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The article discusses the manuscripts / typescripts of the artist Vincas Kisarauskas (1934-1988) that vary from texts and memoirs about the works of colleagues and discusses also scientific material collected for Kisarauskas' monograph on the art of ex-libris. In this case, we are interested in Kisarauskas` texts dedicated to the analysis of colleagues' works in which the ideological background of the time is evident. It is not directly mentioned nor alluded to, but the latent ideological narrative of the Soviet era can be felt from the way certain things and aspects are circumvented, silently or (un)deliberately presented as "non-ideological". The mechanisms of ideological masking were not necessarily conscious. It was rather a response to outright ideological pressure. It manifested itself as the form of "aesthetic escapism."
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The article examines the systematicity of theoretical legacy of Voltaire and Jean-Jacque Rousseau. It is concluded that the legacy of Voltaire, a defender of freedom of expression, has contributed to contemporary perception of the limits of this freedom. The existence of freedom of expression, according to the article, is an initial presumption en route to social contract, the concept of which was developed by Rousseau. The article actualises the legacy of Voltaire in several aspects. It, first, provides justification for Voltaire’s critique of the Church and religion: at a time, the state and the Church were not separated, therefore, inevitably, affairs of the church were public affairs. Whereas the need to rethink limits of the content of freedom of expression arose when religion was separated from the state and became a "private" affair. It is the opportunity to express one’s position (Voltaire) that forms the basis for speaking freely and entering social contract (Rousseau). It is concluded that Rousseau’s theory of concept of social contract continues to be relevant due to its ontological justification. The systematic connection among Voltaire’s and Rousseau’s legacy is established in the article – a social contract is not possible if those, who conclude it, do not exercise freedom of speech.
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The article deals with the influence of state ideology on children, as carried out through state control/supervision of book publishing. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the peculiarities of creating (a new) social reality by means of children’s literature in the 1920s and 1930s in Ukraine. The research material is a selection of publications of the Ukrainian specialised publishing houses Ditvydav and Molodyi Bilshovyk. The results of the analysis show that 46% of the books in the corpus contain the following keywords: revolution, civil war, Pioneers, Little Octobrists, Soviet holidays, Lenin, Stalin, collective farms, collectivisation, industrialisation, metallurgy, factory, mines, and so forth, that is, they contain an emphasised ideological component. Soviet society’s rejection of the national tradition, even in the face of the policy of Ukrainianisation, is also confirmed. The dominance of Russia and its representatives in comparison with other republics in the USSR and the limitations of gender roles in the constructed worldview are also demonstrated.
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The goal of the study was to determine the extent to which seafarers' work and life satisfaction can be explained by the six aspects of work motivation based on the Self-Determination Theory. The research was conducted on a convenience sample of Croatian seafarers (N = 286), ranging from 18 to 65 years. The applied questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic and work characteristics questions, and measures of job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and six dimensions of work motivation. The results of regression analyses showed that two dimensions of work motivation with the highest level of self-determination contribute positively to the explanation of job satisfaction and life satisfaction: intrinsic motivation and integrated regulation. Furthermore, external regulation contributes positively to the explanation of life satisfaction, while amotivation has proven to be a significant negative predictor of job satisfaction. The results indicate the importance of developing and encouraging autonomy in work motivation in seafarers, but also the specifics of work motivation that are associated with the socio-economic context of the maritime profession in Croatia.
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This paper examines the social theory of Lester Frank Ward, one of the most significant representatives of early American social theory, with particular attention to his conception of the state, which can be described as Hegelian. The first part of the paper gives a brief overview of early American social theory: its basic features, the issues that were the focus of attention during this period in the development of sociology in the US, and its most significant representatives. The basic features of Ward’s social theory are then presented and examined in more detail. It is pointed out that it is: conceptual and essentially based on the natural sciences; based on the distinction between pure and applied sociology; systematic; supportive of progressive and pro-social reforms. It was directed against the individualist tradition. His theory was based on the belief that the human mind can direct social progress and that the order based on social inequalities, which is a product of the laissez-faire doctrine, cannot guarantee freedom and prosperity. The fundamental institution capable of doing so is the state. Therefore, the central part of this paper is devoted to his conception of the state and makes a comparison with Hegel’s theory of the ethical state contained in Hegel’s philosophy of objective spirit – philosophy of law and philosophy of history. It concludes by pointing out that Ward’s theory indicated the general direction of development of social circumstances towards the era of collectivism, and was also atypical of American social theory in some of its features.
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Local character narratives offer a fruitful corpus for exploring the relation between community belonging, identity and narrator stance. After summarizing North American scholarship on the local character genre, I explore the ways two narrators establish their storytelling rights to a rural Maine narrative tradition. Adopting an interactionist orientation toward discourse, I map the ways that the narrators position themselves with respect to each other and to their internalized other, the local character. I demonstrate that community belonging, and the storytelling rights that such belonging confers, is a discursive accomplishment that transcends stable class and geographic positions. The character story offers narrators a way to simultaneously identify with the most marginal, most emblematic members of their community while at the same time distinguishing themselves as normative citizens. Recognizing identities as plural, multi-voiced and sometimes conflicting, I challenge folklorists to explore how differently situated narrators can participate in a tradition that is attached to a particular place. I suggest we replace the notion of positionality –an enumeration of fixed identity features – with that of positioning – a discursive and social accomplishment – in our discussions of storytelling rights.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the textualization of motherhood in Eugen Kumičić’s novel Olga i Lina [Olga and Lina]. The emphasis is on the characters of mothers portrayed in the novel as “good” mothers and “bad” mothers. The paper addresses two main research questions. The first refers to what characterizes Kumičić’s “good” mother as “good” as well as the features of his “bad” mothers. Secondly, we look into whether the author uses standard (literary) models of motherhood or whether he departs from social and literary conventions, and why motherhood appears as an essential topic in Kumičić’s novel.
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Technological advancements have begun to blur the line between the virtual and real, bringing about more threats to the safety and well-being of children. One such is creating virtual child sexual abuse material (CSAM) using deepfake technology. Another significant and well-established strand of creating overtly sexual content is hentai, in its meaning of anime and manga pornography. In early 2018, the online platform Reddit changed its rules on simulated pornography and sexually suggestive content involving minors after mainstream media raised deepfakes-related concerns. Based on a large dataset (N = 13293) of Reddit comments collected on the topic, this article takes a qualitative approach to examine Reddit users’ views and attitudes about the sexualization of minors (SOM) in deepfakes and hentai. The analysis captured five major themes in the discussion over SOM: illegality, art, promoting pedophilia, increase in offending and general harmfulness. Furthermore, the discussion was underscored by the central question of who is a minor, which feeds the already problematic definitional ambiguity and keeps the perceived discursive boundaries of the illegality of SOM in flux.
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In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes voices concern over the squandering of the prospects of human prosperity. This paper argues that the remedy he proposes is the political replication of scripture’s idea of creation; the acknowledgment of an originator, a first cause of indisputable order. Hobbes’s nemesis, the Fool, is an agent of scripture’s antithetical tohu and bohu (the disarray that preceded creation), who misguidedly believes he can work disarray to his advantage. For Hobbes this is folly, because the volatility of disarray is beyond human mastery. Nevertheless, steadfastness and prosperity remain at hand, by replicating the order of a ‘higher power’ that is fortunately echoed in all creation. This paper is made in the image of Hobbes’s ‘replication methodology’, that in turn is modelled after scripture’s original depiction of the act of creation “in his own image” (Genesis 1:27). The paper identifies the biblical Nabal as the ‘original Fool’, and reflects on how the original resonates in Hobbes’s iteration.
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In this article, we examine how the audiovisual productions of the Partage de Cultures project complement and enrich the intangible cultural heritage of a country by renewing the process of construction and transmission of heritage knowledge. Based on the analysis of a corpus composed of 20 semi-structured interviews and observation notes, we show that the testimony of refugees on YouTube brings out a form of peer-to-peer mediation, audiovisual and digital, capable of enriching the intangible cultural heritage. We thus make visible a new form of engagement in heritage activity, centered on the participation of ordinary people. In doing so, the device created also contributes to the integration of refugees in society.
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Quest for the collective identity of the dominant nation and other ethnic groups was manifested in Latvian interwar society. Russian Old Believers differed in that they represented not only an ethnic minority but also a particular religious group within their ethnic minority, thus separating themselves from the rest of society. An independent way of life of Old Believers and their desire to maintain the homogeneity of their community on the one hand, and active political and social activity, on the other hand, provide unique research material to examine the process of inclusion of a group in a newly formed country. Social image building is an essential part of this process. With the help of qualitative content analysis, the author has examined more than a hundred articles published in Latvian, Latgalian and Russian from national and regional periodicals that actively contributed to the formation of the social image of Old Believers. The directions of stereotyping the social image of Old Believers, their formation and development in the environment of non-Old Believers have been revealed, determining the depen dence of public opinion on personal experience and external conditions.
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Analytical reflection and research questions on growth, evolution, and resilience in culture, as well as the inclusive nature of the creative economy and conditions for its sustainability, have prompted researchers from various disciplines to seek answers by means of ecological approaches, especially the concept of the ecosystem. The epistemological value of the ecosystem concept has grown in conjunction with researchers’ attempts to expand and humanize the understanding of societal transformation and conditions of its development, decreasing the role of market and economic values. These ideas are concisely expressed in John Clammer’s definition of “holistic development,” which refers to “forms of development that far exceed the purely economic or material and involve the development of culture, the pursuit of social and cultural justice, concern for the environment as the essential context for the maintenance and flourishing of both human and non-human life forms and ideas of both material and cultural sustainability and the links between all of these” (Clammer 2015). The need to understand the relationship between culture and development is consistently present also within the context of policy-making, especially so in discussing support conditions and contributions for inclusive and sustainable growth. It may be precisely this discourse that has promoted the development of a new, inclusive and at the same time actionable understanding of culture. A possible answer for this call may be the ecological understanding of culture — “one that can embrace the many interconnections and interdependencies involved in processes of valuing, and experiencing value for oneself” (Wilson et al. 2020). The study of the cultural and creative ecosystem often also includes the development of policy recommendations. On various levels of policy-making (local, national, European Union (EU), international), the agenda has contained discussions on the best ways of governing the mutual dependence of this complex adaptive system and on making decisions about the kinds and concrete instances of cultural and artistic manifestations to be promoted, supported, and developed. These issues became as topical as ever during the Covid-19 pandemic, as the social distancing measures had a particular impact on the cultural domain.
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According to data of UNESCO, in 2013, Latgalian language with 150,000 users was recognised as one of the world’s endangered and vulnerable languages, as all generations still use the oral form, but the sustainability of the language is seriously jeopardised, since the number of young language users decreases. Pursuant to the EU directives and recommendations for preservation, research and development of regional and endangered languages, as well as the Guidelines for the State Language Policy 2021–2027 regarding development, disclosure on the web and accessibility of varied text corpus, in 2020, a group of researchers of the Rēzekne Academy of Technologies in the Project of State Research Programme Digital Resources of Humanities: Integration and Development (No. VPP-IZM-DH-2020/1-0001) started its work on the development of the Contemporary Latgalian Speech Corpus (MuLaR) aimed at the documentation, research, studies and acquisition of Latgalian. The aim of the article is to identify and analyse the issues that are important in the process of creating MuLaR, applying the referential analysis of the scientific literature and comparative methodology. In turn, applying the analytical-synthetic method and based on the experience accumulated by the corpus creators, there was developed an initial model for the corpus architectonics and technological solutions, covering such issues as ensuring a representative Latgalian speech corpus, bearing in mind the territorial distribution of Latgalian language communities and diversity of Latgalian patois; the most appropriate methods to document natural, spontaneous language: collection of new data, opportunities to use the existing recordings (interviews, TV, radio broadcasts, field research data collections), other databases (reiti.rta.lv); understanding metadata; ethical aspects of the speech corpus; transcribing (software, conventions to reveal the features of spoken text as accurately as possible); creation of an accessible, easy-to-use open-access platform, using the experience of creating oral speech corpuses for lesser-used languages / dialects in other countries. The article declares the main challenges for the corpus development after the initial validation of the corpus data, including in relation to the morphological tagging possibilities of the corpus.
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The article examines the processes associated with the dynamics of the financial situation of the Soviet intelligentsia during the years of Stalin’s modernization. The issues of state policy aimed to improve the standard of living of the intelligentsia, its forms and methods are considered. During this period, the power structures make a clearly indicated choice of introducing the measures of financial support of the intellectual strata. This turn was due to the fact that the regime in the 1930s had an acute need for intellectual labor. This circumstance determined an obvious trend in matters of financial support for the intelligentsia: the work of specialists necessary for the modernization of the country, despite the negative reaction of the public, begins to be highly paid. Unlike the NEP times, this policy concerns not only technical specialists, but also broad layers of the humanitarian intelligentsia. Gradually, the incomes of scientists, teachers, cultural workers, etc. not only equaled, but also exceeded the wages of workers. We should not forget about the number of privileges granted to representatives of intellectual professions (especially in the housing sector). At the beginning of the 1950s, there was a peak in the well-being of representatives of intellectual professions, when the standard of living of the Soviet intelligentsia most significantly exceeded the financial situation of workers and, especially, peasants. It was by the end of the Stalinist period that Soviet intellectuals in many ways approached their pre-revolutionary status. Thus, scientific and creative representatives of the Soviet intelligentsia made up one of the most privileged and well-off socio-professional groups of Soviet society. The privileged position of Soviet intellectuals is largely explained by the special place that the intelligentsia occupied in the system of Stalinist socialism. In turn, the government also benefited from the line that allowed the carriers of intellectual labor to achieve relative economic well-being. Largely thanks to their work, the regime managed to ensure the country’s breakthrough in economic and technological terms. The modernization of the country, therefore, inevitably led to an improvement in the financial situation of the intellectual strata of society and to a rapprochement between the authorities and the intelligentsia.
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The article is devoted to an insufficiently studied topic in the history of education: drawing up a collective portrait of the employees of the office of the trustee of the educational district. Currently, there is no research on how the work of the office and the trustee of the St. Petersburg educational district was organised. Also, in the general history of the study of Russian bureaucracy, there are few works devoted to employees of the office of trustees, a department of the Ministry of Public Education. The research was made on the example of the office of the trustee of the capital’s educational district during the reign of Alexander III, based on comparative-historical, typological and systemic methods of studying historical patterns. However the main research method was prosopographic: reveals the estate origin of employees and their level of education; the financial situation and their service life are considered. The main conclusion of the article is that the office clerk was a person with higher education, who had worked in an institution for at least ten years, who had had several jobs and state awards. This study can bring us closer to the real position of the “local” bureaucracy and its portrait in the history of Russia.
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In the center of this research is the understanding of religious life by the late Soviet scientific intelligentsia of the Ukrainian SSR and the formation of mental attitudes towards religion in society. The relevance of the topic is determined by the significant influence of these mental attitudes on the formation of the position of modern Ukrainian society in the church issue. For the analysis, publications were selected in the journal “Human and the World”, which in Soviet times was the mouthpiece of the atheistic intelligentsia, and since September 1990 has become the main religious studies journal of Ukraine. The conclusions about the very cautious attitude of the late Soviet scientific intelligentsia of Ukraine in the second half of the 1980s to the growing public interest in religion are substantiated. The scientific intelligentsia, in its attitude to religion and the church, relied on stable cabinet images and clichés. In understanding the essence of spiritual life, the primacy of public benefit was characteristic. In the ideological sense, atheist intellectuals sought to liberate ethics from any form of religious justification, the autonomy of morality. The fear of being shackled by religious dogma and religious sanction prompted them to fight for non-religious morality, to prevent the influence of the church on society in every possible way, or to try to control this influence. Replacing it with secular “spirituality” was declared as the main method of combating religion.
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The problem of the continuity of historical science and higher historical education is important both for the commemoration of the community of historians and for practical purposes of understanding the content and characteristics of the development of social thought in a particular period. In this regard, an appeal to the history of historical science is a necessary element of the professional culture of historians. From the point of view of studying the roots of Russian historical science, the study of the works and activities of historians of the XIX century, including one of the first professionals in the field of world history, T. N. Granovsky, is of particular importance. Italian wars (1494—1559) are an important period in the history of interstate/international relations, the study of which occupies a worthy place in the works of historians of the past and present. The purpose of the article is to study the place and role of the Italian wars as a phenomenon of Western European history in Granovsky’s lecture course. The following main tasks were set: to show the place of the history of the Italian wars in Granovsky’s lecture course on the history of Modern age; to analyze the peculiarities of style, author’s preferences, presentation of lecture material; to evaluate the conclusions made by Granovsky in the context of modern historiography. The main method used in this study is comparative-historical. Based on the study of the peculiarities of considering the history of the Italian wars in Granovsky’s lecture course, a conclusion was made about the state of study of the relevant topic in Russian science in the first half of the XIX century. In particular, the conclusions made by Granovsky about the nature and consequences of the pan-European conflict at the end of the XV — first half of the XVI century correlate with the achievements of modern historiography of the issue. The article concludes that Granovsky made a significant contribution to the Russian historical science. The conclusions made are important in the study of the process of evolution of the dissemination and translation of historical knowledge, as well as the development of ideas about the level and features of the development of Russian historical science in the Nikolay the First’s period.
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Dostoevsky conceived “Notes from a Dead House” as a memoir, but the concept was transformed, leading to a change in the chronology and circumstances of the author’s biography. The writer not only described, but also composed his life, placed it in the context of world history. Hospital scenes are important in the structure of “Notes.” Dostoevsky gave an almost professional description of physical illnesses and their treatment. He passes competent judgement on hospital medicine, is fluent in the medical thesaurus, and uses medical Latin. His descriptions are accompanied by judgments and stories about crimes and corporal punishment of prisoners, about executioners and executioners. He believes that medicine in Russia is hostile and does not correspond to the spirit of the people, their habits. The author’s descriptions are factual. They recreate an empirical reality that receives metaphysical interpretation. The means of transforming the empirical into the sacred is Dante’s “Divine Comedy,” which influenced the concept of hell, the poetics and structure of Dostoevsky’s “Notes from a Dead House.” Dante saw hell, purgatory, paradise; his visions became the subject of poetry. Dostoevsky lived in hell, in a “Dead House,” this is his personal experience. There are two narrators in the “Notes”: the author’s alter ego and the fictional Alexander Petrovich Goryanchikov, a kind of literary mask of the author. They have different roles, which are often difficult to distinguish. The hero’s name and patronymic are most often heard in conversations with other characters: he asks questions, and they tell him about themselves. It is not the author who asks tactless questions to the heroes — Alexander Petrovich, a knowledgeable prisoner of the “Dead House,” does it for him. He is Dostoevsky’s Virgil. Alexander Petrovich has no future, his hellish toils without purgatory and paradise continued in the “hellish life on the outside.” Not purgatory, but Easter is the act of transformation of the author, who has risen from the dead, found freedom, a new life and a future.
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Iako nije sa sigurnošću utvrđeno tko je prvi uporabio pojam postmarksističkog u značenju makar približnom onom kako ga se danas razumijeva, uobičajeno se kao početna točka uzima 1985. i čuvena studija Laclaua i Mouffe Hegemonija i socijalistička strategija [Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, 1985]. No suprotno očekivanjima koje izaziva ta informacija što je u pravilu ponavljaju pregledne studije postmarksističke teorije, Laclau i Mouffe (2014: xxiv) postmarksizam ne spominju naročito naglašeno, navodeći tek u uvodu svoje knjige kako je vrijeme da sasvim jasno kažu da su »trenutno situirani na postmarksističkom terenu«, nakon čega ublažavaju tu tvrdnju pojašnjavajući da je njihov »intelektualni projekt u ovoj knjizi postmarksistički, ali evidentno i postmarksistički. « (isto) Potom su se 2001. u predgovoru sljedećeg izdanja iste knjige pak otvoreno ogradili od nastojanja da tom tvrdnjom uspostave neku novu teorijsku kategoriju, premda je istovremeno nisu ni odbacili (usp. Laclau, Mouffe: 2014: ix).
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