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Commentary on: Muscle dysmorphia: Could it be classified as an addiction to body image?

Author(s): Johanna E. Nieuwoudt / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

The article titled ‘Muscle dysmorphia: Could it be classified as an addiction to body image?’ used Griffiths (2005) addiction components model as the framework in which to define muscle dysmorphia (MD) as an addiction. The authors (Foster, Shorter & Griffiths, 2014) proposed that MD could be re-classified as an addiction to body image. Method and aim: In response to the original article, the author of this commentary reflected on the ‘Addiction to body image’ model and the components of addiction as described in the context of MD. This invited commentary aimed to provide opposing viewpoints in order to give a balanced overview on the topic. Results: It appears as if the components of addictions can be used as a framework in which to define MD. However, systematic empirical evidence had not been provided for the withdrawal symptoms associated with this behavioral addiction. An opposing viewpoint is provided in response to Foster et al.’s (2014) statement that MD is different from other body dysmorphic disorders in regards to cognitive dysfunction, and therefore cannot be explained in the same way. Conclusions: Based on the little systematic empirical evidence to date, it may be a bit premature to re-classify MD as an addiction to body image.

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CONSCIOUSNESS OF SELF, OF TIME AND OF DEATH IN GREEK PHILOSOPHY: SOME REFLECTIONS

Author(s): Dominic O’Meara / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

In this paper, I do not propose to discuss the ways of thinking about and coming to terms with our awareness of our coming death. I would like rather to discuss a more particular and perhaps unusual problem, that of the relation between our awareness of our death and our consciousness of ourselves. In the following I take four examples: Parmenides, Plato, Epicurus and Plotinus. I sketch the different ways in which these philosophers saw the relation between self-consciousness and death, how they tried to dissipate what seemed to them to be a tension, even a contradiction, between these two parts of our existence. My discussion does not seek to contribute to the philological analysis of specific ancient texts, but proposes rather an attempt to reach an overall view, which might be of a broader interest.

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Conventional and Extended Versions of Means-end Chain Theory

Author(s): Elena Borgardt / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2018

This methodological and concept paper reviews the role and complexity of the recently emerged yet already well-established value-based cognitive model – Means-end Chain (MEC). The paper compares the most commonly used approaches to MEC. It examines the compatibility of available models with the theory behind MEC, reveal the conceptual gaps and outlines opportunities for future research. Leading papers, books and publications on MEC address either technical aspects of the theory or the interaction of MEC and values. The present paper paves the way for understanding the MEC from a novel, motivational perspective by integrating micro- and macro-levels into the theory. The theoretical framework is based on a critical view of the scientific literature and includes the identification of methodologies focusing on laddering techniques, statistical methods and programmes to plot Hierarchical Value Maps. Particular attention is paid to extended MEC models intersecting with value instruments (RVS, LOV), lifestyle approaches (AIOs, RISC, CCA, FRL, etc.), dual process models (the Elaboration Likelihood Model and the Heuristic-systematic Model) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour. These are used to outline the prospects prevailing in modern marketing and consumer research. The results of the investigation point to opportunities for enlarging the latitude of MEC by integrating micro and macro elements to enhance the model with symbolism, dynamics and multi-dimensionality.

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Correlation between Level of Personal Well-being and Spirituality

Author(s): Tetiana Danylchenko / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

Aim: The aim of this paper is to define the correlation between experiencing personal well-being and manifestations of spirituality of an individual. Methods: The study involved the citizens of Chernihiv (average age – 33.2 years old): 96 people in total, 40 men and 56 women. The following methods were used: a) to measure the components of personal well-being – Satisfaction with Life scale by E. Diener, Psychological well-being scale by С. Riff, Questionnaire of parameters of subjective social well-being by T. Danylchenko; b) to measure the spiritual component – EPU Plus (Egoism - Personal Uniqueness) by L. Z. Levit, Methodology of measuring social interaction (mentality aspect) by G. L. Voronin. Results: The source of experiencing personal well-being is positive health (physical abilities, absence of physical limitations). Factors that decrease personal well-being are low level of tolerance and the pursuit of pleasure. Personal well-being is ensured by belief about collaboration and experiencing positive health as a state of readiness for activity. Psychological well-being has a negative correlation with basic egoism (the pursuit of pleasure) and a positive one with social egoism (ability to comply one’s needs with the group interests, following social rules and norms). Subjective social well-being relates to the highest egoism (unique self-realization, realization of existing potential in an acceptable way). The orientation towards achieving personal or public goals determines the peculiarities of experiencing well-being in the eudaemonic and hedonistic dimensions.

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CULTURAL CODES OF FEAR: GENRE, GENDER, (MALE) MADNESS

Author(s): Nataša Polgar / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

This paper focuses on a specific type of archival material from the first psychiatric institution in Croatia, the Stenjevec Royal National Institute for the Insane in Zagreb, today the Vrapče University Psychiatric Hospital, dating from the period from its foundation in 1879 until 1900. More specifically, it focuses on patient narratives featuring fantastical beings, i.e., narrations about their life relying on the genre of belief legends. Based on this material, which is considered to be an important albeit atypical folkloristic corpus, the paper analyzes and interprets the status and functions of the genre of belief legends (more specifically, the memorate) in daily life narratives, personal stories and in coding affects (primarily fear). The role of belief legends is examined not only from the perspective of oral tradition and literature, but also in terms of their social and psychological position, and through the lens of psychiatric discourse of the time, which recognizes such narratives merely as symptoms of madness, translating and coding them as the language of abnormality and psychopathology.

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Czy neurotycy boją się skakać? Osobowościowe predyktory uprawiania sportu

Author(s): Jacek Skorupski-Cymbaluk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 8/2018

Teza. Celem artykułu jest zebranie i omówienie wiedzy z zakresu psychologii osobowości w sporcie oraz propozycja nowego wykorzystania dotychczasowych osiągnięć nauki w praktycznym treningu sportowym. Autor powołuje się na badania z zakresu osobowości, nawiązując szczególnie do teorii cech osobowości, postulując, że pomiędzy osobami, które uprawiają sport amatorsko i profesjonalnie, istnieją większe niż przeciętne, różnice indywidualne w natężeniu cech osobowości.Omówione koncepcje. Autor odwołał się do modeli osobowości PEN Eysencka, NEOAC Costy i McCrae, 16FP Cattella, koncepcji biologicznej Greya oraz do artykułów opisujących badania relacji osobowości z predyspozycjami i osiągnięciami sportowymi. Przedstawiono argumenty przemawiające za znaczeniem natężenia cech osobowości, takich jak neurotyczność czy ekstrawersja, w doborze metod treningowych (dobór rodzaju bodźców wzmacniających lub ćwiczeń).Wnioski. Współczesna literatura z zakresu psychologii sportu czerpie niewystarczająco z wiedzy z pozostałych gałęzi tej nauki, takich jak psychologia osobowości. Brakuje badań, które pozwoliłby skontrolować wpływ cech osobowości na sposób uprawiania sportu, szczególnie przez sportowców amatorskich.Ze względu na specyficzną konfigurację cech osobowości ludzie w specyficzny sposób reagują na bodźce: neurotycy silnie reagują na zagrożenie karą i ich zachowanie skupia się na unikaniu jej, podczas gdy ekstrawertycy kierują się potrzebą osiągnięć i nagród. Neurotycy charakteryzują się podwyższonym poziom lęku oraz mniejsza tolerancją bólu. Autor postuluje wykorzystanie tej wiedzy w praktyce trenerów sportu.

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CZY OSOBA ISTNIEJE? „Ja” i osobowość – dezintegracja i transcendencja

Author(s): Tadeusz Kobierzycki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2016

Within the dynamic theory put forward by Kazimierz Dąbrowski (1902-1980) personality is given and set in the plane of immanence: personality is developing. This growth is conditioned by the fact that personality is characterized by transcendence potentials. It is these potentials that allow personality to overcome its ontological defi cits which arise in situations of: birth, development, deficiency, disintegration, crisis, and sickness, even death. It is by the power of transcendence that personality is protected against total disintegration. This power may be identified with the force of life, health, resurrection, and even salvation. A psychosomatic being strives towards the physically unconditioned and thus towards the metaphysical. In order to provide a complete picture of the theory of personality—conceived of as a form of human being—it is indispensable to consider the most important positions in philosophy and psychology related to the analysis of existence.

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De la beauté de ma mère à celle de ma fille sur le « mur »

Author(s): Carla Şuteu / Language(s): French / Issue: 3/2014

I wrote a novel, "Tita". An homage to my mother. I was deeply affected by her death. After the common writing experience I realized that nobody dies. Is just a change of location. A mechanism to double our love capacity…

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Deformation of Personality as a Consequence of a Hybrid Warfare

Author(s): Olena Karaman,Yaroslava Yurkiv / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

The article deals with the results of the theoretical and empirical research of the problem of deformation of a personality as a consequence of a hybrid warfare.To verify the theoretical conclusions concerning the phenomenon of deformation of a personality as a result of the hybrid warfare the main component of which is the informational and psychological influence on the population, the authors conducted a survey aimed at revealing the features of deformation of personalities of children of school age at the individual (psycho-physiological) and social and psychological levelsIt has been empirically verified that a part of the population of Ukraine experienced deformation of their personalities as a result of the hybrid warfare which is revealed at the individual (interchange of stable and critical psychical states, processes and features, mechanisms of social development, etc.) and psychological (negative changes at all the structural spheres of a personality – motivational, cognitive, volitional, interpersonal and creative ones) levels.A conclusion has been made about the necessity to provide social, psychological and pedagogical assistance for the population of Ukraine in order to overcome and minimize the negative personal deformations as a result of the hybrid warfare aimed at further successful socialization and development of a personality

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Depresja a integracja osobowa. Ujęcie poeriksonowskie

Author(s): Michał Bebrysz,Wanda Zagórska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2017

The present article deals with the problem of accumulation of psychosocial resources which adults who currently undergo the depression episodes have at their disposal. Such resources as trust, autonomy, initiative, sense of industry, sense of identity, intimacy, generativity and ontic integrity are all considered as manifestations of personal integrity. The theoretical purpose of this article is to identify the resources which become weakened during an ongoing depression episode. Some hypotheses referring to intergroup differences have been formulated as far as the intensification of psychosocial resources is concerned. The research included 60 people, aged between 25 and 66, and within this group 30 subjects were undergoing the depression episode (F32.1, F32.2, F33.1, F33.2). In the research, the Questionnaire of Personal Integration by Zagórska, Migut and Jelińska (2014) was used. The Questionnaire in question is an operationalization of the authorial conception of personal integration falling within the ambit of post-Eriksonian approach. Ontic integrity (Cronbach’s α < .7) was excluded from the analysis. The presence of a depressive episode or the lack of it explained 50 percent of the dispersion of the analyzed structure of traits. The variables with the most considerable input to the differentiation of the result profiles in two groups were trust, as the axial role in the model, and generativity. The variables defining the similarities of the groups in question were the sense of identity and intimacy. The variables such as autonomy, initiative and sense of industry had little impact on differences between the groups. Defining the fields of individual restrictions and strengths might be helpful in the prophylaxis and therapy of depression.

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DETECTING FUNCTIONAL DISABILITIES IN ELDERLY PERSONS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES USING THE SELF-REPORTING METHOD

Author(s): Dijana Babić,Želimir Bertić,Niveska Križanec,Ljiljana Babić / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

The ability to perform basic activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL (IADL) is an essential indicator of the level of functional capacity in old age. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate reliability and validity of the self-reporting method in detecting functional difficulties among elderly persons with cardiovascular diseases. The Groningen Activity Restriction Scale was used to assess the limitations in functional capacity. The sample consisted of patients over the age of 65 with hypertensive disease, angina pectoris, ischaemic heart disease, degenerative valvular disorders, peripheral arterial disease, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated for the total result. Differences in outcome with respect to age, educational level, marital status, and medical diagnoses of participants were compared by means of a t-test or one-way ANOVA. In the group of ADL, participants reported difficulties in climbing stairs (M=2.14, SD=1.07) and caring for feet and toenails (M=2.17, SD=1.27), while in the group of IADL, difficulties were present in performing heavier household chores (M=2.51, SD=1.31) as well as ironing and washing clothes (M=2.20, SD=1.29). Calculation of the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient points to a high degree of internal consistency for this scale on a chosen sample (α=0.95). The use of a validated self-reporting tool may be a valuable and reliable way for assessing the functional capacity of elderly persons with chronic diseases. The findings of this study indicate the possibility of using this method for prognostic purposes in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Introduction of instrumental support measures in a timely manner has a crucial role in delaying the progression of functional dependence.

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Development of Self

Author(s): Petr Macek,Ondřej Bouša,Jan Vančura,Michaela Sokoliová,Aleš Neusar / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

A new quality of self-reflection is one of the key attributes by which psychology demarcates the developmental period of adolescence (Hater, 2003; Dusek & McIntyre, 2003). Even though self-reflection as a psychological process starts developing already inearly childhood, it can in fact be said that awareness of „oneself” emerges as an importantevent and new personal experience at the very time of entering adolescence.

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Dezvoltarea psihică în cadrul relaţiilor intra şi inter personale

Author(s): Victoria Verdeş / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 01/2015

As a basic dimension of personality, self esteem is related to the relation that each human subject has with himself, the confidence in one’s own ability to think and act independently, autonomously, to take decisions in order to reach goals, to assert one’s needs,aspirations, to aspire to and fight for their accomplishment.

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DIFFERENCES IN SELF-PRESENTATION AND SELF-ESTEEM BETWEEN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PERFECTIONISTS

Author(s): Anita Lauri Korajlija,Dora Kirigin / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Research focusing on relationship between perfectionism and self-esteem is rather new and offers various and sometimes contradictory findings. Furthermore, a relationship between per-fectionism and implicit self-esteem is still an under- investigated topic. The aim of this study was to explore differences in levels of implicit and explicit self-esteem and self-presentation between positive and negative perfectionists. One hundred and forty un-dergraduate psychology participants in two time points filled in the Self-Liking and Self- Competence Scale, the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale, the Perfectionism Questionnaire, and the Im-plicit Associations Test. Results showed a significant difference in self-liking, nondisplay of imperfection, and nondisclosure of im-perfection between positive and negative perfectionists. Positive perfectionists scored significantly higher on self-liking, and lower on nondisplay and nondisclosure of imperfection than negative perfectionists did. Positive perfectionists also had significantly higher levels of implicit self-esteem. There was no significant difference in self-competence and perfectionistic self-promotion between positive and negative perfectionists.

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DIFFERENT LEADERSHIP STYLE CHOICES, DIFFERENT GENERATIONS

Author(s): Merve Bako / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

In the past, a generation covered a larger span of time, having more members. However, today, thanks to the developments in technology and many other factors generations change frequently having less members and covering a few years. What matters now is the workforce itself and how these different generations work together. The current workforce has 3 generations working together while waiting for the fourth one. Soon, it is inevitable that 5 or 6 generations will be working at the same workplace. As a result, it is crucial to understand the type of leadership a generation prefers in business and academic life. The aim of this study was to find out how leadership style choice differs among four generations (Baby Boomers, Generations X, Generation Y, and Generation Z) of academics and prospective academics in Turkey. In the study, 265 participants from different generations rated the leadership attributes that contribute or impede effective leadership. The Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) Project research survey by House et al. (2004) was used to find out the leadership style choice of different generations. The statistical relationships were determined between the generation variable and the 16 primary leadership subscales through MANOVAs and ANOVAs. The results of the tests showed that significant differences exist among the four different generations in 3 of the 16 leadership subscales. These subscales are Charismatic 3: Self-sacrifice, Conflict-inducer, and Face saver.

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DIMENZIJE OBITELJSKIH ODNOSA KAO PREDIKTORI VRŠNJAČKIM ODNOSIMA DJECE ŠKOLSKE DOBI

Author(s): Mira Klarin / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 60+61/2002

In this study we examined the link between the parent-child relationship and the child's relationship with peers. The proposed model assumes that the quality of the parent-child relationship affects the child's self-concept, which in turn affects the child's integration into the world of peers. The sample consisted of 263 children (10–14 years of age). The quality of the parent-child relationship was assessed by mother's and father's acceptance and rejection. Peer relationships were assessed by the quality of friendship and peer acceptance and rejection. The measure of the child's self-concept included general and social self-esteem. The results suggest that the father's acceptance predicts friendship quality and peer rejection. The child's self-concept serves as a mediating role in the relationship between the parent-child interaction, especially the father's acceptance, and involvement with peers. The results suggest that a positive self-concept and warm supportive parenting are related with peer relationship quality.

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DIMENZIJE SAMOPOIMANJA DJECE U ODNOSU NA OPAŽENU SOCIJALNU PODRŠKU IZ RAZLIČITIH IZVORA

Author(s): Andreja Brajša-Žganec,Zora Raboteg-Šarić,Renata Franc / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 50/2000

In the paper different aspects of boys' and girls' selfconceptions in early adolescence are examined. The main objective of this research was to determine the relationship between the perceived social support from different sources (parents, teachers, friends, classmates) and global self-worth as well as various self-concept dimensions (scholastic competence, social acceptance, athletic competence, physical appearance, behavioural conduct). The research was conducted on a sample of 340 sixth and seventh-grade primary school pupils. Stubjects were administered adapted versions of Harter’s (1985) scales measuring different self-concept and social support dimensions. Boys show significantly higher results on global self-worth, physical appearance and scholastic competence scales. Girls estimate that they are getting more social support from their parents and friends than boys. Separate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted on the results for the boys and girls samples with self-concept dimensions and global self-worth as criterion variables and various sources of perceived social support as predictor variables.

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Dimenzije self-koncepta i bavljenje sportom u ranoj adolescenciji

Author(s): Tatjana Tubić,Višnja Đorđić,Sunčica Poček / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2012

The aim of this paper is to examine the differences in particular dimensions of self-concept in female and male adolescents depending on sports engagement, as well as to determine which domain-specific self-perceptions provide the highest contributions to global self-worth in female and male adolescents engaged in sport and those not engaged in it. This research included 400 subjects at early adolescent age, of both genders (235 females and 164 males) further divided to sub-samples of athletes and non-athletes. An adapted version of a scale Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (Harter, 1988) was applied, which consists of nine subscales. The obtained results indicate that sport-engaged adolescents of both genders provide more favourable perception of themselves in most tested aspects of self-concept than those not engaged in an organized sports activity. Engagement in sport has special effect on self-concept of male adolescents. Results of multiple regression analysis point out unambiguously the significance of self-perception of physical appearance in global self-worth of adolescents of both genders, irrespective of whether they are involved in sports activity or not.

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Dlaczego opieramy się własnym marzeniom? Rozwój osobisty w perspektywie modelu elastyczności psychologicznej

Author(s): Magdalena Hyla / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 49 (2)/2017

The main aim of the article is to present the model of psychological flexibility and to describe how can it be useful for purpose of understanding psychological mechanisms of living value-based life or resisting one’s dreams. The paper depicts basic assumptions of psychological flexibility model and its six core processes. The article presents also original research (N = 111) on relationship between psychological flexibility (AAQ-II), value-based life (VQ), committed action (CAQ), motivation (GMS), and creativity (SPTO). Data suggest that psychological flexibility is strongly positively correlated with committed action, progress in values, internal motivation and creativity, while negatively correlated with values obstruction and external motivation.

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Do gender and personality traits (BFI-10) influence self-perceived innovativeness?

Author(s): František Sudzina / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Innovativeness is a useful trait in many walks of life. The aim of this paper is to investigate if gender and personality traits influence rating of self-perceived innovativeness. There are two versions of the dependent variable used - innovativeness in the eyes of others, and innovativeness in one's own opinion. Big Five Inventory-10 is used to measure personality traits. Findings are that conscientiousness influences self-perceived innovativeness in the eyes of others, and openness to experience influences self-perceived innovativeness in one's own opinion. Conscientiousness also influences the difference between the two innovativeness variables.

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