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A Preliminary Study of DBH (Encoding Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase) Genetic Variation and Neural Correlates of Emotional and Motivational Processing in Individuals with and without Pathological Gambling

Author(s): Bao-Zhu Yang,Iris M. Balodis,Cheryl M. Lacadie,Jiansong Xu,Marc N. Potenza / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

Corticostriatal-limbic neurocircuitry, emotional and motivational processing, dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems and genetic factors have all been implicated in pathological gambling (PG). However, allelic variants of genes influencing dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitters have not been investigated with respect to the neural correlates of emotional and motivational states in PG. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) converts dopamine to norepinephrine; the T allele of a functional single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1611115 (C-1021T) in the DBH gene is associated with less DBH activity and has been linked to emotional processes and addiction. Here, we investigate the influence of rs1611115 on the neural correlates of emotional and motivational processing in PG and healthy comparison (HC) participants. Methods: While undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging, 18 PG and 25 HC participants, all European Americans, viewed gambling-, sad-, and cocaine-related videotapes. Analyses focused on brain activation differences related to DBH genotype (CC/T-carrier [i.e., CT and TT]) and condition (sad/gambling/cocaine). Results: CC participants demonstrated greater recruitment of corticostriatal-limbic regions, relative to T-carriers. DBH variants were also associated with altered corticostriatal-limbic activations across the different videotape conditions, and this association appeared to be driven by greater activation in CC participants relative to T-carriers during the sad condition. CC relative to T-carrier subjects also reported greater subjective sadness to the sad videotapes. Conclusions: Individual differences in genetic composition linked to aminergic function contribute significantly to emotional regulation across diagnostic groups and warrant further investigation in PG.

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A psychoanalytic reading of Tanure Ojaide’s poetry

Author(s): Solomon Awuzie / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Psychoanalysis as a literary theory has helped to improve understanding about “human behaviour and human mental functioning.” This is achieved through its perception of the human race as neurotic. However, with its application in poetic interpretation, poetry is perceived as an expression of displaced neurotic conflict: a consoling illusion, symptom, socially acceptable phantasy or substitute gratification. With the psychoanalytic reading of the poetry of Tanure Ojaide, an Anglophone African poet, poetry is understood as an expression of symptoms of the poet’s personal and societal neurotic tendencies. Since our emphasis is on Jungian psychoanalysis, analyzing Ojaide’s poetry through the orbits of the archetypes of Jungian psychoanalysis help to foreground the poetry as a consoling illusion or substitute gratification. Whereas the study reveals that Ojaide’s poetry is dominated by the archetype of the “wounded healer” - a symbol of a wounded personality who also doubles as the needed messiah (the healer), it is depicted that the dominant nature of the archetype of the “wounded healer” is a result of the poet’s experience which is at the centre of his poetic expression.

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Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Young Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ) for Parental Assessment of Adolescent Problematic Internet Use

Author(s): Lutz Wartberg,Levente Kriston,Katharina Kegel,Rainer Thomasius / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

The surge of problematic Internet use in adolescents is a continuously growing problem across the globe. To our knowledge, to date valid questionnaire-based measurement of problematic Internet use is possible only by self-assessment. The objective for the present study was to adapt an established instrument for a parental assessment of adolescent problematic Internet use and to evaluate the psychometric properties of this questionnaire. Methods: Data were collected from a representative German sample of 1,000 parents of adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years using a standardized questionnaire. To assess problematic Internet use, we adapted the established Young Diagnostic Questionnaire by rewording the items to survey a parental rating instead of a self-report (“Parental version of the Young Diagnostic Questionnaire,” PYDQ). Additionally, we assessed the Internet usage time, parental monitoring, family functioning, school performance of the adolescent, and parent–adolescent conflicts. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis based on the 8 items of the PYDQ modeled as categorical indicators and one latent factor using a robust weighted least squares estimator. We also calculated a reliability coefficient, the acceptance of the instrument, and performed correlation analyses. Results: The unidimensional model showed excellent global goodness-of-fit (χ2/df = 1.65, RMSEA = 0.03, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99) and satisfactory factor loadings (standardized values ranged from 0.60 to 0.77). We observed a reliability coefficient of 0.70, a good acceptance of the instrument, and the correlation analyses indicated the construct validity of the PYDQ. Discussion and conclusion: The proposed PYDQ is a suitable instrument for parental assessment of adolescent problematic Internet use.

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AM LEBEN SEIN. DASEINSANALYTISCHE ZUGÄNGE ZUR KINDER-UND JUGENDLICHENPSYCHOTHERAPIE

Author(s): Charlotte Spitzer / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/2016

“To be alive”. A sixteen years old client of mine used this expression to describe her wish and within the possibility of what may come after the therapeutic process. It is a beautiful and pure and at the same time a universal uttering. The epochs of childhood and youth are very special periods in the life of all of us. Never again we experience such an immense kind of development in our existential possibilities. It’s intensity, tempo and dimensions are tremendous. Therefore the risks are also very high. In this process we are highly sensitive, vulnerable and bare so that every difficulty, every disappointment, every – even short – loss of love can have a deep and devastating impact on our possibilities to be open to the world and be free in living out our own Dasein as well as living out from our own true ground. In this particular period of life, we are totally and utterly exposed and if we don’t get what we need in order to develop and grow in our unique way, if we are unable to respond appropriately to what life brings for us, we develop psychological disorders. In my article I would like to illuminate the human existence, this very specific period of life, through daseinsanalytical, phenomenological view. This includes personality development, openness towards the unique individual possibilities to come to the world and getting and staying open to the world, being truly alive. The term “development” is discussed here in its phenomenological understanding, describing the phenomenon as becoming more and more open to the world due to the unique individual possibilities. Furthermore some Existentialia and how they reveal itself in their singular mode to the world are being outlined in different phases of childhood and youth.Finally the therapeutic uniqueness of daseinsanalytical relationship is described under the aspect of psychotherapy with youth.

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Apie Filosofines Dailės Terapijos Ištakas Ir Taikymo Galimybes

Author(s): Vaida Asakaviciute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 89/2016

The article reviews the philosophical and psychological origins of Art Therapy and its practical application possibilities. A special focus is given to the influence of the views based on philosophical and psychological ideas of art therapy functions, methods and practical significance. The article aims to highlight the positive benefits of the adoption of art therapy techniques and their effects on health of a human soul and body as well as a self-cognition. The focus is on a creative process, which is considered to be one of the most important elements of art therapy. The advantages of art therapy, such as a self-expression through colours, the personality in self-creation, the education of the personal creativeness and spirituality, are concisely presented in the paper.

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Apie Filosofines Dailės Terapijos Ištakas Ir Taikymo Galimybes

Author(s): Vaida Asakaviciute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 88/2016

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Apie Neklasikinę Filosofijà Neklasikiniu Stiliumi (Leonardos Jekentaitës Kûrybos Interpretacija)

Author(s): Bronislovas Kuzmickas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 60/2009

Thie paper is dedicated to the interpretation of the works of Leonarda Jekentaitë (1946-2008), in which she analyses the views of non-classical philosophers. They speak about the reality and the human existence and the style of their writings is more artistic than theoretical. The first article is about the philosophy of Kant. Although it has been two hundred years since this thinker, the main ideas of his anthropology continue to be urgent, makes us to go back to the categorical imperative of Kant and rethink it in the epoch of jazz. The impact of A. Schopenhauer's philosophy is felt in the writings of contemporary French postmodernists, particularly in those of Gilles Deleuze. As most important among the non-classical philosophers is considered S. Kierkegaard. One of the most significant trends of Lithuanian art can be characterised using Kierkegaardan terminology, as demonic aestheticism. The force of expression rises from mental experiments and self-destruction which are signs of longing after the lost sense of the certainty of reality and faith in God. Interpreting F. Nietzsche's philosophy she emphasizes the uncompromising critique by him of the theoretical attitude to life and proclamation of the will to power. Nietzsche saw a descrepancy between two levels of consciousness in European mentality: the superficial level of Judeo-Christian virtues and Pagan values, authentic but condemned.

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Apie Neklasikinę Filosofiją Neklasikiniu Stiliumi (Leonardos Jekentaitës Kûrybos Interpretacija)

Author(s): Bronislovas Kuzmickas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 59/2009

This paper is dedicated to the interpretation of the works of Leonarda Jekentaitë (1946-2008), in which she analyses the views of non-classical philosophers. They speak about the reality and the human existence and the style of their writings is more artistic than theoretical. The first article is about the philosophy of Kant. Although it has been two hundred years since this thinker, the main ideas of his anthropology continue to be urgent, makes us to go back to the categorical imperative of Kant and rethink it in the epoch of jazz. The impact of A. Schopenhauer's philosophy is felt in the writings of contemporary French postmodernists, particularly in those of Gilles Deleuze. As most important among the non-classical philosophers is considered S. Kierkegaard. One of the most significant trends of Lithuanian art can be characterised using Kierkegaardan terminology, as demonic aestheticism. The force of expression rises from mental experiments and self-destruction which are signs of longing after the lost sense of the certainty of reality and faith in God. Interpreting F. Nietzsche's philosophy she emphasizes the uncompromising critique by him of the theoretical attitude to life and proclamation of the will to power. Nietzsche saw a descrepancy between two levels of consciousness in European mentality: the superficial level of Judeo-Christian virtues and Pagan values, authentic but condemned.

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Archetipas Muzikologijos Akiratyje

Author(s): Jurate Landsbergyte / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 77/2013

The archetype rises in the philosophical ideas of the XX c. as an especially important paradigmatic dimensional connection of the past, nowadays and future. According to I. Froud and C. G. Jung’s theories of psychoanalysis, and especially the influence of depth psychology on the creation of art, the conception of archetype is more often evoked in art study. It helps to go deeper into the motivation and into the resources of the creation of artistic ideas. It opens the depth of their archaeological layers. Musicology here has got many possibilities: to look at the archetype as a universal, the model of the process of world formation (Karbusicky, Mache), to look from the perspective of psychoanalytical “archaetology“ – as the symbol of myth, dramatic gesture of the turn of the history of humanity, the signal of the rise (Maché, Kutavičius), as the demiurge of nature, cosmos and human processes and as the model of musical dramaturgy – canon, “eternal circle“, from the repetitions of which there begins the universal sequence of the fluctuation, the paradigm of creation (Kutavičius, Pärt).

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Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research

Author(s): Joël Billieux,Adriano Schimmenti,Yasser Khazaal,Pierre Maurage,Alexandre Heeren / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

Behavioral addiction research has been particularly flourishing over the last two decades. However, Recent publications have suggested that nearly all daily life activities might lead to a genuine addiction. Methods and aim: In this article, we discuss how the use of atheoretical and confirmatory research approaches may result in the identification of an unlimited list of “new” behavioral addictions. Results: Both methodological and theoretical shortcomings of these studies were discussed. Conclusions: We suggested that studies overpathologizing daily life activities are likely to prompt a dismissive appraisal of behavioral addiction research. Consequently, we proposed several roadmaps for future research in the field, centrally highlighting the need for longer tenable behavioral addiction research that shifts from a mere criteria-based approach toward an approach focusing on the psychological processes involved.

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Around the Bloc: Polanski Should Face U.S. Justice for Child Sex, Poland Says

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Around the Bloc: Polanski Should Face U.S. Justice for Child Sex, Poland Says

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 06/07/2016

Director has eluded several U.S. requests for his extradition to be sentenced for the 1977 abuse of a 13-year-old girl.

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Bilinçaltı Direksiyona Geçtiğinde - Gerilim Sinemasında Psikanalitik Alt Metinler: Duel Örneği

Author(s): Volkan Erol / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 3/2017

Fear, an inseparable part of humanity, manifests itself in art and literature as a reflection of subconscious, also occupies cinema since its beginning. Images that reflected from gigantic screens in the darkness of movie theaters, manage to revive collective fears simultaneously unlike any other medium. Horror, thriller and suspense films, which use subconscious fears as a source and more often than not, prefer to use metaphors while narrate them, prepare the ground for psychoanalytic film analysis, also in time, more and more directors tend to use psychoanalysis in their films. Especially Alfred Hitchcock, master of suspense, known for his use of Freudian subtexts. Steven Spielberg is one of the most important directors who is influenced by Hitchcock.In this paper, Duel, directed by Steven Spielberg in 1971, will be studied; conventions and codes of thriller movies will be analyzed along with a psychoanalytic reading. Correlation between its narration and subtext and their consistency will be examined.

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Carlo Gustavo Jungo Meninės Kūrybos Interpretacija

Author(s): Vaida Asakaviciute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 63/2010

In the article peculiar Carl Gustav Jung’s approach towards the artist, his artistic potential, the role of unconsciousness in the process of creative work, the nature of the work of art as well as basic psychoanalytical principles of the interpretation of the work of art, formulated by the founder of “analytical psychology”, are analyzed. The novelty and actuality of Jung’s psychoanalytical rules are revealed; the relation of his concept of creative work with the concepts of the supporters of non-classical philosophy tradition and Sigmund Freud, the initiator of psycho-analysis, is concisely exposed. The main attention is paid to the originality of Jung’s methodological rules of the analysis of art, discussion of the role of collective unconscious in the process of creative work, attitude towards the artistic subject as the theory of a forerunner and as a refresher of archetypes. In the end of the article the author concisely discusses the meaning of art and work of art both to its author and the consumer of art.

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Characteristics of Self-Identified Sexual Addicts in a Behavioral Addiction Outpatient Clinic

Author(s): Aline Wéry,Kim Vogelaere,Gaélle Challet-Bouju,François-Xavier Poudat,Julie Caillon,Delphine Lever,Joël Billieux,Marie Grall-Bronnec / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2016

Research on sexual addiction flourished during the last decade, promoted by the development of an increased number of online sexual activities. Despite the accumulation of studies, however, evidence collected in clinical samples of treatment-seeking people remains scarce. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics (socio-demographics, sexual habits, and comorbidities) of self-identified “sexual addicts.” Methods: The sample was composed of 72 patients who consulted an outpatient treatment center regarding their sexual behaviors. Data were collected through a combination of structured interviewing and self-report measures. Results: Most patients were males (94.4%) aged 20–76 years (mean 40.3 ± 10.9). Endorsement of sexual addiction diagnosis varied from 56.9% to 95.8% depending on the criteria used. The sexual behaviors reported to have the highest degree of functional impairment were having multiple sexual partners (56%), having unprotected sexual intercourse (51.9%), and using cybersex (43.6%). Ninety percent of patients endorsed a comorbid psychiatric diagnosis, and 60.6% presented at least one paraphilia. Conclusions: Results showed highly different profiles in terms of sexual preferences and behaviors, as well as comorbidities involved. These findings highlight the need to develop tailored psychotherapeutic interventions by taking into account the complexity and heterogeneity of the disorder.

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Cognitive Distortions and ADHD in Pathological Gambling: A National Longitudinal Case-Control Cohort Study

Author(s): Lucia Romo,Cindy Legauffre,Alice Guilleux,Marc Valleur,David Magalon,Mélina Fatséas,Isabelle Chéreau-Boudet,Amandine Luquiens,Jean-Luc Vénisse,Jeu Group,Marie Grall-Bronnec,Gaélle Challet-Bouju / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2016

The primary outcome of our study was to assess the links between the level of cognitive distortions and the severity of gambling disorder. We also aimed at assessing the links between patient gambling trajectories and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Materials and methods: The study population (n = 628) was comprised of problem and non-problem gamblers of both sexes between 18 and 65 years of age, who reported gambling on at least one occasion during the previous year. Data encompassed socio-demographic characteristics, gambling habits, the South Oaks Gambling Screen, the Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs Survey – 23, the Wender Utah Rating Scale – Child, and the Adult ADHD Self-report Scale. Results: The cognitive distortions with the greatest correlation to the severity of gambling disorder were the “Chasing” and “Emotions.” These two dimensions were able to distinguish between problem gamblers seeking treatment or not. While age of onset of gambling and length of gambling practice were not associated with the level of distorted cognitions, a period of abstinence of at least 1 month was associated with a lower level of distorted cognitions. The presence of ADHD resulted in a higher level of distorted cognitions. Conclusion: Cognitive work is essential to the prevention, and the treatment, of pathological gambling, especially with respect to emotional biases and chasing behavior. The instauration of an abstinence period of at least 1 month under medical supervision could be a promising therapeutic lead for reducing gambling-related erroneous thoughts and for improving care strategies of pathological gamblers.

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Commentary on: Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research

Author(s): Marcantonio M. Spada / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

This commentary considers a recent article on how the proliferating use of atheoretical, confirmatory and diagnosis driven research approaches is resulting in the over-identification of behavioral addictions. In response to the original article, I reflect on the timeliness and value of its observations and expand on a central point it raises: The importance of thinking beyond diagnostic frameworks in developing a comprehensive understanding of addictive behaviors and associated treatments.

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Commentary on: Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research

Author(s): Alexander Blaszczynski / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

This commentary supports the argument that there is an increasing tendency to subsume a range of excessive daily behaviors under the rubric of non-substance related behavioral addictions. The concept of behavioral addictions gained momentum in the 1990s with the recent reclassification of pathological gambling as a non-substance behavioral addiction in DSM-5 accelerating this process. The propensity to label a host of normal behaviors carried out to excess as pathological based simply on phenomenological similarities to addictive disorders will ultimately undermine the credibility of behavioral addiction as a valid construct. From a scientific perspective, anecdotal observation followed by the subsequent modification of the wording of existing substance dependence diagnostic criteria, and then searching for biopsychosocial correlates to justify classifying an excessive behavior resulting in harm as an addiction falls far short of accepted taxonomic standards. The differentiation of normal from non-substance addictive behaviors ought to be grounded in sound conceptual, theoretical and empirical methodologies. There are other more parsimonious explanations accounting for such behaviors. Consideration needs to be given to excluding the possibility that excessive behaviors are due to situational environmental/social factors, or symptomatic of an existing affective disorder such as depression or personality traits characteristic of cluster B personalities (namely, impulsivity) rather than the advocating for the establishment of new disorders.

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Commentary on: Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research. Defining and classifying non-substance or behavioral addictions

Author(s): Marc N. Potenza / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

Multiple controversies exist currently in the field of behavioral addictions. The opinion article by Billieux, Schimmenti, Khazaal, Maurage and Heeren (2015) proposes an approach to considering which behaviors might be considered as foci for addictions. The article raises multiple important points that foster further dialog and highlight the need for additional research. Given that how specific behaviors are considered from diagnostic and classification perspectives holds significant public health implications, targeting and eliminating current knowledge gaps relating to behavioral addictions is an important undertaking.

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Commentary on: Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research. Excessive behaviors are not necessarily addictive behaviors

Author(s): Chih-Hung Ko,Ju-Yu Yen / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

The commentary aims to provide clarity to the article “Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research.” Methods: We provide another viewpoint for the important issues of behavior addiction. Result: The course of behavior addiction should be further studied. The criteria of withdrawal and tolerance of behavior addiction are ill-defined and need to be further evaluated. Conclusions: The etiology, course, presentation, and functional impairment of behavior addiction should be validated by evidence based data before being defined as a disorder.

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Commentary on: Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research. Problems with atheoretical and confirmatory research approaches in the study of behavioral addictions

Author(s): Daniel Kardefelt-Winther / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

This commentary is written in response to a paper by Billieux, Schimmenti, Khazaal, Maurage and Hereen (2015) published in the Journal of Behavioral Addictions. Methods: It supports and extends the arguments by Billieux, Schimmenti et al. (2015): that the study of behavioral addictions too often rests on atheoretical and confirmatory research approaches. This tends to lead to theories that lack specificity and a neglect of the underlying processes that might explain why repetitive problem behaviors occur. Results: In this commentary I extend the arguments by Billieux, Schimmenti et al. (2015) and argue that such research approaches might take us further away from conceptualizing psychiatric diagnoses that can be properly validated, which is already a problem in the field. Furthermore, I discuss whether the empirical support for conceptualizing repetitive problem behaviors as addictions might rest on research practices that have been methodologically biased to produce a result congruent with the proposal that substance addictions and behavioral addictions share similar traits. Conclusions: I conclude by presenting a number of ways of going forward, chief of which is the proposal that we might wish to go beyond a priori assumptions of addiction in favor of identifying the essential problem manifestations for each new potential behavioral addiction.

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