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"Dashed Hopes and Good Intentions": A Bourdieuian Reading of Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

Author(s): Ebrahim Salimi-Kouchi,Mohsen Rezaeian / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

Pierre Bourdieu's investigation into the mechanism of power relations in any given society emphasizes that culture is firmly embedded in social lives of agents. An agent engages in some social competitions, struggling with others and his or her own limits. Applying the metaphor of "game" to social life, Bourdieu believes that people, in order to accumulate more capitals, participate in intense social competitions. Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virgina Woolf raises some questions about the nature of power, language, and their intersection. The lives of the characters are not far removed from how they experience power relations in a college campus, a microcosm of American society. Putting into practice Bourdieu's theory of practice, this article analyzes the influence of the accumulation of capitals in the lives of George and Martha, the role of the imaginary child as a part of American dream and its significance to the couple's lives, and ultimately the use and abuse of language in their ways of communication.

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"Kronika naše Kalvarije pod Italijo". Gradivo Komisije za ugotavljanje zločinov okupatorjev in njihovih pomagačev o obdobju 1918-1941

Author(s): Damijan Guštin / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2000

The Committee Investigating The Crimes Committed By Occupiers And Their Accomplices was set up by the Slovenian National Liberation Movement in 1944 and continued working as a government body after the Second World War. Its task was not only to investigate the war crimes committed in Primorska, the Slovenian ethnic territory annexed to the Italian monarchy in 1918, but also to gather information on the specific, institutionalized violence exercised by the Italian state (through denationalization) and, in particular, the fascist forces between 1918 and 1941. In the paper, the author presents the scheme for ascertaining the various forms of pressure to which the population was subjected in the implementation of the denationalization policy, as well as the findings and their quantification.

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"Rabovačky" v závere prvej svetovej vojny a ich ohlas na medzivojnovom Slovensku

Author(s): Miloslav Szabó / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2015

In the last days of the First World War soldiers returning home, along with civilians, attacked representatives of the Hungarian state and wealthy individuals, especially Jews. They expelled them from their homes and looted them, or they simply destroyed their property. In some places regular Hungarian troops executed the leaders of these rioters. This study seeks to offer an alternative to the prevailing interpretation of the looting, which emphasize the social or ethnic motivations of the economically and nationally oppressed Slovak rioters. Instead, it examines the reversal of the perpetrators and victims that was carried out not only immediately after the looting had occurred, but repeatedly throughout the whole interwar period. This is to be seen as an expression of the growing anti-Semitism, because the Jews were ultimately accused of the murder of allegedly innocent Slovaks.

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(Ne)kultura sjećanja: uloga memorijala i komemorativnih praksi u post-konfliktnoj obnovi društva

Author(s): Tamara Banjeglav / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

U svakom post-konfliktnom društvu koje nastaje i razvija se nakon traumatičnih događaja, kao što su ratovi i drugi oblici nasilja, postoje pokušaji da se potisne sjećanje na te događaje kako bi se ‘krenulo dalje’ i kako bi se ‘prošlost ostavila iza nas’. Sjećanje je, međutim, instinktivno i ne može se samo tako potisnuti te će se neizbježno, ipak, pojaviti, isplivati na površinu, u jednom ili drugom obliku. Zbog toga smo, u pokušaju savladavanja nasilne prošlosti, često suočeni s izazovom kako najbolje upotiijebiti/iskoristiti sjećanje s ciljem učenja na prošlim događajima kako se oni više ne bi ponovili.

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(Re)konstruowanie narracji – działanie w przestrzeni publicznej – edukacja. Postpamięć zagłady Żydów lubelskich: studium przypadku

Author(s): Marta Kubiszyn / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 65/2020

Although originally the term ‘post-memory’ referred to the experiences and memories of the survivors that influenced the biographies of their children, in the following years its meaning was extended and the concept started to be used to describe the processes of transmitting the memory of any traumatic experience within any group, not necessarily bound by blood. In the case of Lublin, where one third of the pre-war community consisted of Jews, most of whom were murdered during World War II, the position of non-Jewish vicarious witnesses seems to be particularly important. This article discusses some aspects of the Holocaust post-memory discourse referring to the cultural activities of the ‘Grodzka Gate – NN Theatre’ Centre. Research questions will concern the artistic language and means of expression of these projects as well as the aesthetic codes that are being used by vicarious witnesses.

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(Un)culture of Remembrance: The Role of Memorials and Commemorative Practices in Post-Conflict Social Recovery

Author(s): Tamara Banjeglav / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

In each post-conflict society which comes into existence and develops after traumatic events, such as wars and other forms of physical violence, there are attempts to suppress the memory of those events in order to “move on” and to “leave the past behind us”. However, memory is instinctive and cannot be suppressed just like that. It will, inevitably, occur, come to the surface in one form or another. For this reason, in an attempt to master the violent past, we are often faced with a challenge how to best use our memory with the aim of learning from past events so that they would never be repeated again.

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“UNFATHOMABLE CALMNESS”: BETRAYAL TRAUMA, SILENCE AND DISSOCIATION IN THE SECRET AGENT

Author(s): Imen Chemengui / Language(s): English / Issue: XIV/2019

With the rise of trauma theory in late 19th century, researchers have focused on foregrounding the significance of some catastrophic events that pertain mainly to the collective, leaving other forms of trauma and their psychological aftermath on the individual underrepresented. In this paper, I focus on social traumas in Joseph Conrad’s The Secret Agent, which seems to be overlooked by some critics whose insights highlight primarily its political aspect. The events of the novel revolve around the peculiar and traumatic experience of Winnie Verloc whose life is rife with betrayal and violence. Her recurrent exposure to successive shocking events culminates in her dissociation and, consequently, her suicide. To pin down what lies beneath Winnie’s ambiguity, aloofness and silence in the novel, I mainly rely on trauma theory, drawing from studies on PTSD, betrayal and dissociation by several trauma scholars, such as, Cathy Caruth, Shoshana Felman, Jennifer Freyd, and others. Furthermore, this paper examines the inextricability of the past from the present in trauma through the breadth scrutiny of Winnie’s psychological response to her excruciating experience. Hence the way the appalling past returns unbidden to shake Winnie’s present.

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10+1 Good Practices in Preventing Intolerance, Discrimination, and Group Hatred in Central and Eastern Europe

Author(s): Gergana Tzvetkova / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2020

This compendium was created by the consortium members of the CEE Prevent Net initiative. Its development is the result of a robust exchange of good practice methods among various organizations and civil society actors in the areas of youth work and (non-formal) education aimed at preventing intolerance, discrimination, and right-wing populism and extremism in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. Initially, this volume was supposed to present 10 good practices for working with young people directly; however, the CEE Prevent Net network decided to expand this initial enterprise gratuitously. This additional section provides youth workers, educators, and other civic actors with recommendations and advocacy strategies for youth work that fosters tolerance, facilitates dialogue, and prevents discrimination and far right ideologies.

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1933 Sonrası Türkiye’ye Sığınan Nazi Karşıtı Aydınlar ve Karşılaştırmalı Edebiyatın İki Kurucu Adı: L. Spitzer ve E. Auerbach

Author(s): Gülnihal Gülmez / Language(s): Turkish / Publication Year: 0

7 Nisan 1933’de, Almanya’da, Hitler hükümetinin ırkçı yasalarından ilki olan ve Nazi yöneticilere rejim düşmanlarından, özellikle de Yahudilerden kurtulma fırsatı sunan, “devlet memurluğu mesleğinin ihyasına dair yasa” kabul ediliyordu. Ari ırktan olmadıkları için üniversitelerdeki kürsülerinden kovulan çok sayıda bilim adamının Nazi Almanya’sını terk etmek zorunda kaldığı bu 1933 yılında, hemen hemen aynı tarihlerde, kuruluşunun henüz onuncu yılındaki genç Türkiye Cumhuriyeti de bizzat Atatürk’ün öncülüğünde, kökten bir üniversite reformu gerçekleştirme çabasındaydı. Her iki ülkenin tarihindeki bu ilginç kesişme, Nazilerin kovduğu birçok akademisyenin mesleklerine Türk üniversitelerinde devam edebilmelerini sağladı.

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1956: „Unsere Segel prall, unsere Schiffe voran"

Author(s): Miklós Molnár / Language(s): German / Issue: 26/1986

Verschiedenste politische Strömungen versuchen im Westen die Ereignisse der Revolution 1956 für sich und ihre Ideale zu vereinnahmen. Miklós Molnár versucht Fragen zu stellen und Problemstellungen aufzuzeigen, inwieweit die ungarische Revolution als Versuch gesehen werden kann, einen demokratischen Sozialismus zu schaffen. Grundlage des Textes war ein Vortrag auf der Konferenz von Liehfrauenherg im Elsaß, wo die Evangelische Akademie der Ungarn im Mai 1986 zum 30. Jahrestag der Oktoberrevolution eine Konferenz organisierte.

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25. godišnjica Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma: dosezi i problemi u izgradnji mira i funkcionalne države Bosne i Hercegovine

Author(s): Zijad Šehić / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 01+02/2020

The Dayton Peace Agreement was the result of a compromise, which was its greatest weakness. Instead of being the result of a careful and studious concerted effort to find the right solutions for the lasting peace in the region, for the West the Dayton Peace Agreement was just another in a series of efforts to find an instrument that can achieve the declared political goals. Holbrooke considered the agreement, which had been imposed by himself on the warring parties, to be generally satisfactory, because it stopped the war and established a unified state, reflecting the primary objectives of the United States in Bosnia and Herzegovina. That however, in his opinion, does not meant that the Dayton Peace Agreement is perfect, acknowledging some weaknesses in it. For some time, certain voices from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the international representatives are calling for a modification of the provisions of the Dayton Peace Agreement. Some appeal to the convening of the Dayton II, in order to correct deficiencies of the original plan, which could be clearly seen due to its inefficient implementation. The division of the country into two territorial entities is a fundamental weakness of the Dayton Peace Agreement since it prevents the proper functioning of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The international community has insisted that the two entities strictly implement the Dayton Peace Agreement, but did not know how to fulfill the provisions of Annex 7 of the General Framework Agreement related to the return of refugees, the most important question for the future demographic picture of BiH society. The solution provided by the US diplomats in Dayton is mainly pragmatic one and reflects the balance of military power in the region. In Dayton, the basic rule of international law which stipulates that the international community does not accept the violent conquest and annexation of the territory of another state has been fully respected; this represents the main value of the peace agreement. Confirming the international legal norm of uti possidetis iuris, the signatories of the Dayton Accords have confirmed that norm as the fundament on which the international order has been built on.

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30. PİYADE ALAYI’NIN ÇANAKKALE HAREKÂTI VE ŞAHİNDERE SARGIYERİ’NDE MEDFUN MÜLAZIM-I SANİ MUSTAFA EFENDİ’NİN ŞEHADETİ

Author(s): Burhan SAYILIR / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 55/2020

The 30th Infantry Regiment consisted of three infantry battalions and was busy with military camp training in Edirne and its vicinity on the return from the Suez Canal operation with the 10th Division on the Sinai Front. The force of the regiment consisted of 53 officers, 3,319 soldiers, 3,128 rifles and 403 animals. The 10th Division commander was German Colonel Bruno von Trommer, Chief of Staff was Captain Rüştü, 28th Infantry Regiment Commander was Major Hunger/Hunker, 29th Infantry Regiment Commander was Major Abdulkadir, 30th Infantry Regiment Commander was Major Ahmet Rıza, Artillery Regiment Commander was Lieutenant Colonel Ahmet Necati. When the regiment was ordered to go to Çanakkale front, it moved to Çanakkale on July 1, 1915. On July 20, 1915, the 30th Regiment came to Soğanlıdere and rested. It was later located in Zığındere instead of the 33rd Infantry Regiment. It clashed with ceaseless effort in Zığındere, where the Allied forces strengthened acutely. The collisions in September were a period of serious mine battles and bomb shots. Lieutenant Mustafa Efendi, one of the bomber officers of the 30th Regiment, was injured on September 18, 1915, as a result of the explosion of the bomb in his hand while trying to throw a new bomb on enemy trenches during the collisions. Then he was died in Şahindere Field Hospital, where he was brought wounded.

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4-6 Yaş Arasındaki Çocukların Ebeveynlerinin İstismara Yönelik Farkındalığı

Author(s): Elif Ünal Bozcan,Bengü Berkmen,Nihan Koran,Eşmen Tatlıcalı / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 97-1/2019

The aim of this research is to investigate the awareness of the families about abuse. The families in the target of the research are the families who have children between 4-6 years old. This research was carried out as cross-sectional study. Personal Information Form developed by researchers and Parent Awareness Scale" developed by Pekdoğan (2017) were used as data collection tool. The population of the study was formed by the parents of children between the ages of 4 and 6 who received pre-school education in the Nicosia region. The sample consisted of 321 parents who were randomly sampled and voluntarily participated in the study. The data of the study were analyzed by SPSS 21.0 program. The relationship between the averages of parental abuse awareness scale and the socio-demographic characteristics of the study group were analyzed by t Test and one way ANOVA. For the reliability of the scale Cronbach Alpha was calculated as .65. As a result of the study, it was determined that the awareness level of abuse is medium level. When the scale items were analyzed, it was determined that the parents did not have enough knowledge about sexual abuse. The analyze results of the scales points that the families have medium level of awareness about child abuse. Also the results of the study indicates that the awareness about abuse is not connected with socio demographic issues. According to the results of the study family trainings about child abuse can be recommended.

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9/11: AN ANALYSIS OF THE EVENT THAT CHANGED THE ENTIRE WORLD

Author(s): Paul V. Miu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

THE AUTHOR EXAMINES THE 9/11 SUICIDE ATTACKS OF 9/11, ATTACKS ORCHESTRATED BY THE INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST GROUP, AL-QAEDA AGAINST SEVERAL TARGETS IN THE UNITED STATES; THESE ARE THE WORST TERRORIST ATTACKS ON AMERICAN TERRITORY IN US HISTORY TO DATE, AND HAVE CAUSED BOTH A RECORD NUMBER OF CASUALTIES, IMMEASURABLE MATERIAL DAMAGE AND TRIGGERED A HUGE EFFORT BY THE US, TOGETHER WITH INTERNATIONAL COALITIONS TO FIGHT TERRORISM, IN A SO-CALLED "WAR ON TERROR". THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS IS CALLED "ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS" AND AIMS TO FILTER INFORMATION IN THE MOST EFFICIENT AND COHERENT WAY TO DRAW RELEVANT CONCLUSIONS. THE AUTHOR EXPLAINS THE CAUSAL FACTORS THAT LED TO THE ABOMINABLE TERRORIST ATTACKS, ANALYZING SEVERAL CONSPIRACY THEORIES LAUNCHED IN PUBLIC SPACE ON THE MOTIVATIONS AND PERPETRATORS OF THE ATTACKS AND PRESENTING PERSONAL VIEWS ON A POSSIBLE GLOBAL SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM INDUCED BY THE TERRORIST PHENOMENON.

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A CRITICAL ACCOUNT OF THE CONCEPT OF DE-OBJECTIFIED HATRED

Author(s): Mark Losoncz / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2021

This paper looks at Thomas Szanto’s theory of hatred that suggests that hatred has an indeterminate affective focus and that it derives its intensity from the commitment to the attitude itself. Contrary to Szanto’s theses, this paper claims that the hated properties are not necessarily fuzzy. On the contrary, in many cases we can clearly reconstruct the quasi-rational genesis of hatred, by relying on the deep structures behind the social dynamics (as demonstrated by the example of anti-Semitism). Furthermore, the paper states that even though in certain cases hatred is a truly empty of content, these cases are marginal in comparison to other, more important forms of hatred.

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A Dangerous Nexus? History, Ideology and the Structure of the Contemporary Chetnik Movement

Author(s): Nejra Veljan,Maida Ćehajić / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

During the Yugoslav era (1945–1992), the Serb ethno-nationalist Chetnik movement and its motivating ideology were unambiguously condemned in public discourse. This followed the defeat of foreign occupiers, including Italian fascists and German Nazis, who had been aided by collaborationists within Ustasha (Croat ethno-nationalist and fascist) and Chetnik ranks. Thus, in the period after World War Two, public accusations of Chetnik membership were levelled pejoratively in Yugoslavia, and it was clear: to be a Chetnik was to be a traitor. Many former members of Chetnik detachments tried to conceal or minimize their participation in the movement, but some continued fostering Chetnik ideals in the privacy of their homes, even as a shared Partisan/Yugoslav identity was publicly nourished.

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A DIRTY WAR: THE ARMED POLISH-LITHUANIAN CONFLICT AND ITS IMPACT ON NATION-MAKING IN LITHUANIA, 1919–23

Author(s): Tomas Balkelis / Language(s): English / Issue: 121/2020

This article discusses the armed Polish-Lithuanian conflict during 1919–23. It flared in May 1919 when the first open clash between Lithuanian and Polish troops took place. It gradually escalated into an undeclared war and lasted until late November 1920 when, in Kaunas, both sides agreed to stop fighting along the neutral zone established by the League of Nations. However, there was no final peace agreement signed, only a truce, and low-scale paramilitary violence continued unabated in the neutral zone until as late as May 1923. The author argues that the conflict involved various paramilitary formations which terrorised the civilians in the disputed borderland. For the Lithuanian government, the war against Poland provided an opportunity for total mobilization of the Lithuanian society. The fact that, during the entire interwar period, the conflict remained open-ended, ensured that the paramilitary structures and military laws that emerged during it would remain in place for much longer.

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A Feminist Analysis: Sexual Violence in the Bosnian War (1992-1995)

Author(s): Özgenur Çaputlu / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

Throughout history, war violence has disproportionately affected women, especially in patriarchal societies. Wartime rape, which is the most common and destructive type of conflict-related sexual violence, is the clearest example of these effects. This study clarifies the sexual violence experiences of Yugoslavian women during the Bosnian War, which had lasted between the years 1992-1995, with an anti-militarist feminist perspective. The first part of the article includes hypotheses of feminist theory about conflict-related sexual violence. The second part handles types of sexual violence such as wartime rape, forced prostitution, and forced pregnancy that had affected women in Yugoslavian conflict areas between 1992-1995. The last part of the study describes the numerical dimensions of the sexual violence used in the Bosnian War and its ef-fects on Yugoslavian women. Throughout history, war violence has disproportionately affected women, especially in patriarchal societies. Wartime rape, which is the most common and destructive type of conflict-related sexual violence, is the clearest example of these effects. This study clarifies the sexual violence experiences of Yugoslavian women during the Bosnian War, which had lasted between the years 1992-1995, with an anti-militarist feminist perspective. The first part of the article includes hypotheses of feminist theory about conflict-related sexual violence. The second part handles types of sexual violence such as wartime rape, forced prostitution, and forced pregnancy that had affected women in Yugoslavian conflict areas between 1992-1995. The last part of the study describes the numerical dimensions of the sexual violence used in the Bosnian War and its effects on Yugoslavian women.

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A Force for Good? Mapping the Private Security Landscape in Southeast Europe

Author(s): Arjan Dyrmishi,Rositsa Dzhekova,Donika Emini,Gentiola Madhi,Marko Milošević,Predrag Petrović,Atanas Rusev,Mentor Vrajolli / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2015

The volume explores and assesses the origins and current state of the private security sector in four Southeast European countries (Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania and Kosovo), with specific reference to principles of good governance and the protection of human rights. In particular, the authors examine when and how the first private security companies developed and whether and how PSCs, their clients, and other factors such as relevant legislation determined the services private security offer today, and which companies were established/have survived in the market. The studies look into the economic importance of private security especially as a source of employment. They also explore if PSCs are able to provide quality security services by looking at the background and qualifications of managers and employees. A number of important questions are addressed: who are the people who work for PSCs, what is their level of expertise and professionalism and what are their working conditions? How important are (political) relationships for the success of a PSC and do domestic political considerations have an impact on which PSC receives contracts and how well they work? How is quality defined and enforced by both PSCs and their clients, especially public sector clients? Finally, do PSCs and state security providers coordinate, cooperate or compete with each other?

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A Foucauldian-Feminist Understanding of Patterns of Sexual Violence in Conflict

Author(s): Harriet Gordon / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Foucault’s theories of power, resistance, and agency provide useful tools of analysis to support a stronger understanding of the individual experiences of survivors of sexual violence in conflict situations, as many feminist accounts have tended to focus analysis at the macro-level. This paper will outline key Foucauldian concepts, before discussing how Foucauldian and feminist theories can be complementary and indeed useful tools in understanding sexual violence. This paper will then apply a Foucauldian-Feminist framework to better understand patterns of sexual violence in conflict, and to propose modes of resistance for survivors of sexual violence.

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