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Book Review : Ioan Pop-Curșeu, Études comparatives sur la sorcellerie. Anthropologie, cinéma, littérature, arts visuels (Școala Ardeleană Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca, 2021)
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The article presents an analysis of Freud’s early biography written by Isidor Isaak Sadger, one of his earliest students. The author argues that Sigmund Freud. Persönliche Erinnerungen bonds together different literary genres such as biography, autobiography and pathography, thus allowing for studying the impact of life-writing literature on psychoanalysis. The first part of the article is devoted to the relation between introspection, auto-analysis and everyday writing practices of Freud and his students. In the second part, the author presents unknown facts from Sadger’s history in the psychoanalytic movement and reads his biography as an example of a heterogeneous literary genre where he becomes a writer-biographer and a doctor-autobiographer simultaneously.
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This article aims to present the philosophical perspective upon the birth of the idea of the individual and the consequences of the discovery of the self-image on the techniques of image reproduction from the Renaissance to the present day. The process of projecting the self-image into the public space acquires a special importance with the elaboration of the portrait technique in the Italian painting of the 15th century. Through Leonardo da Vinci's paintings, this technique of reproducing self-image reaches a certain perfection. Following the evolution of this kind of projections and reproductions of the self-image, it is found that there is an obvious tendency by which the individual tends to free himself from certain patterns, or rather canons, which a certain epoch imposes. This process manifested in the visual arts corresponds to a new philosophical perception of man opened by the works of Ficino and Pico della Mirandola. The assertion of a new type of dignity, correlated with the idea of the microcosm, of the Renaissance man will lead to an affirmation of his own personality and especially to an increase of the will to power reflected more and more in the works of art. With the resurgence of the Italian renaissance, artists and philosophers experienced a decline, but found a favorable space for their development at the court of Elizabeth I, Queen of England. The art of portraiture, but also the philosophy of renaissance survives and is even more flourishing at the court of this queen. But the most important moment of this renaissance is marked by Dutch art after its liberation from Spanish rule. From this moment on, the emancipation of the individual will occur on an unimaginable scale until then. Analysing the Dutch art of portraiture from the seventeenth-century, we identify the fact that painters tried to reproduce images belonging to a wide variety of people, regardless of their social status or wealth, and, as such, the self-images began to be reproduced in a democratic manner. Finally, we will investigate the philosophical aspects that occur with this increasing process of mass reproduction of self-image, especially with the advent of photography and, in particular, digital photography, but also with the possibilities of posting images through contemporary social networks like Facebook, Twitter or TikTok. We conclude that the excesses of such a reproduction of self-image lead to new social behaviors, which were defined by Ioan Petru Culianu as ”subjective power”, i.e. that form of power experienced directly by a subject.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dissociative symptoms and the relationship between childhood traumas and clinical variables in individuals who have committed crimes and are followed up in the forensic psychiatry service. 55 patients followed in Elazig City Hospital High Security Forensic Psychiatry (YGAP) service were included in the study. A semi-structured sociodemographic data form, Childhood Trauma Scale (CTQ-28) and Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) were administered to all participants. The DES total score was 26.7±11.9 in delinquent patients with a diagnosis of mood disorder. A positive and significant correlation was found between DES amnesia, depersonalization/derealization subscores and CTQ-28 physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse and minimalization subscores. According to the research findings, the frequency of having dissociative experiences is low in delinquent mood disorder patients, while it is high in other patient groups. It also suggests that it should be routinely investigated in terms of dissociative symptoms and childhood neglect-abuse in psychiatric patients who have committed crimes.
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The aim of this study was to examine the past events that create a turning point in life and fictional events that can create a turning point in the context of narrative meaning-making style, psychological state and gender. The sample of the study consists of 81 nonclinical volunteers between the ages of 18-35, undergraduate students/graduates. In the study, the participants were asked to write a total of four autobiographical memories, two of which were about the past and two about the future. To measure the psychological state, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Adult Psychological Resilience Scale (PRS), Psychological Wellbeing Scale (PWS), Social Comparison Scale (SCS), Ideal and Real Self-Concept Scale (IRSCS) were applied. As a result of the statistical analysis, thematic coherence in positive memories was found to be associated with scores of BAI in women; with PWS, PRS, and SCS in men and factual elaboration was found to be associated with PRS in women. Interpretative elaboration in negative memories predicted the scores of IRSCS, agency PWS and SCS scores in males. Interpretive elaboration in positive fictional narratives in women with BAI and BDI; with BDI in men; seeking support in negative memories was observed to be associated with BAI in women and BDI in men. In conclusion, the relationships between the meaning-making process and the psychological state have a very specific and complex mechanism, and thematic coherence is a strong predictor of psychological well-being and self-concept. In women, factual elaboration was associated with resilience, and in negative memories, self-connections were associated with the level of social comparison. Women preferred to tell more negative memories, while men preferred more positive memories, and motivational themes came to the fore in men's narratives.
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It has been determined twenty seven stories and novels titled with 'mother' in Turkish literature between 2000 and 2020. These works are thematically classified and those selected by stratified sampling were analysed with psychoanalysis or logotherapy method. Some specific outcomes are achieved with psychoanalysis of the mother characters in these works. In the majority of the works, it is represented as if motherhood and individual existence can not be all together. In small number of the stories, the women are criticized for not participating in social life and being housewives despite being educated. In the works highlighting the harms of gender discrimination, it is underlined that women should be first treated as "person" instead of "spouse and mother". Given the big effect of literature on public opinion, it is obvious that this should be emphasized in more works in order to make the right woman perspective become widespread. The woman has the ability to provide the continuation of the generation by nature. However, motherhood is not a genetic specification of woman but a social structure. The societies are adopted with the rule of the child needing a mother for living. As the economical production values the child, the motherhood is valued in the society and the ideal motherhood is shaped in these conditions. Our work will be eye-opening in terms of emphasizing the importance of this ideal by mass communication and literature too.
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In this paper I shall try to explain the term reflexive project of the self, as seen by Anthony Giddens. What is reflexive project of the self? How and why does it happen? What is its definition? How does it manifest itself in everyday life and in human relationships? These are some of the questions I shall try to answer in the paper. We live in a posttraditional society. Norms, values and systems which were valid in traditional societies aren’t important in lives of individuals any longer. The disappearance of clear models and principles of behaviour on both personal and broader social level, forces an individual to look for answers elsewhere and to create their identity in a different way than before. On personal level, this manifests itself in increased and transformed reflexivity, directed towards the creation of personality through close personal monitoring. The process going on in thus modified reflexivity Giddens calls reflexive project of the self. It happens through constant monitoring and results in the trajectory of the self.
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Between the littoral slopes of Velebit, south of Senj, stretches Podgorje, which in global dimensions could freely be described as the foothill of the Croatian Tibet. Moreover, our prematurely departed ethnologist and anthropologist, Tomo Vinšćak, who visited both heaven touchingpoints, claimed that Kailash and Velebit were mountain relatives – the Himalayan and Croatian Olympus (1991). In this paper the need of a coherent familiarisation of the specificity of this region and its people will be brought up and also argued for with the same persistence from ground level insights (with experience). So if it is seemingly possible to define the foothill of the Croatian Olympus (with a lack of empirical comparison) as a pretentious idealisation, it remains the factography of many disciplines, which synergistically rearranged allow a less depressing interpretation of the region by its people.In this paper such a scientific association is sought to be reached with the intertwining of the use of anthropological perspectives (emic-etic) and a Jungian analysis of an empirical archetypal sequence that links the author with this region.This is a region of the frequent collective forgetfulness of all the historiographic facts, which confirm that despite the harshness of nature which has poured the 'bura' and drought down here over the centuries, and the description that from this region people just escaped and disappeared because of the difficulty of life, it has remained a junction of numerous peoples and populations.The anchor point of many cultural, sacral and imaginative dimensions for Croats, just like one of the final destinations of the largest Croatian migratory flows. In today’s literal and trite postmodernistic interpretations – a region of multicultural encounters despite the in loco of the difficult narratives of life. Following the same superficiality, it also becomes a region for a brief drop by in the manner of an altogether ritual form of an expedition at the challenge of the wilderness – from the touristic branding of wandering through Velebit, under the motto of the preservation of untameable nature, to the altogether planned experience of being beaten by the 'bura' on the quayside of Senj. In order that everything mentioned is not left to just an eco(nomic)historical search of symbolism,metaphors and bricolages of myths, it would be good here to widen the interpretation of the specificity of the locality and to add the reality of bio-cultural history. Thus, the contributions of the research of many kinds of disciplines in the area of medicine have for decades already pointed to a kind of, let’s say, paradox of the Podgorje specificity,which is reflected in the contrast of a place of hard living compared to a desired place to live out old age or if wanted cosmologically and less anthropocentrically, an old age of open-ended enjoyment and comfort. The final aim of the analysis of this paper is the (re)direction of the possible interests for Podgorje with the touristic-exotic-profitable colonial matrices onto a cosmological-ethical understanding in which the interconnection of man, nature and history deserves a much wider perception of its 'endurance'instead of 'sustainability' or 'revitalisation'. With the cosmological approach said, each equation of neoliberal comfort here is inapplicable, quite the opposite, it is reversely proportionate to the historical and biocultural evidence. To conclude – nothing surprising in relation to the possibility of the interpretation of this region as the foothill of the Croatian Olympus.
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Over time, continuous efforts have been made to clarify and circumscribe diagnoses of autism, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The diagnostic split between the 3 disorders dominated psychiatry after the 80s, being still used and recognized as such by the diagnostic manuals. Recently a shift and flexibility of the psychiatric paradigm has been noticed. The categorical perspective on mental illness is gradually complemented by the dimensional one. In the last decade, research in the field of neuroscience and psychology has brought evidence in favor of a partial overlap between ADHD, autism and schizophrenia. The hypothesis of a partial overlap can also be supported by non-medical or psychological theorizations, related to common deficits of symbolic structuring of the psyche in achieving a coherent representation of the world and of one's own person.
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Kome se obratiti s pitanjem je li autobiografija fikcija ako ne ocu psihoanalize? A pitanje mu se može postaviti zato što je ipak, unatoč stalnim odgađanjima, ne vjerujući da će i Austriju dohvatiti opsjednutost nacizmom koja je tada zavladala, pristao napustiti Beč 1938. godine. Njegovih pet sestara koje su ostale u Austriji umrle su u logoru. Vratio se u Beč samo na fotografiji, tek u sklopu izložbe 1985. godine - San i zbilja, Beč 1870.-1930. Nesrećom, kao što je to Peter Weibel otkrio, Freudova slika uporabljena za plakat dio je s fotografije snimljene kada je 1938. godine s kćeri krenuo na egzilantski put u Pariz. Weibel se pita kako je moguće da bilo koji grad rabi takvu vrstu slike i pri tom smatra da se promijenio. Kako se iskreno može željeti nečiji povratak kada se služi fotografijom njegova odlaska. Optužuje: Ne radi li se tu prije o demonstraciji stvarnosti bečkog antižidovskog i antipsihoanalitičkog društva koje je ostalo isto?
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This paper aims to define the concept of self-fictionalization (French: l’autofiction), see how it was understood starting with Serge Doubrovsky and Vincent Colonna to Gérard Genette, Jean Delay, Dominique Fernandez or Philippe Lejeune, and explore its potential in the field of literature and literary study. A subsequent paper will take it beyond the boundaries of its domain of origin, psychoanalysis, with a view to applying it to the analysis of postmodern literature.
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This article is about punctum – the Latin term that the French literary theorist Roland Barthes (1915–1980) resurrected to describe a phenomenon that haunted him in photography – and the confusion that has surrounded it. Barthes’s initial interest was: what does in fact draw us to photographs? What is it in a photograph that captures our attention, fires up our desire and fuels our interest in a way that other pictures do not? What addresses us, aims at us and strikes us in a photograph? Does it say anything particular about a photograph as such, about our unconditional and uncomplicated relation to it? The article has four main focal points: (1) the genealogy of Barthes’s ideas on photography and the misinterpretation of his book Camera Lucida (where the term punctum is utilised) as solely a reaction to his mother’s death, (2) the confusion regarding the meaning of punctum and the sources of that confusion, (3) the polemic between Michael Fried and James Elkins on Barthes’s theory of photography, especially regarding punctum, and (4) the sense of punctum as something that exposes the parallactic nature of photography – the co-existence of ‘documentary’ and ‘artistic’ perspectives that shifts the object – and its meaning to picture theory.
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In Julia Kristeva’s psychoanalytic theory, abjection does not only reveal the interactions of the body with the conscious and unconscious; but also reveals the patriarchal domination of body imagery. Kristeva uses abjection as a phenomenological subject and examines its effects on experiences from a postfeminist perspective. According to them, the experiences that emerge under patriarchal domination are vulgar and marginalized movements that fade in material existence, just like the “wastes” of the body. This study aims to criticize the subordinate position of the body in the history of pre-modern and modern thought and deconstruct the patriarchal domination on the imagery of body by using Julia Kristeva's theory of abjection. Thus, in the first part, the journey of body from Antiquity to modern social theory is evaluated from a chronological perspective and discussed by focusing on thinkers such as Immanuel Kant and Emile Durkheim. In the second part, the relationship between body and psychosis in the doctrines of psychoanalysts Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler and Jacques Lacan is explained. In the third part, Kristeva’s abjection theory and the patriarchal construction of abjection are analyzed. The study concludes that rescuing the body from patriarchal abjection is a requirement that maintains its validity in terms of feminist literature.
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Background: Child sexual abuse (CSA) is one of the most serious socio-pathological phenomena. However, its identification is challenging and linked to the risk of false positive and false negative conclusions, with far-reaching consequences for the lives of those affected. Incorrect assessments of suspected CSA cases can be made not only by lay people, but also by helping professionals who gather and evaluate information, consider further procedures and make decisions. Aim: The aim of the presented review study is to summarize current scientific knowledge that answers two key questions. (1) what contributes to errors in the assessment of relevant cases; and (2) how these errors can be prevented. Method: Previous research has shown that personal beliefs significantly influence the processes by which individuals search for, store, and interpret relevant information (Kahneman et al., 1982). For the purposes of this study, databases of scientific publications were primarily searched for research papers that mapped the beliefs of helping professionals in relation to CSA, as well as papers on strategies to reduce errors in the assessment processes of relevant cases. Results: We identified three significant groups of beliefs that could lead to misjudgments of suspected CSA cases: (1) Misconceptions about CSA – especially about: (a) the prevalence and nature of CSA (including the assumption that CSA usually involves the use of physical force and sexual intercourse); (b) the CSA perpetrators (e.g., that they are mentally disturbed or sick; that CSA committed by a woman has a less harmful effect on victims than CSA with a male perpetrator; that the victim's peer cannot be the perpetrator); (c) the victims' responses to sexual abuse (including the dynamics of disclosure about CSA experiences; the dynamics of behavior in further contact with the perpetrator); (d) the memory performance of child victims during forensic interview (especially regarding the expected amount of details and consistency of testimony); (e) the way of conducting interrogations with suspected CSA victims (including the sensitivity of professionals to suggestive techniques); (f) the CSA diagnosis method (including the assumption that spontaneous game observation is a good method for assessing suspected CSA); (g) the frequency of false accusations. (2) Beliefs related to the implications of the case assessment – especially: (a) excessive trust in the testimony of children versus skepticism (some professionals may tend to rule out false accusations and thus disregard the rights of the accused person, while others may approach suspected CSA cases with the a priori belief that a high percentage of CSA cases are untrue and therefore do not take great account of the rights and interests of the suspected victim); (b) beliefs about the functioning of the child welfare system (where distrust in this system may encourage professionals to fail to fulfill mandatory reporting regarding suspected CSA cases); (c) an emphasis on sensitivity versus specificity (i.e. either focusing on minimizing the occurrence of false negative conclusions to prevent the actual victim of the CSA from being identified and cared for, or concentrating on minimizing false positive conclusions to prevent the innocent person from being convicted); (d) beliefs regarding the removal of the child from the family. (3) Beliefs about one's own objectivity and expertise – especially the frequent false beliefs of professionals that with the increasing length of practice and the amount of experience with CSA cases, the level of expertise automatically increases. Experienced professionals can be simultaneously prejudiced and convinced of the correctness of their own erroneous beliefs. At the same time, more experienced professionals tend to have a more intuitive approach to assessing CSA cases. In this respect, various cognitive biases (especially patternicity, confirmatory bias, availability bias, anchoring, representativness heuristic, bias blind spot and the Dunning- Kruger) effect play a negative role. In the conclusion, the review study recommends several strategies in order to improve the practice and reduce errors in the assessment of the cases in question. It emphasizes the important role of the continuing education of relevant professionals in confronting participants with current scientific knowledge on CSA issues; encourages helping professionals to reflect on their own beliefs, which may influence the assessment of the cases in question, and recommends mastering the so-called Bayesian reasoning and effective methods to eliminate cognitive bias. At the same time, the study considers precise work with hypotheses, weighting evidence, supervision, the submission of expert opinions to independent review and slowing down of work strategies as an effective strategy of eliminating various prejudices. In addition, it proposes a multidisciplinary team approach to CSA case assessment – although the study does note that the impact of the group approach on the final outcomes of the case assessment process has not been sufficiently scientifically examined yet. Conclusion and implications: The study emphasizes that the beliefs of helping professionals and decision-making skills play an important role in the CSA case assessment process, and that without the targeted application of effective strategies to eliminate cognitive biases and prejudices, the quality of case assessments is endangered. The members of various helping professions (especially educators, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, police officers, prosecutors and judges) who come into contact with suspected CSA cases may find the review study useful. Although the content of the study is based on the results of foreign research, it has application potential in Slovakia, especially in relation to the preparation of content in the continuous education of professionals, the focus of supervision in helping professions, or the designing of Slovak research projects focusing on these issues.
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The article analyses Bernardo Bertolucci’s screen adaptation (1970) of Alberto Moravia’s novel “The Conformist” in comparison with the censored version of the film released in the Soviet Union in 1976. Attention is paid foremost to the dubbed Russian version’s visual cuts and translation shifts, which amount to the creation of a new, castrated version that is approximately 30 minutes shorter than the original film and that ideologically corresponds to the then-dominant Soviet discourse of representing fascism. The article demonstrates how in this new, censored version where Bertolucci’s complex narrative is transformed into a linear narrative (that surprisingly makes it closer to the original novel by Moravia), the characters’ psychological inner worlds and Bertolucci’s storyworld conveyed through images, sounds and language have become lost in translation.
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The article scrutinizes how autobiographism, fiction and autoanalysis crisscross in the psychoanalytical study Elmebetegségek psychikus mechanizmusa (On the psychic mechanisms of mental illnesses) by the Hungarian writer and psychiatrist Géza Csáth (1887–1919) in the light of his diary and Carl Gustav Jung’s doctoral thesis.
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In this paper entitled BULLYING in schools - Activities through which teachers can prevent Bullying at school, we propose to present a worrying reality of our day by proposing some preventive ways that could come in support of a worrying phenomenon, which has increased in size in schools in Romania. We consider that the teaching staff also plays an important role in trying to stop this phenomenon, by implementing some active-participatory activities in the classroom, activities that we intend to highlight in this paper.
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It seems rather obvious that Jacques Lacan’s theory is Freudian psychoanalysis combined with structural linguistics. But it is not so conclusive: in Lacan’s work we can find many elements with different origins to linguistics. Moreover, Lacan’s subversion of structuralist theses makes any unambiguous assignment impossible. In the article, the author describes the evolution of Lacan’s theory of language and its consequences for the issue of subjectivity in psychoanalysis resulting from the use of linguistic tools.
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