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Utilizarea eficientă a cooperării şi competiţiei în contexte formativ‑educative

Author(s): Georgeta Diac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2022

Cooperation and competition are modes of social interdependence with multiple effects on a personal and interpersonal level. Although they have a considerable history in social and educational psychology, it seems that they have not lost their ideological force and practical influence in the 21st century. The aim of this article is to present some of the specific features of the dynamics of cooperative and competitive situations which can then be used to optimize various educational training approaches. As a result, the text is structured in four parts organized as follows: the first part is dedicated to presenting the theory of social interdependence and how cooperation and competition work through the interdependence of members of a group. In the next section we have analyzed cooperation and competition in terms of the effects they produce on a personal and interpersonal level, the last two sections presenting details of the specific ways in which the two forms of social interdependence are produced.

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THE PECULIARITIES OF SELF-CONTROL STYLE IN ADOLESCENTS

Author(s): Maria Pleșca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 36/2024

The performed study allows us to find that half of the teenagers in the research group are characterized by independence, flexible and adequate response to changing environmental conditions. They are very conscious in achieving the goal. The high level of self-control suggests that teenagers who have strong motivation form a style of self-regulation that allows them to compensate for personal characteristics, behaviour traits that prevent the achievement of the desired result. They easily acquire different activity, feel confident in situations full of uncertainty. The low level of self-control informs us that adolescents have not formed the motivation to consciously plan and program their behavior and activity. They depend on the circumstances and opinions of others, they are characterized by a reduced ability to compensate for their own personality resources that are unfavorable for achieving the proposed goals.

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EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN COUPLE

Author(s): Cristina Ceban / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 36/2024

In psychological science, several approaches to the understanding, content and structure of intelligence are attested. Intelligence must be considered as a complex structure on several levels: intelligence as a result of the socialization process, as well as the influence of culture as a whole (sociocultural approach); intelligence as a result of adaptation to the demands of the environment under natural conditions of human interaction with the outside world (genetic approach); the intellect as a special form of human activity (the procedural-activity approach); intelligence as a product of purposeful learning (pedagogical approach); intelligence as a set of elementary information processing processes (informational approach); the intellect as a special form of the content of consciousness (phenomenological approach); the intellect as a system of cognitive processes on several levels (structural level approach); intelligence as a self-regulating factor (the regulatory approach).

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„Rocznik Przemyski. Historia”, vol. 55, no. 3 (2019): „For Your Freedom and Ours”: Polonia and the Struggle for Independence”

Author(s): Michał Wilczewski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Review of: „Rocznik Przemyski. Historia”, vol. 55, no. 3 (2019): „For Your Freedom and Ours”: Polonia and the Struggle for Independence”, eds Tomasz Pudłocki and Andrew Kier Wise

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EGY PÁRHUZAMOS VILÁG. A SZERB ŐSHONOSSÁG‑ELMÉLET

Author(s): Miklós Takács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2022

Serbian historiography has promoted two theories about the presence of the Serbs’ ancestors in the southern part of the Carpathian Basin and the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula. The first one, formulated in 1794 by Jovan Rajić was the theory of indigeneity. Its author considered the Slavs, identified with the Serbs, to be the indigenous inhabitants of the region, who had lived there even before the Roman occupation. The other thesis was based on the emergence of Serbs in written sources. Both approaches had a strong impact on the archaeology of the southern Carpathian Basin. While the representatives of the indigeneity hypothesis basically strove to see Old Slavs – or Old Serbs identified with them – in all segments of the Migration Period archeological finds from the Sarmatian period to the so‑called Bjelo Brdo culture, those who based their research on written sources, tended to keep count of Slavs in the region only from the Avar period onwards. The doctrine of Serbian indigeneity has been cyclically reformulated, usually at times when Serbian history reached a turning point. A further peculiarity of its research is the focus on archaeological evidence that replaces the initially stressed linguistic and historical (pseudo)arguments. For a short, transitional period after the 2001 regime change in Serbia, it might have seemed that a new, less nationalistic system would be adopted in the medieval archeology of the southern Carpathian Basin. The failure of this process may have multiple reasons, and a sufficient historical perspective is probably needed to objectively assess each of the sub‑processes. Proponents of both the indigeneity and Slavic migration theories are represented among the narcheologists of Vojvodina. It remains to be seen whether Vojvodina’s medieval archaeology will be dominated by the need to solve the real conservation problems of a rapidly deteriorating archaeological heritage system or the need to constantly prove unquestionable theses derived from national mythology.

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Man’s fate is not tragic but cosmic

Author(s): Slavka V. Gvozdenović / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 1/2024

Slobodan R. Vukićević: Cosmic Sociology and the Fate of Humanity. Beograd: Publishing Enterprise Albatros plus, 2023, 376 pp.

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Optimizimi i parametrave të sistemit të pensioneve. Aspekti i drejtësisë midis brezave

Author(s): Patris Poshnjari / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 1/2011

The shift in the demografic structure, as a result of falling birth rates and an increase in the life expectancy, has put under strain the financial balance of public pension systems in many European Countries. Demographic and economic developments affect especially the countries that use a bismarckian PAYGO pension scheme. These problems lead to the need for reforms in order to maintain the pension system sustainable. New options are introduced to ensure income security in old age. Hence, private pensions may serve as a supplement to public pensions. How good are these alternatives for Albania? Albania is considered a country with a young population and the population is aging less rapidly. Instead of redesigning the Albanian Pension System, this article proposes a parametric reform. The question raised in this presentation is whether to improve or to privatize public pensions? The main goal of the article is to introduce a theoretical model in order to configurate the three main parameters of public pensions; contribution rate, replacement rate and dependency ratio. This model will be developed under the consideration of the intergenerational equity, in order to provide fairness in relationships between generations.

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Naturalizarea lui C. Dobrogeanu Gherea

Author(s): George Voicu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 49/2022

Gherea a imigrat în România în 1875, când avea 20 de ani, venind din Rusia. Acolo, mai exact la Harkov, activase în cercurile narodniciste, ceea ce i atrăsese prigoana din partea autorităţilor ţariste. Acesta a fost, desigur, motivul esenţial al emigrării. După ce s a stabilit în România, poliţia secretă ţaristă a continuat să l urmărească. În 1878, a fost chiar răpit de agenţii Ohranei şi întemniţat în Rusia, la Petropavlovsk. În anul următor, a izbutit să evadeze, într un mod spectaculos, prin Oceanul Îngheţat, şi să revină pe o rută ocolitoare în România. Dar poliţia secretă rusă, prin intermediul legaţiei ruse din Bucureşti, şi a perpetuat supravegherea şi hărţuielile, dedându se chiar la provocări, în speranţa că evadatul din fortăreaţa Petropavlovsk va fi arestat şi expulzat din România. Viaţa lui Gherea în noua sa patrie nu era deloc simplă. Pe lângă insecuritatea amintită, erau obstacole culturale şi sociale care păreau de netrecut. Când s a stabilit aici, nu ştia – cum este descris într un portret literar – „nicio boabă limba românească”1 . Era, în plus, de o sărăcie lucie. A trăit iniţial din îndeletniciri umilitoare: „lucrător cu ziua şi zugrav”2 , potco var, pietrar, organizator al unei spălătorii a uniformelor militare, dar şi – cum se descria Gherea însuşi într o scrisoare – „placeur de mărfuri, comis voyageur, birtaş [...], tot afaceri care au costat o uriaşă cheltuială de forţă nervoasă şi toate terminate cu un mare crach”3 . Toate acestea au însemnat, totuşi, şi un câştig, căci ele au făcut posibilă imersiunea adâncă a lui Gherea în societatea românească, ceea ce s a soldat cu rapida sa aculturare. După doi ani de experienţe de acest tip, în 1877, scria deja în româneşte scrisori, iar din 1883 studii sociopolitice şi, după alţi doi ani, lucrări de critică literară.

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Profesorul Iosif Nathansohn, aşa cum l am cunoscut

Author(s): Anton Carpinschi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 49/2022

În a doua jumătate a anilor 1960, pe fondul unei relative şi scurte destinderi ideologice iniţiate din raţiuni tactico pragmatice de partidul comunist, la universităţile din Bucureşti, Iaşi şi Cluj s a reintrodus studiul sociologiei. După două decenii de la eliminarea brutală din programele universitare, sociologia, decretată în perioada stalinistă „pseudoştiinţă burgheză reacţionară”, revenea în universităţile româneşti. Tradiţia învăţământului soci ologic la Universitatea din Iaşi era una ilustră. Aici se succedaseră începând din 1897, anul primului curs de sociologie susţinut de profesorul Constantin Leonardescu, perso nalităţi marcante ale culturii româneşti: Dimitrie Gusti, Petre Andrei, Ştefan Zeletin, Alexandru Claudian. Aşteptările noastre, ale studenţilor de la filosofie, erau mari. După cursurile preponderent ideologice de materialism istoric şi socialism ştiinţific eram curi oşi şi nerăbdători să audiem un curs de sociologie. În minţile noastre îşi făcea loc ideea că un asemenea curs ar trebui să ne deschidă o nouă perspectivă asupra vieţii sociale. Aflaserăm, între timp, că prelegerile cursului de Sociologie generală aveau să fie susţinute de profesorul Iosif Nathansohn.

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Iosif Nathansohn, profesor de sociologie la Alma Mater Iassiensis

Author(s): Adrian Netedu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 49/2022

A scrie despre profesorul I. Nathansohn este o întreprindere dificilă datorită trecerii ireparabile a timpului şi pentru că urmele lăsate de activitatea profesorului în Universi tatea Ieşeană sunt relativ reduse. Foştii studenţi ai lui I. Nathansohn sunt la rândul lor pensionari şi deşi amintirile legate de maestrul lor de altădată pot fi vii, sunt în mod fatal fragmentare. Aşadar am preferat să recitesc Cursul de Sociologie Generală predat de prof. dr. I. Nathansohn în anii ’70 ai secolului trecut şi publicat în variantă litografiată la Centrul de Sociologie al Universităţii „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” în anul 1971. Sursa de provenienţă nu putea fi decât Biblioteca Centrală Universitară Ieşeană. O primă cerere de a vedea respectivul curs a eşuat: pur şi simplu din volumul respectiv lipseau aproxi mativ 50 de pagini semn că un fost student mai silitor a ţinut să aibă neapărat un fragment consistent din respectivul op. Un alt exemplar cerut s a dovedit de data aceasta întreg. Prima constatare a fost că tot volumul a fost intens folosit de generaţii de studenţi: sub linieri consistente şi în diferite culori pe tot parcursul conţinutului de peste 400 de pagini, adnotări diverse pe marginea textului, identificarea unor termeni-cheie etc. [a se vedea un exemplu în fotografia de mai jos]. Cu o anumită emoţie ne putem închipui examenele de atunci, posibil orale, bazate pe o memorie suficient exersată.

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Notă despre marxismul românesc astăzi

Author(s): Andrei State / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 49/2022

Prezenţa marxismului în spaţiul public şi intelectual românesc a urmat după 1989 un traseu cât se poate de previzibil. Într un prim moment, în calitate de ideologie a unui regim răsturnat de o revoluţie populară, marxismul a fost socotit, din toate punctele de vedere, compromis: învăţământul politico ideologic a fost desfiinţat, bibliotecile au fost curăţate de operele marxiste nocive, iar editurile şi revistele au început să tipărească imediat o cu totul altă literatură; mai mult, a apărut peste noapte un reflex de respingere a oricărei explicaţii sociale şi istorice în termeni materiali sau structurali, reflex pe care îl întâlnim, într o bună măsură, şi în prezent. Ulterior, mai ales după integrarea ţării în Uniunea Europeană, sub influenţa ştiinţelor sociale (şi socioumane) vestice, la care cercetarea locală a încercat cu mai mult sau mai puţin succes să se racordeze, marxismul a fost parţial recuperat, de obicei ca neo sau postmarxism. Acesta din urmă este un construct teoretic fără contur precis, în care sunt topite idei de provenienţă diversă, majo ritatea de factură progresistă, ce şi propune completarea marxismului cu ceea ce se presupune că i lipseşte, sau corectarea lui acolo unde se crede că nu mai răspunde exi genţelor, uneori şi sensibilităţilor actuale2 . Şi dacă motivele respingerii marxismului în România contemporană sunt uşor de sesizat, redescoperirea lui merită, poate, câteva scurte consideraţii.

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Dragoş Dragoman, Declinul democratic din România după 2007. Neoliberalism, populism şi autoritarism

Author(s): Ovidiu Gherasim-Proca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2022

Review of: Dragoş Dragoman, Declinul democratic din România după 2007. Neoliberalism, populism şi autoritarism, Sibiu, Techno Media, 2022

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L’actualité de la recherche en sciences sociales et humaines en Afrique: prospectives et perspectives

Author(s): Abel KOUVOUAMA / Language(s): French Issue: 52/2023

This article offers a reflection on current research in Africa in the field of social and human sciences. Regular scientific meetings with colleagues in African societies, discussions with colleagues in our various interdisciplinary networks of social and human sciences in Africa and Europe, as well as shared publications justify such temerity. Can we think of Africa from the inside and the outside? Based on my eventful historical experience and my scientific practice, how can I analyze social facts without being accused of Afrocentrism? I will start from the begging the question according to which the space of production of scientific knowledge on societies is also, if not often, the space of social experimentation of the researcher. In the ante colonial, colonial and post colonial historical discontinuity in sub Saharan Africa, what are the modalities of formation of political, economic, social, cultural and religious subjectivities observable by the anthropologist? What are the theoretical tools used to think about African productions of modernity? This is the centrality of my constantly renewed questions thanks to the social changes studied from the Congolese and French terrain.

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La sociologie du travail et des groupes professionnels dans le champ académique marocain: des sous-disciplines en voie d’émergence

Author(s): Brahim Labari,Kamal Mellakh / Language(s): French Issue: 51/2023

This contribution takes stock of the state of two sociological sub disciplines in the Moroccan academic process, the sociology of work and professional groups. Without being a terra nullius, these two fields of research saw their outline take shape from the protectorate before being eclipsed in favor of rural sociology, politics and development, to then regain renewed interest in the wake of wage globalization.

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Ideologies, political violence, the Open Science’s redeeming potential, and ethics

Author(s): Cătălin Mamali / Language(s): English Issue: 51/2023

The analysis started as a review inspired by a few excellent studies focused on ideologies nurturing political violence, on right wing, left wing, and religious extremism, and on Open Science. The range of the themes is wide. Nonetheless across these themes are series of questions that seems to be more connected than is usually recognized. First political violence, especially when it is comprehensive and enduring, some times over one hundred years, is inspired, supported, justified and guided by ideologies that claim to be based in the scientific approach of social reality. The omission of the relation between the communist ideology and the political violence is a costly error. Second, as democratic institutions, laws, the affirmation of human rights and the practice of civil resistance are developing the individual and collective social actors that have violent orientation and aspire to have a positive social image resort to tacit political violence. Tacit political violence resorts to a wide variety of means such as: economic marginalization and depreciation, financial constraints, cultural repression, non-declared denial of crimes against humanity, an imposed unjust motivational balance in social relations (those in the dominant positions are satisfying mainly self-actualization needs, and those in the dominated positions the survival needs), distortion of religious and moral value, and social isolation of the targeted individuals and social categories. Within the global context of the increased importance and influence of science, and of social sciences the state of the Open Science is extremely important. There are obvious remarkable achievements in the last few decades of the trend toward Open Science. The studies strongly suggest that the responsibilities, skills and resources of the researchers and reproducibility are, among other factors, essential. Within the context of scientific network the Open Science approach rightly indicates that the major „players” of this orientation are researchers, students, faculties, universities, libraries, journals, and funders. However, there is still missing a major player: the insiders, the participants, the subjects. I consider that the process of the Open Science should be inclusive in relation to the insiders and correct the structural epistemic, social and moral asymmetry between experts and insiders. The present short analysis cannot do justice to a wide range of ideas generated by researchers mentioned in the final thank you note, but it is deeply indebted to them.

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УПРАВЛЕНСКА ЕФЕКТИВНОСТ НА ОРГАНИЗАЦИИТЕ С ИДЕАЛНА ЦЕЛ

Author(s): Simeon Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The article analyzes the different views on the management of civil sector organizations. The main emphasis is the understanding of non-profit organizations' effectiveness and accountability in an attempt to capture their specificity. Ultimately, it is consistently argued that effectiveness in non-profit organizations should be systematically measured with the leading role of the communities, key stakeholders, and various external verification systems.

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Tipologii în evoluție - densitatea locuirii Inventar de concepte arhitecturale

Author(s): Melania Dulămea,Ana-Maria Vesa-Dobre / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 15/2023

“Evolving Typologies and Housing Density” is a project that brings up typological thought as a means of decoding the built environment and the way it is inhabited. Various historical periods in the evolution of Bucharest have witnessed different inhabiting models corresponding to particular architectural typologies and reflecting the conceptions and knowledge of the respective times: political, cultural, technical, social, esthetic, etc. The research aims to investigate the implications of the typological reading of the city in the pedagogical and training process within the studio, both as a research and teaching method and as a basis for design reasoning through analogy and criticism. The inventory of projects puts together the collective research gathered as part of the 3rd year architectural studio from “Ion Mincu” University of Architecture and Urban Planning Bucharest, studio 36. The students were invited to investigate the evolution of dense and collective housing projects in Bucharest and to subsequently use typological studies as a key resource in the process of rethinking the contemporary city, but also as a meaningful link between past, present and future. The pedagogic process focused on two major layers: the student’s conceptual approach of the project and its shaping into an architectural complex design.

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От составителей

Author(s): Nikita G. Okhotin,Alexander Ospovat,Roman Timenchik / Language(s): Russian Issue: 10/2023

This brief note preceds the section, which contains 10 articles written on the occasion of the 80th birthday of Gabriel Superfin—a scholar, a human rights activist, and one of the brightest minds of his generation. The section’s contributors are Alexander Ospovat (Moscow / Los Angeles), Alexander Sobolev (Moscow / Jerusalem), Roman Timenchik (Jerusalem), Alexander Lavrov (St. Petersburg), Alexander Dolinin (Madison / St. Petersburg), Irina Belobrovtseva (Tallinn), Fedor Poljakov (Vienna), Georgii Levinton (St. Petersburg), Galina Lapina (Madison / St. Petersburg), and Boris Ravdin (Riga).

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Tracking the Relationship Between Media Literacy and Political Participation Across Different Generations

Author(s): Dina Vozab / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Many scholars argue that media literacy is crucial for the development of citizenship and political engagement, especially in the digital environment. While a positive relationship between news consumption and political participation has long been established, we still lack sufficient knowledge on how media literacy influences political participation. Studies about the connection between media literacy and political engagement do not point to a clear relationship between the two. Most studies on media literacy and participation focus on young media users, overlooking generational differences in news consumption. Moreover, studies should also acknowledge the expanding repertoires of political participation in a digitally networked environment. This study uses a news media literacy (NML) scale and an extended political participation scale to analyse the relationship between media literacy and different dimensions of political participation, taking into account generational differences among news audiences. Data from the survey on media literacy is used, and regression analysis is used to assess the relationship between media literacy and political participation. The results are not unequivocally in line with the normative understanding of the relationship between media literacy and civic engagement. Although media literacy education programmes have a positive impact on some forms of political participation, there is no significant relationship between news media literacy and political participation. There is also a generational gap in news media literacy and political participation. The results call for further validation of the NML scale and research of inequalities in news media literacy.

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Watch (TV) and Learn? The Relevance of (Embodied) Cultural Capital in Explaining Traditional and Digital Media Literacy

Author(s): Krešimir Krolo / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This paper aims to identify whether dimensions of cultural capital affect traditional and media literacy by using survey data collected in 2022 as part of the project Medijsko obrazovanje je važno (N=1033). Using Bourdieu’s theoretical framework, three dimensions of cultural capital were operationalised as independent variables: objectified (number of books in the household), embodied (taste in TV programmes), and institutionalised (level of education) cultural capital. Traditional media literacy was operationalised as critical reading of media messages, while digital media literacy was operationalised as creating online digital content. Both of these variables were used as dependent variables in the analysis. Following principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to establish whether cultural capital has explanatory power for both dimensions of media literacy. The results point to the statistically significant role of objectified cultural capital in explaining traditional media literacy, although that explanation’s statistical power remains questionable. Digital media literacy exhibited no statistically significant connection with all three cultural capital dimensions. However, additional analysis points to the relevance of digital skills as a more potent factor in explaining traditional and digital media literacy. Overall, digital capital represents a more relevant distinction factor than users’ classic cultural capital in a contemporary media environment. The implications of this data point to the conclusion that media literacy is primarily shaped through various forms of digital capital, although the role of television should not be neglected when developing future programmes in media literacy.

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