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The goal of the paper is to investigate the characteristics of lecturers' emotional competences in academic communication with their students and to define the areas that yield the lowest EIC scores.
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The theory of work craving defines workaholism as a pathological work addiction which comprises: (a) obsessive–compulsive desire to work, (b) anticipation of self-worth compensatory incentives from working, (c) anticipation of reduction of negative emotions or withdrawal symptoms from working, and (d) neurotic perfectionism. Research has shown that workaholism is associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the antecedents of workaholism and the causal direction of the relationship with health have been largely neglected. Aims: In the present longitudinal study, we expect that work craving is predicted by deficits in emotional selfregulation (i.e., low action orientation) and mediates the relationship between self-regulation deficits and symptoms of psychological distress. We expected work craving to have an effect on later psychological distress symptoms, but not psychological distress symptoms to have an effect on later work craving. Methods: In a sample of 170 German employees, a half-longitudinal design using two times of measurement was implemented to specify the paths of two different structural equation models of mediation: (a) action orientation to later work craving and work craving to later psychological distress, and alternatively, (b) the temporal order of action orientation to later distress and distress to later work craving. Results: Our data indicated that work craving partially mediated the relationship between selfregulation deficits and psychological distress, but psychological distress symptoms were not found to increase later work craving. Conclusions: The presented longitudinal study indicates important mechanisms of work craving, especially by highlighting the influence of self-regulation deficits on work craving and, in turn, psychological distress.
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Modern psychology is increasingly interested in phenomena related to the flourishing of a human being, such as mindfulness or emotional intelligence (EI). Mindfulness, according to Kabat-Zinn, is “the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally to the unfolding of experience moment by moment” including the experience of emotions. The most widely studied EI concept was introduced by Salovey and Mayer. They defined it as the ability to monitor emotions and use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions. One of the skills involved in EI is the recognition of emotions based on facial expressions. Interestingly, there is no link between self-reported emotional intelligence, measured by a questionnaire, and the ability to recognize facial expressions measured by a task test. Mindful people are more attuned to their implicit emotions and can reflect this awareness in their explicit self--descriptions. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between mindfulness and emotional intelligence, and to examine the moderating role of mindfulness in the relationship between self-reported EI and the ability to recognize facial expressions. The participants were 120 students from different universities of Lublin, Poland, who completed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) by Brown and Ryan as translated into Polish by Jankowski, the Schutte Self-Report Inventory as adapted into Polish by Jaworowska and Matczak (Kwestionariusz Inteligencji Emocjonalnej; INTE), and the Emotional Intelligence Scale – Faces (Skala Inteligencji Emocjonalnej – Twarze; SIE-T) developed by Matczak, Piekarska, and Studniarek. The results show a positive relationship of emotional intelligence with mindfulness. A positive correlation was also found between mindfulness and the recognition of emotions, which is a component of EI. There was no correlation between mindfulness and the other EI component – using emotional information to guide one’s thinking and actions. As expected, there was no relationship between self-reported EI and the ability to recognize facial expressions, but – contrary to expectations – mindfulness was not a moderator of this relationship.
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Autorka przedstawia problemy związane z dojrzewaniem dziewcząt i chłopców niepełnosprawnych intelektualnie. Omawia zmiany biologiczne, intelektualne, emocjonalne i społeczne pojawiające się w okresie dojrzewania, wyraziście ukazując spiętrzenie trudności w przypadku tej grupy młodzieży. Ukazuje specyfikę dorastania dziewcząt i chłopców, którzy zmagają się z trudnościami wynikającymi nie tylko z ich możliwości umysłowych, ale nierzadko również z tego, jak są odbierani przez społeczeństwo. Zwraca uwagę na negatywne zjawiska społeczne, takie jak stygmatyzacja, piętnowanie czy wykluczenie. Obok problemów dotykających samych niepełnosprawnych Autorka stara się przybliżyć Czytelnikowi również trudności ich najbliższych, którzy stają przed trudnym zadaniem opieki i wychowywania dziecka upośledzonego umysłowo. Żaneta Stelter obala także mity dotyczące zachowania niepełnosprawnych, m.in. mit „wiecznego dziecka” i mit „bezczynności”.
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In this paper consisting of two studies the author attempts to establish to which extent the self-presentation of people is consistent with the private notion they have of themselves, since some of the previous research on self-presentation does not provide unambiguous answers to this question. In the first study, 139 examinees assess the notion of private self and mode of self-presentation using a larger number of adjectives of different social desirability in completely anonimous conditions. In the second study 145 examinees assess the notion of private self in anonimous circumstances, whereas the mode of self-presentation is assessed by signing a protocol and receiving instruction that introduces group discussion on these assessments. The aim of the latter is to determine whether the introduction of the variable of publicity, operationalised through demands for signatures and hints of group discussion, can influence the assessment of modes of self-presentation. The results obtained indicate that a statistically significant difference in assessments has appeared and that the attribution of specific traits as more characteristic of the notion of self and others as more characteristic of the mode of self-presentation depends on the social desirability of these traits.
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The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between advertising viewing and compulsive buying in young consumers. The study will also examine the moderating effect of state self-esteem on the advertising viewing and compulsive buying relationship. The study was conducted on 266 valid questionnaires applied to 18-30 year-old young consumer sample in Ankara, Turkey. According to the results of the regression analysis, compulsive buying increases as the level of advertising viewing increases. While performance self-esteem has no moderating effect on the advertising viewing and compulsive buying relationship, social self-esteem and appearance self-esteem moderate the relationship between advertising viewing and compulsive buying.
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The text provides a description as well as an analysis of mental disorders as socially constructed entities while focusing on the category of normality not only in its medical sense but also in social and cultural one. Our methodology has to be understood as rooted in social constructionism. We work with concepts created within social anthropology and semiotics but also existentialist psychotherapy or Mad Studies. When postulating mental disorder as a topic of social anthropology, we suggest that mental disorder is one of the key concepts behind the social and cultural understanding of normality: normality in regard to emotions, thinking, and behaviour is to a great extent defined negatively – that is, by what it isn't – with mental disorder being one of its major opposites. Normality in Western societies is significant mostly in the areas of mental health, sexuality, and gender whereas these areas may overlap; being different in terms of sexuality or gender (as in gender identity or gender expression) may be – and often is – interpreted as a sign of a mental disorder. As for our findings, on a general level we suggest that the binary between the normal and unproblematic on the one hand and a disorder on the other hand is arbitrary. The border between the two categories has to do with social and cultural rules more than with actual medicine. More specifically, we describe a physician as a constructor who puts individual signs (symptoms) together and forms diagnoses which can change their structure, shift, or even break down completely. Researching mental disorders as a part of the socially constructed reality allows us to see the power dynamics and questionability of seemingly natural categories such as health and illness, or normality and abnormality.
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Emotional intelligence that expresses the ability of the individual to self-knowledge, to use his feelings wisely, and to manage relationships among people is an important influence on entrepreneurship. In this study, it tried to determine the degree of this interaction between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurship. In this framework, a questionnaire form developed for the students who have taken courses in entrepreneurship and who are studying at the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of Kafkas University has been implemented. According to the result of the analyses, personal awareness and adaptation to conditions and environment, which are from sub-dimensions of emotional intelligence, are positively correlated with entrepreneurship tendency. In addition, it was determined that the interpersonal relationships which is from sub-dimensions of emotional intelligence, is not related to entrepreneurship tendency.
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The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediational role of self-esteem on the associations among parental attachment, perceived mother/father attitudes and peer relationships in adolescents. Another aim of the study was to investigate whether peer relationships differ to parental styles and gender in adolescents. The sample of this study composed of students who participated from different secondary schools and high schools in Mersin. The participants of the study consisted of 399 students whose age ranged from 12 to 18 years. The results indicated that there was a partial mediation role of self-esteem between parental (mother) attachment and peer loyalty. In addition, self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between perceived father acceptance /interest /love attitude and peer loyalty. Analyzes was conducted to investigate whether the sub-dimensions of peer relationships differed to different parenting styles and sex. The findings showed that peer relationships differed in terms of different parenting styles and sex. The implications of the findings and future research are discussed. In the light of the obtained results, attachment patterns and parental attitudes towards adolescents are considerably important on peer relationships. Therefore, it is suggested that future studies will consider parental attitudes along with father-child relationships in the child-rearing process.
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Pressed by the demands of the given historical moment and concerned with solving the immediate problems of society, we overlook - as specialists and practitioners – the fundamental aspects of the objectives and content of education. The study shows and demonstrates the deep relationship of education with human dignity, with interpersonal respect and self-respect. Education is the social action by which we build, defend and promote human dignity, respect, and self-respect. All these are essential dimensions of education beyond the constraints and momentary objectives of society.
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In this review article we present the misinformation effect and possibilities of its reduction. We present definition of this effect as well as its social mechanisms. We also describe methods of its reduction such as: warning against misinformation, collaborative recall, and reinforced self-affirmation procedure. We emphasize social aspect of yielding to misinformation and mechanisms through which the presented techniques reduce susceptibility to misinformation. Future directions in research on the misinformation effect are also presented.
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Entrepreneurship is crucial for promoting innovation, creating employment opportunities and generating social and economic wealth in a country’s economy. In order to increase entrepreneurial activity, it is important to investigate entrepreneurial behavior by analyzing the process of businesses creation and the set of factors that favor the development of entrepreneurial aspirations, intentions and actions, which is a central goal ofpsychology of entrepreneurship. This research aims to deepen the knowledge about the relationship between the entrepreneurial self-efficacy, belief, motivation, family support and entrepreneurial intentions by developing a moderated mediation model. This study suggests that entrepreneurial self-efficacy partially mediates the effect of beliefs and motivations on entrepreneurial intention. This mediation is moderated by family support, which is also directly related to the intentions. The study was conducted on a sample of 446 students from four different high schools, and results support our hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications from this research are further examined in the study.
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Divorce is a mondial phenomenon that affects not only the two parents but children too. Divorce is a wound of Albanian society extended during this time of transition. Parents divorce with each other and sometimes they “divorce” from their children. For a child, losing one parent is the same thing with dying. The aim of this study besides recognizing the phenomenon of divorce of parents and its importance for children of 9-12 years old to explore the effects of divorce of parents at attachment dynamics, self-esteem and shame and guilt. The methodology of this study is: attachment questionnaire, self–esteem questionnaire (Rosenberg) and shame and guilt questionnaire applied at 100 children of divorced families and 100 children of non divorced families at 9- years system at 12 schools in the city of Elbasan. This study proved all hypothesis and objectives and results that children of divorced families have more shame and guilt feelings than children of intact families. They feel guilty about the divorce of their parents. We, also, came to an end that children of divorced families have lower rates of self esteem than children of intact families. It was a very large number of children of intact families that had secure attachment compared to children of divorced families where non secure/anxious attachment. A characteristic of divorced children was the presence of avoidant and disorganized attachment among them. It was recommended that parent should not discuss their divorce in the presence of their children, should explain that divorce is for parents and not for children and is not children fault about the divorce.
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The proportion of dining-out population is increasing with the rapid development of social economy. It is considered that service staff presenting positive emotion has become the essential condition in the dinning process. To further have the customers perceive pleasure and satisfaction, service staff in catering industry actively and heartedly serving customers is critical. For this reason, this study tends to verify the effects of Personality Traits on Quality of Service of service staff in catering industry from the aspect of Emotional Labor. Total 270 copies of questionnaires are distributed to the first-line service staff of Grand Hyatt Taipei and 196 valid copies are retrieved, with the retrieval rate 73%. The research results show significant correlations between: (1) Personality Traits and Emotional Labor, (2) Emotional Labor and Quality of Service, and (3) Personality Traits and Quality of Service. The practicability of the research results are further proposed suggestions.
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On the basis of scholarly literature analysis, the article discusses the structural components of personal qualities that are developed most participating in activities of student mini-company (hereinafter – SMC). Applying the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the evaluation of personal qualities of school learners, who participated in SMC activities, was conducted and the efficiency of SMC was substantiated separately evaluating structural components of personal qualities divided into relevant structural groups: Qualities of self-confidence, motivation and activity, Leadership qualities, Managerial qualities and Personal self-expression qualities. The results showed that participation in the activities of SMC has a considerable influence on development of school learners’ personal qualities. The EFA results of development of personal qualities through SMC activities disclosed that out of the four distinguished groups of personal qualities the school learners developed the qualities of self-confidence, motivation and activity best. The evaluation of 18 personal qualities revealed that diligence, ambitiousness, initiative, independence, activity and resourcefullness were developed best, whereas critical-analytical thinking was developed least.
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When setting up the premises for a dialogue between disability studies and critical trauma studies and embarking on editing this pilot issue on ‘encounters’ between the two disciplines, we necessarily welcomed interdisciplinary approaches, ranging across disability studies, trauma studies, literary and cultural studies, media studies, as well as many other disciplines in the humanities. The first step in introducing this issue to our readers will be to present the histories of both disability studies and trauma studies in order to see how they evolved and see why our proposal that they should meet half way or at least more often can be considered a valid one.
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This study focuses on the use of popular information and communication technologies (ICTs) by adolescents: the Internet, mobile phones, and video games. The relationship of ICT use and experiential avoidance (EA), a construct that has emerged as underlying and transdiagnostic to a wide variety of psychological problems, including behavioral addictions, is examined. EA refers to a self-regulatory strategy involving efforts to control or escape from negative stimuli such as thoughts, feelings, or sensations that generate strong distress. This strategy, which may be adaptive in the short term, is problematic if it becomes an inflexible pattern. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore whether EA patterns were associated with addictive or problematic use of ICT in adolescents. Methods: A total of 317 students of the Spanish southeast between 12 and 18 years old were recruited to complete a questionnaire that included questions about general use of each ICTs, an experiential avoidance questionnaire, a brief inventory of the Big Five personality traits, and specific questionnaires on problematic use of the Internet, mobile phones, and video games. Results: Correlation analysis and linear regression showed that EA largely explained results regarding the addictive use of the Internet, mobile phones, and video games, but not in the same way. As regards gender, boys showed a more problematic use of video games than girls. Concerning personality factors, conscientiousness was related to all addictive behaviors. Discussion and conclusions: We conclude that EA is an important construct that should be considered in future models that attempt to explain addictive behaviors.
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The aim of the paper is to present an analysis of the relationship between explicit and implicit materialism, self-esteem, and readiness for self-improvement in teenagers. We carried out two studies. In the first one, we examined what object and activity categories are linked to teenage happiness and how the category of happiness associated with possessing things is linked to materialistic teenage attitudes. The second study looked into the associations of implicit materialism with implicit materialism, self-esteem, and readiness for self-improvement. The obtained results showed that (a) five categories of teenage happiness can be distinguished: people and animals, interests, sport, achievements, material possessions and money; (b) as initially assumed, implicit materialism is positively linked to explicit materialism and negatively linked to both self-esteem (Study 2) and readiness for self-improvement (Studies 1 and 2). However, no significant relationship was observed between explicit materialism and self-esteem or readiness for self-improvement.
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Internet gaming addiction appears to be related to self-concept deficits and increased angular gyrus (AG)-related identification with one’s avatar. For increased social network use, a few existing studies suggest striatal-related positive social feedback as an underlying factor. However, whether an impaired self-concept and its reward-based compensation through the online presentation of an idealized version of the self are related to pathological social network use has not been investigated yet. We aimed to compare different stages of pathological Internet game and social network use to explore the neural basis of avatar and self-identification in addictive use. Methods: About 19 pathological Internet gamers, 19 pathological social network users, and 19 healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing a self-retrieval paradigm, asking participants to rate the degree to which various self-concept-related characteristics described their self, ideal, and avatar. Self-conceptrelated characteristics were also psychometrically assessed. Results: Psychometric testing indicated that pathological Internet gamers exhibited higher self-concept deficits generally, whereas pathological social network users exhibit deficits in emotion regulation only. We observed left AG hyperactivations in Internet gamers during avatar reflection and a correlation with symptom severity. Striatal hypoactivations during self-reflection (vs. ideal reflection) were observed in social network users and were correlated with symptom severity. Discussion and conclusion: Internet gaming addiction appears to be linked to increased identification with one’s avatar, evidenced by high left AG activations in pathological Internet gamers. Addiction to social networks seems to be characterized by emotion regulation deficits, reflected by reduced striatal activation during self-reflection compared to during ideal reflection.
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This methodological and concept paper attempts to combine the recently emerged, yet well-established, value-based cognitive model – Means-end Chain (MEC) – with the self-concept approach and the Behavioural Perspective Model (BPM). The paper has three aims: first, to elaborate the MEC theory, the post-modern approach of self-concept and the hermeneutical model based on radical behaviourism, BPM. Second, to discuss the similarities and differences with MEC and, third, to formulate a novel extended MEC metatheory. The theoretical framework is based on a critical overview of scientific books and articles. It includes an examination of the elements to enhance the MEC model with symbolism, dynamics and multi-dimensionality on the micro-level through integration of the self-concept approach. It also investigates the environmental, reinforcing / aversive and experiential aspects of the BPM on the macro level. The results of the exploration pave the way to the new research extended MEC – EMEC – which opens up new opportunities to redesign and re-systemise the interpretation and understanding of consumer behaviour.
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