectively enhanced the perceived wellbeing, psychosocial competencies, reintegration knowledge and skills, and vocational capabilities of its beneficiaries. The training of detention staff in the COPOSO and Movement, Games and Sports methodologies has led to transformative shifts in staff attitudes and behaviours, promoting empathy, calmness, and positive role modelling. The introduction of psychosocial activities has empowered children and youth to develop crucial life skills such as teamwork, emotional intelligence, adaptability, and self-confidence. The mentoring programme has played a pivotal role in guiding incarcerated youth towards personal and professional growth, fostering self-awareness, and inspiring positive change. The vocational training component has equipped the youths with practical skills and instilled values of self-discipline and independence, enhancing their employability. PRECISION serves as a compelling model for preparing children and youths deprived of liberty for a successful return to society, highlighting the significance of holistic support in facilitating their reintegration journey.

WOMEN'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE LIBERATION OF KOSOVO IN 1998-1999

Author(s): Moses KAMBERI / Language(s): English Issue: 21-22/2024

The work brings to mind the years 1998 and 1999 in Kosovo, which brought a lot of suffering. Serbian forces carried out massacres, murders, raped women and men and destroyed almost the entire country. Approximately 90% of Kosovo Albanians were forcibly expelled from their homes. The paper brings to attention a contemporary issue, in these times of horror that are being repeated in the same form again in Ukraine and Palestine, groups of women and girls who are raped, massacred and killed, help displaced people with food, support, medical care, housing and education.Over 20 thousand Albanian women and girls were raped by the Serbs during the years 1998-1999. The harrowing narratives of Kosovar women and girls reveal the barbaric violence that the Serbs have inflicted on women, girls, mothers, children and men, who became victims of rape during the war. The role of women in Kosovo, in this war, was as important as the role of women for the creation of a new life.This research is based on real statistics of the testimonies of women and girls during the war in Kosovo. According to the records, women and girls got knowledge about weapons and ammunition and became part of the national liberation struggle. The women became the informers of the massacres that the Serbs would do in the towns and villages, preventing them.The lack of an accurate number of women participating in the war for the liberation of Kosovo means that they do not take their rightful place in this war. They deserve recognition. According to the data, there was a considerable number of women in the guerrilla BIA. Women had a key role in the liberation of the country, they must have been forgotten by the free state of Kosovo.The contribution and sacrifices of women during the war in Kosovo were unparalleled, they aimed at the war and the liberation of the Albanian lands. In many studies, this role of women in liberation has not been identified, due attention has not been paid to it, and this is related to the existence of patriarchal norms of Kosovar society. The exclusion of women from this active contribution is related to these norms and this study makes an effort to bring this contribution of women to the liberation war of Kosovo. The study brings to attention that the contribution of women during the war should be documented and be part of our oral and written history, whose contribution has been little described.

Aneksja Krymu z perspektywy dekady. Wnioski dla zagrożonych rosyjską agresją

Author(s): Wojciech Łysek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2024

The main aim of this paper is to present the annexation process of Ukrainian Crimea by Russia from the perspective of a decade. There have been lived numerous Russian‑ speaking people, and a large community of Crimean Tatars. Hence, it is worth analyzing the reconstruction of the annexation of Crimea by presenting the Russian narrative from the Revolution of Dignity to the referendum in Crimea; discussion of the resistance of the Crimean Tatars and Russian repression. The paper will be based on a behavioral approach. It will focus on content analysis: state documents, politicians’ speeches, press materials, analysis, and literature. As a result of the paper, it will find the best strategy for states, which are potentially threatened by Russian aggression.