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Ses, Dil Ve Müzik

Author(s): Özay Önal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 155/2012

Language and music are two peculiar humanly faculties. That the speech organ of human possesses a double-function as to produce both speech and musical sounds brings into mind that language and music are of the same origin. The main entity of both domains is sound. While music system sets discrete sounds in number and frequency, speech sounds are not frequency-based, one contrasting with the other according to the way of articulation in the speech organ. In the early childhood, similarities between language and music are at the highest level. As the reference of music is not clear, the meaning it conveys is controversial. Language and music are two different systems in the brain, however they are localized and processed almost in the same brain areas. Both involve combinations of smaller units into larger ones so their structure is hierarchical. Both language texts and music pieces constitute a gestalt. Musical pieces have encoding and retrieval advantages over language texts.

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Dilbilgisinden Kullanıma: Bilişsel Yaklaşım Çerçevesinde İşe Dayalı Dil Öğretim Malzemesi Oluşturma Önerisi

Author(s): Murat Özgen / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 141/2008

One of the demanding and time-consuming tasks in foreign language teaching is to prepare and develop class materials. There are various views in the literature regarding the preparation of a class material. This study is an attempt towards the methods of the preparation of a class material. Before the presentation of this material, a summary of the cognitive approaches to grammar instruction has been presented, and a short information regarding the task-based learning model has been given. Afterwards, a class which could be prepared within the framework of those two theoretical bases has been given. In the last section, a material for speaking skills has been developed.

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Motivacija kao faktor razvoja muzičkog talenta

Author(s): Igor Nikolić,Slobodan Kodela / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2018

Motivation considerably influences talent development and success in music. The paper discusses the interaction of external and internal motivation sources at various stages of development, attitudes on the interconnectedness between ability and motivation as well as the results of the relevant studies. The connection between schoolchildren’s musical ability and their desire to attend music school is studied empirically (N=514). The result is a significant but low correlation; therefore, it is indicated that schoolchildren may be motivated for being engaged in various forms of music which do not necessarily involve formal music education. Moreover, the empirical research demonstrates that the majority of talented schoolchildren of this age are not fully aware of their abilities, which means that it is required to discover and encourage music talent at school.

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Социална работа с младежи с девиантно поведение. Техники за засилване на мотивацията за промяна

Author(s): Teodorina Milusheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014

The following paper purpose is to be analyzed theoretically and empirically techniques for enhancing motivation for change, which are eligible for implementation in the social work process with youngsters with deviant behavior. The study relies on the assumption that the model of social work, which is oriented towards the motivation for change, facilitates the process when it presents techniques encouraging change and avoids those who hold it. The motivation for change enhancement is a result of the specificity and the quality of interaction. The study was conducted in social work organizations with corrective and supportive functions mainly – shelters and transitional programs, therapeutic communities and rehabilitation programs. The article provides methodological guidelines for the possible use of techniques for enhancing motivation for change, consistent with the phases of the workflow in the social work process with youngsters with deviant behavior.

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THE VIRTUAL SCIENCE TEACHER AS A HYBRID SYSTEM: COGNITIVE SCIENCE HAND IN HAND WITH CYBERNETIC PEDAGOGY

Author(s): Boris Aberšek,Bojan Borstner,Janez Bregant / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The findings of cybernetic pedagogy and didactics developed in the 1970s, which were in those times limited due to poor technological capabilities, are taken as a starting point in this research. A revised version of cybernetic pedagogy is proposed and is used to develop the hybrid cognitive model presented. It is not based purely on the symbolic notation of the teaching algorithm alone, as done in the past, but also on the connectionist model of our cognition, which draws on the brain’s characteristics and their physiological and functional structure, such as parallel data processing, content associative memory and divided presentations. The learning process algorithm can be, on the basis of this idea, re-defined as a hybrid cognitive model, i.e. a combination of a symbol system and a neural network, and named mRKP. The article concludes that an intelligent artificial tutor can independently, i.e. without the need for reprogramming, accommodate the learning process to the needs and possibilities of an individual student if it uses mRKP as its basis, and can eventually replace a human tutor in some situations, but a human teacher must decide where and when it should be used.

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Do instructions overwhelm the preschool classroom? Early childhood educators’ use of instructional vs regulative directive commands

Author(s): Francisco José Lería Dulčić,Roxana Nora Acosta Peña,Patricia Ester Sasso Orellana,Daniela Andrea Collao Jofré / Language(s): English Issue: 92/2021

Instructions are a fundamental part of early childhood educators’ verbal activities in a plethora of interactions, that constantly guide children to achieve a targeted educational goal. However, little attention has been devoted to identify their presence and relative proportions in early childhood educators’ daily speech. Underpinned by functional linguistic theory, this study’s purpose is to identify early childhood educators’ spoken directive commands from a large database to check their distribution and predominance, compared to other verbal modalities that are equally important for their pedagogical work, such as: commands, sayings, feedback, questions, etc. Through 20 participants’ daily audio–recordings from regular work–hours with preschool children, we selected a large number of sentences to later be classified according to their degree of belonging to a specific directive command’s category – ten in this study. The findings suggest that instructional directives are the first in order of frequency followed by the use of reformulations and singing, among others. We conclude that it is vital for early childhood educators’ professional practice to identify which types of linguistic styles they predominantly use in order to make effective decisions to pursuit an educational goal, and that way successfully support young children’s learning processes. The scope of these findings is briefly discussed taking into perspective future research and its contributions to early childhood education’s formative processes.

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Therapists' attitudes towards the combined DMT and CBT treatment of children with anxiety disorders

Author(s): Naomi Weitz,Adrian Opre / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Anxiety disorders (ADs) are common among children. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most well-established treatment, but ADs can also be treated using nonverbal-indirect approaches, using expressive arts therapies’ such as dance-movement therapy (DMT). However, DMT and CBT lean on distinct theoretical assumptions and therefore are inherently different. Nevertheless, during the last decade, combining these approaches has been becoming more common. The present quantitative study is the second part of a mixed-methods research which began with qualitative interviews (study 1, see Weitz & Opre, 2019a). The aim of the quantitative study was to investigate therapists’ attitudes towards the combined effect of DMT and CBT on the treatment of children with ADs (regarding the efficiency of the treatment, their own efficacy, and actual use). The research paradigm is a quantitative design. The sample included 99 therapists divided into three groups, defined according to their qualifications and practice: DMT-only (n = 35), CBT-only (n = 42), and DMT combined with CBT (DMT+CBT) (n = 22). As hypothesized, the findings indicated, that: DMT+CBT and/or DMT-only therapists perceived the combination of DMT and CBT as more efficient than CBT-only therapists; DMT+CBT and/or CBT-only therapists perceived their efficacy as higher than DMT-only therapists; DMT+CBT and/or DMT-only therapists reported greater use of the combined treatment as compared to CBT-only therapists.

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Cognitive-emotional coping strategies for high school students

Author(s): Adela Cîndea,Ileana Balaci / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The study aims to identify the strategies of cognitive-emotional coping that are most frequently used by students in adolescence, a period marked by profound and multiple changes. For this purpose, the CERQ questionnaire was applied to a sample of 130 students. They are between 16 and 18 years old and attend the high school education courses of the technological branch, in Timiș County. The aim of the survey was to obtain a relatively balanced distribution of the sexes: 51% girls; 49% boys. The results of the study illustrate that the cognitive-emotional coping strategies of the maladaptive type are the ones that record the highest weights among adolescents. They are found, however, at a higher level among girls.

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Implicitné aspekty a stratégie ako prejavy porozumenia textu zahraničnými študentmi (A2)

Author(s): Jana Orieščiková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2014

Der Beitrag widmet sich der Fragestellung, welche Strategien ausländische Slowakistik-Studierenden benutzen, die über Textverständnis zeugen können und dazu auch beitragen. Am Anfang werden wichtige Termine und kognitive Versändniskonzepte angenähert und wird Forschungsmethodik beschrieben. Im Beitrag werden besonders reduzierende und expansive Strategie hervorgehoben, die auch Äußerungen von Einstellungen und eigener Bewertungen (axiologische Strategie) als Zeichen des Textverständnisses umfasst.

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FIE as a Tool for Correcting Deficient Functions in Children and Students with Behavioral Disorders

Author(s): Petra Jedličková,Anna Klimentova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The paper has a theoretical and application character. Nowadays, the issue of education of children and pupils with behavioural disorders (specific as well as non-specific disorders) is highly topical as their number is constantly growing in regular primary and secondary school classes. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the specifics of their education. In the theoretical part, the authors deal with the issue of the disorders; they describe its etiology as well as the symptoms as possible consequences of the present impairment of partial functions in the perceptual-cognitive area. The application part of the paper is focused on presenting the essence and content of the instrumental enrichment method, the creator of which is the Israeli pedagogue and psychologist, Professor Reuven Feuerstein.

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Синергија когнитивног развоја и образовно-васпитних вредности у настави српског језика

Author(s): Miljana Barjamović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2011

This paper looks at teaching as a psychologically-pedagogical process through which numerous educational and pedagogical value of students develop. The main task in this paper is to discuss, apart from the above mentioned, the cognitive development of students in primary education, in order to establish more efficient teaching methods in teaching Serbian, especially those related to learning the grammar of language on literature, language templates. One of the basic values, for teaching Serbian language and literature, is to develop love for their mother tongue (Serbian) and functional application of acquired knowledge in order to promote cultural expression. Higher quality of interaction and communication competence of all participants in the school should be a model for developing the general cultural communication in society. Hence, the author presents examples of similar work that achieves a more humane attitude in the process of learning through individualisation and differentiation in teaching, all thanks to the knowledge of students' cognitive development. Seeing the details of cognitive development may be used to have a more realistic to insight into the opportunities for developing students' competence, their intelligence, especially the development of educational values and student's initiative and independence in the choice of topics and ways of working during additional classes, which can be best achieved in practice, though not enough present. The overall objective of this study was to investigate the cognitive processes of students that every teacher should find useful when selecting a curriculum teaching model of certain linguistic and grammatical areas that should encourage, develop and highlight the value of linguistic competence in the entire educational process, especially to encourage the development of educational value for students. However, when the teaching should not be understood that as its own goal, but as a link with life practices and concrete situations.

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Öğrencilerin İngilizce Başarıları ile Öz Düzenleme ve Bireysel Yenilikçilik Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Author(s): Münasip Güngör / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 24/2022

In this study, the relationship between the Anatolian High School students’ self-regulation and personal innovativeness levels, and their success in learning English has been analyzed. Concerning the research of the learning process with prior arrangement, preliminary test - final test control grouped pattern of the experimental method has been used. As for the research of their personal innovativeness levels, scanning method has been used. Students’ success in the English class and their attitude towards the English class form the independent variables of the research. And the independent variable, the influence of which is searched for over those dependent variables, is the activities which were prepared by the researcher, using as base the learning process with self-regulation. The practice was carried out through the first term of the academic year, 2019-2020, together with the Gürlek Nakipoğlu High School’s 94 12th grade (final year) students. For the research of the learning process with self-regulation, three data collecting instruments have been used, which are English Readiness Test, English Achievement Test and English Attitude Test. The data used for the research of personal innovativeness levels were obtained through a questionnaire and a presonal innovatiness scale, developed by the researcher. At the end of the English class, which had been arranged accordingly with the learning process with prior arrangement, such findings were obtained: After the practice, it is clearly seen that the student’s success is considerably high, depending on the learning process with self-regulation in English learning. Moreover, as a result of researching their personal innovativeness levels, such findings have been reached...

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Психологическа структура на изобразителната дейност и ролята на познавателните психични процеси като основен елемент на детското творчество

Author(s): Zhivka I. Aneshteva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The report addresses the issues of the psychological structure of visual activities which is at the origin of defining the developmental stages of the visual activities and it‘s correct methodological guidance of preschool age. Emphasis is given to the development of specifical for preschool age cognitive mental processes, the mechanism of their formation and manifestation in the visual creative activities.

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To Where Joseph Roth Came From, or Travels Based on a Historical-Literary Archive

Author(s): Magdalena Baran-Szołtys / Language(s): English Issue: 1 (19)/2022

The article discusses contemporary travels to Galicia in Germanlanguage literature from 1989 to 2016 and presents its thematic and focal development. After an excursus into the meaning and history of travel texts to Galicia, which were crucial in constituting the province, the article, through drawing on the relation between mnemonics theory and archives, attempts to demonstrate how travels to historical spaces function. The following analysis is carried out on the basis of texts that draw on the historical-literary archive, which is one of three archival types the author developed in her research.

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Motor Simulation and Ostensive-Inferential Communication

Author(s): Angelo D. Delliponti / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The ostensive-inferential model is a model of communication, an alternative to the code model of communication, based on pragmatic competence: it explains human communication in terms of expression and recognition of informative and communicative intentions, founding comprehension on the distinction between literal meaning and the speaker's meaning. Through informative intentions we try to make evident the content of a message to a receiver, or to make evident what we want to communicate to him/her: communicative intentions are used to make evident the very fact that we intend to communicate. One hypothesis is that ostensive-inferential communication is what makes human language possible. Since an extensive literature has highlighted the role of the Theory of Mind in ostensive-inferential communication, this hypothesis fits with the idea that a mechanism for mentalizing underlies human communication. The aim of the present paper is to stress the role of lower-level mechanisms, specifically of motor simulation, in the recognition of informative and communicative intentions, in order to outline an embodied account of ostensive communication. Specifically, the hypothesis is that this process is involved in language acquisition during development, and that it plays a role in the associative learning process involved in language acquisition during childhood. To this aim, in future research it may be useful to test the involvement of motor simulation (specifically, phono-articulatory and semantic) in the recognition of informative and communicative intentions in toddlers. Since some models of language evolution focus on the role of motor simulation, a supplementary goal is to deepen its role in the biological evolution of language, focusing on the specific link between motor simulation and intentions in the framework of ostensive-inferential model.

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Associations between digital amnesia, sleep disorders and somatic symptoms among youth

Author(s): James Robert Savarimuthu,Kadhiravan Subramanian / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Digitalization has accelerated and improved the accuracy of information processing. It has changed society into a connected world. The spread of COVID-19 changed individuals' daily routines drastically over the past two years, especially among youth due to the temporary closure of colleges and universities. The usage of digital devices by youth has increased as a result of online learning platforms, leading to digital reliance and a negative impact on their sleep quality. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate (1) the association between digital amnesia, sleep disorders and somatic symptoms, (2) the difference in digital amnesia based on the demographic categories, (3) the effect of digital amnesia and sleep disorders on somatic symptoms. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 326 young people aged 18 to 25 years. Data was collected from participants using the Digital Amnesia Scale, Sleep Disorders Symptom Checklist (SDS-CL-17), and Somatic Symptom Disorder-B Criteria Scale (SSD-12). There was a significant association between digital amnesia, sleep disorders, and somatic symptoms among youth. Youth differed significantly in their digital amnesia based on their demographic categories such as gender and family type. Somatic symptoms among youth were significantly impacted by digital amnesia and sleep disorders. Youth could overcome their digital amnesia by utilizing digital devices effectively. Youth could also be sensitized about adverse effects of digital amnesia. Taking a digital break could help them improve their quality of sleep and reduce somatic symptoms

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Using online practice tests based on authentic short stories in English to enhance student language skills

Author(s): Gergana Petkova,Vanya Ivanova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The purpose of this article is to explain the principle behind practice tests based on authentic short stories in English, describe their construction, and outline their application which aims to increase student knowledge and skills in a foreign language. The methodology employs digital practice tests created following a set of criteria for test development based on Bloom’s taxonomy. The results of the study indicate certain benefits of the practice tests: short stories introduce new vocabulary and the tests provide reinforcement, which both facilitates and motivates the students.

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Zaangażowanie aksjologiczne psychologii rozwojowej

Author(s): Adam Niemczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2021

The paper focuses on the cognitive value of psychological knowledge about the human mind and personality development in children, adolescents and adults. It is argued that axiological engagement of developmental psychology means reference to its object of study with truth-value judgments about it. The understanding of human development entails an axiological engagement with it that is directed towards truth. Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz wrote about the significance of the anti-irrational stance in our cognition and in our actions guided by cognition toward reaching planned desirable ends within our human social world. Ajdukiewicz has pondered the epistemic value of being true or false with our knowledge; any utilitarian or pragmatic considerations or uses of it notwithstanding. It is assumed by him that one should preserve an anti-irrational stance in order to decide on the difference between true and false beliefs. It is argued that the science of psychology reduces the value of cognition to utilitarian and pragmatic values and knows next to nothing about how to identify truth and falsity of beliefs. This assertion implies an urgent need to find out how children, youth, and adults learn to deal with epistemic values of their beliefs. One should put aside the positivistic and empiricist theory of human cognition in order to open a space for a new proposal in developmental psychology. It deals with the relation of reference of beliefs of human subjects to the objects of their cognition in their social world and argues for the return to the notion of ideals in psychology in order to investigate their indispensable role in human mind and personality development.

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Prawda podstawową wartością w nauce

Author(s): Eunice Hempolińska-Nowik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2021

The author argues that truth is the basic value in all sciences including psychology. Respecting this value requires understanding different theories of truth, including the Aristotelian classical theory, Russell’s correspondence theory, and Tarski’s semantic theory. This is further presented and discussed in the first part of the article. In the second part, the author discusses different epistemological approaches to the correspondence between perceptual experience and reality and identifies the one favouring understanding in the science of psychology. The author further discusses and emphasises the dangers of confusing beliefs and truth in science. In the next part of the article the consequences and dangers of relativizing truth and of multiplying its subjective types are discussed. The author then refers to an approach which proposes a break with ideals in the assessment of the adequacy of assertions made by social sciences. The author outlines the difference between the concepts of idea and ideal and their roles in psychology. Finally, the author discusses and opposes irrationalism in science, outlining the importance of safeguarding the value of truth in order to achieve the goals set by psychology.

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W stronę obiektywności wartości. Odpowiedź na komentarze

Author(s): Adam Niemczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2021

Beyond immediate references to the introductory paper, one may find in the commentaries a set of other interesting issues. They are left to another occasion, since the focus here is on remarks inviting further elaboration on the main theses’ clarification and grounding. It goes in three directions, to (i) clarify the difference between a rejection of British empiricism as a misleading theory of human cognition and a postulate to replace it with an adequate theory of cognitive reference to the truth of believes about the objects of experience in the world of human culture and civilization, (ii) dismiss from the theory of human knowledge the belief in the construction of mind-representations of the objects of cognition, and to focus instead on the relation of reference in judgments to the independent objects of knowledge within the human world, and (iii) to ground the objective status of the ideal of truth and the other values within the world of culture and civilization arrangements.

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