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The aim of this paper was to examine the differences in the use of contraception among secondary school students of the year 2000 and 2010. The study involved 330 and 386 students of the same age group. The average age of respondents was 18.2 years. The students completed an anonymous survey that was identical in both surveys. The share of young people who had sex at the age of 18 was unchanged: 56% and 60.5% respectively. The first sex ratio was 15.5 years. In 2000, the young men had three partners, while 2010 was four, while the girls had one or two partners. There is no significant difference in the use of contraception. A statistically significant difference is seen in the variety of contraceptive methods. Ten years ago young people used to a much lesser extent condoms, and to a greater extent the tablets and interruption of intercourse as a method. The number of young people who had become sexually active, as well as the beginning of sexual intercourse, showed no difference. However, the number of sex partners increased as well as the high share of young people who never use contraception. The education system needs to plan for a larger number of activities for secondary school students and even elementary school students. Active participation of young people in educational and preventive programs contributes to the development of their self-esteem and responsible sexual behaviour.
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The health and social protection of motherhood and children is one of the priority measures of population policy in Croatia. The aim of the paper is to gain insight into vital statistical and demographic changes and some indicators of reproductive health of women as well as newborn health through analysis of available data. In addition to the total number of inhabitants according to the censuses, other relevant indicators have been presented, including population age, birth rate, mortality and natural change, vital index, perinatal mortality rate, general fertility rate, and share of fertile contingent of women. Data source is the annual report of the Central Bureau of Statistics. The population of Croatia is characterized by aging processes. Mortality rate in the twenty-year period in a slight increase, from 11.4 to 11.8, while at the same time the birth rate in a significant decline, from 10.8 to 9.8. This has led to a decline in the natural population growth of -0.6 to -2.2. In Croatia, perinatal mortality is steadily decreasing, ranging from 9.8 in 2001 to 6.8 in 2010, which also indicates a high level of perinatal health protection for women. The overall fertility rate in 2010 was 42.2, which represents a significant drop in the last twenty years. In the last population census, the share of the fertile contingent of women dropped to 43.8%, which, compared to the 1971 census, fell by 7.5%. The presented indicators point to good health care for women and newborns in Croatia, while negatively affecting demographic trends driven by numerous social factors.
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The aim of this article is to reveal with an overall approach, how the psycho-social background, starting from woman image in first periods and reach modern day, is embraced by outstanding theorists of modern psychology, and also how these collected works are reflected in their definitions of woman. If it is considered that woman has been discussed with reflections against and not from primary sources throughout history, it can be seen that the most essential roots of woman narrations can be found in oral culture and the parts of written texts are made over symbol, metaphor, proposition and story. However myths (stories) that take place in oral and partly written culture about primitive man, are sacred tales, they will also present data regarding human image. Therefore with a limited effort of human being to understand the infinite, it can be understood what human being think, feel and how they interpret rather than gods/goddesses ontology. From this point of view, this article that consists of two parts, first of all will mention especially about perception of Goddess in those reflected to image of God, maintaining its efficiency in conscious or unconscious as a system of symbols intrinsic to human nature and cultural code background and then the woman image will be roughly discussed with a descriptive style over the world of mythology, psychology and faith. In the second part, it will be examined in detail how all the written and oral information about understanding woman by modern anthropologists are interpreted with the perspective of modern psychology specific to theorists such as Freud, Jung and Fromm. Eventually, it will be emphasized that past and future are integrated with information, experience and feelings with an active relationship; perception and approach of woman have stayed up to date in time continually; mythology, psychology and religion are important factors within this matter.
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Tourism, based on interaction of people who have different cultures and beliefs, is prioritized by many local and national administrators, primarily because of its economic benefits. However, it also has many environmental and socio-cultural effects. Although many factors affecting local residents' perception about tourism impacts have been examined, religiosity has mainly been under-represented. In this context, this study examines whether religiosity is effective on the perception of the socio-cultural effects of tourism, since religiosity is an important factor on communal and individual thoughts and behaviours. The study was a quantitative research and data was collected by a questionnaire from residents of Menteşe district of Muğla (N=528). In the study, multivariate statistical analysis methods were adopted and factor analyses (descriptive and confirmatory) and path analysis were applied. The results emphasize that as religiosity increases, the perception of negative socio-cultural impacts is strengthened, but there is no relation between religiosity and positive socio-cultural impact perception. These results indicate that planners and decision makers should consider the beliefs of the local people while planning and developing tourism.
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The article focuses on the professional experience of young adults, which are analysed in the context of a professional career. The theoretical framework of the analysis consists of two theories of career, namely that of Edgar Schein and that of Donald Super, the latter of whom combines human professional development with role and situational factors. The studies were conducted in the qualitative paradigm with the use of individual case study method (quasi-biographical interview). The subject of analyses was the course of the professional experience of young adult residents of Łódź, who – demographically – were entering the stage of adulthood in the year of Poland’s accession to the EU, thus performing professional roles in the development of the market society in Poland at the turn of the century. The conducted analyses indicate that the professional careers of thirty-year-olds in Łódź are horizontal and in-depth, as well as are differentiated by gender and level of education, and the situation in families of origin at the stage of growing up. However, they also have shared characteristics. The professional paths of the respondents include a multitude of jobs and positions, which are usually unstable and insecure.
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The image of Russia of the senior and young generations is refracted throughthe attitude to the Soviet past. The senior generation has a positive image. of Russia; the young onehas an ambivalent image
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The article represents empirical research of Russia’s image in the Republic ofMoldova. The following parameters of Russia’s image are revealed and described: cultural,spеcial-territorial, social, political-institutional.
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The search presented in this article comes from the need to appreciate theprofessional values of contemporary physicians in relation to eternal moral values, which seem todesignate an ideal image of the medical worker. It is commonly mentioned, both in the field ofmedical specialists and in the patients, but also in the whole society, that physicians can not highlyappreciate their specialty, since they are not socially appreciated, including by offering decentwages , are not professionally satisfied and do not have well-being in all its manifestations. In thispaper we have tried to examine this issue from another angle: the value offered to the profession isdirectly proportional to the satisfaction of professional activity, conditioning emotional, social wellbeing, all that characterizes well-being. In a survey carried out on a sample of 72 medical workers,two hypotheses were verified: the actual and ideal image of the medical worker differs; the value ofthe profession and attitudes towards medical activity correlate positively with work / professionalsatisfaction. Research results could be significant for future research to determine other importantfactors, that affects medicine employee satisfaction. Identifying factors that affect the quality ofhealth services should serve as a basis for their timely management.
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The article investigates peculiarities of ethnic identity functioning. The authorfocuses on the Russians’ ethnic identity. The author points out the actuality of the historicopsychological research of the phenomenon which allows determining both dynamical aspects of theidentity and the ethnocultural constants. The results of empirical study of the Russians’ ethnic identitywithin the historico-psychological context are given. Special attention is drawn to the fuzziness ofstructural components of identity, weak verbalization of the ethnicon, inconsistency of ethnicstereotypes. The necessity for the search of determiners of the stated peculiarities is ascertained.
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Register nonverbal is of paramount importance in human communication dueto its considerable wealth and the speed with which convey ideas and emotions especially. Theimportance of nonverbal communication for human communication derives from the fact that it isontogenetic and phylogenetic paramount, and it is impossible not to communicate nonverbally [5].Nonverbal communication includes several different ways of expression and is necessary in avariety of psychological and social contexts. Nonverbal aspects of communication are revealingenthusiasm, credibility and sincerity of communication, empowering message elements, if used in aproper manner the context and nature of the message. Adopting rules of verbal and nonverbalcommunication, the individual states, in a manner implicit position that it adopts social interactionand desire to be treated according to this position by the other participants in communication.
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Socio-environmental factors such as poverty, psychosocial services, and socialservices spending all could influence the challenges faced by vulnerable families. This paperexamines the extent to which socioeconomic vulnerability, psychosocial service consultations, andpreventative social services spending impacts the reunification for children placed in out-of-homecare. These findings have implications for decision makers, funding agencies, and child protectionagencies to improve jurisdictional resources to reduce the socioeconomic vulnerabilities ofreunifying families.
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Unfortunately, the sexual harassment exists in many society levels and forms.The author is convinced: the more we know and talk about it, the more we can do to reduce thisphenomenon.
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The main objective of this paper is to characterize the excess in cyber activity understood as destructive for the individual use of virtual reality, both – with the access and without access to the Web. These behaviors are presented in the context of group of disorders, whose essence is the loss of control and take action on an impulse. Belong to this group include pathological gambling, kleptomania, intermittent explosive disorder. In addition to the characteristics of destructive cyber activity as an area providing stimulation and gratification and as behavior similar to impulsive control disorder, presents problematic use of cyber technology as a source of compensation psychosocial deficits. Considering the possible duality of this phenomenon pointed out the practical implications in the form of different psychotherapy strategies used depending on the diagnosis of presented behaviors. If the characteristics of this phenomenon are close to impulse control disorder seems adequate to use cognitive – behavioral therapy. For the destructive usage of cyber technology as compensation mechanism for deficits, it is desirable to group therapy and individual supportive sessions focused on developing interpersonal skills.
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The aim of presented analyses was to show what influence children stories read by parents have on the child’s development at school age. Conducted research and analyses confirmed the influence of fairy tales on the moral and mental development of children. Fairy tales portray a fantasy world, in which heroes and their fates have character of symbols and do not act according to laws present in the real world. Thanks to that, they are for the child more expressive, available and beautiful. They correspond to the child’s way of understanding the world. Fairy tales allow children to understand the real world better and to organize experience acquired in it. The child learns to comprehend mentally and imaginatively the complexity of events, to connect separate facts and subordinate them to the main idea. Fairy tales stimulate and develop the fantasy, imagination and cognitive abilities of the child, i.e. an intuitive thinking and an ability to understand human problems. The child learns to solve problems alone, to look for ways of solving them, to draw conclusions. The child through fairy tales gets to know itself.
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As a graphic sign on the skin, tattoo is known since the time of tribal culture. Modern tattoos are not safe, many complications are difficult to treat and the problem of removal of unwanted tattoo is medically and aesthetically unsatisfying.
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Music therapy has been internationally recognized as a health-promoting profession since the end of World War II, and music therapists have been conducting research in neonatal intensive care since the 1990s. Music therapy professional training was established in Poland in 1973 at the Music Academy in Wrocław, and Polish music therapists have recently begun to seek specialization to work within neonatal intensive care. The commencement of the multi-site international randomized controlled trial LongSTEP, Longitudinal Study of music Therapy’s Effectiveness for Premature infants and their caregivers, has provided the impetus for Polish music therapists to begin offering music therapy services in neonatal intensive care. Thus, engagement in research marks the critical first step in the development of music therapy in neonatal care in Poland. This perspective article examines the current state of experimental research on music therapy in neonatal care and explores its implications for future research in Poland by (1) presenting the clinical aspects of prematurity; (2) summarizing experimental research on music therapy in neonatal intensive care; (3) identifying gaps in the related evidence base; (4) discussing recent developments in international music therapy research; (5) contextualizing music therapy in the Polish neonatal health care system; (6) presenting advanced training in neonatal music therapy, and (7) discussing how culturally relevant aspects of neonatal settings in Poland might impact future research. There is preliminary evidence that music therapy plays a beneficial role for preterm infants and their primary caregivers during the neonatal period; however, research examining long-term impacts and longer-term intervention is needed. Researchers in Poland are poised to make a significant contribution to the international evidence base related to music therapy in neonatal care, and further exploration of particular facets of the Polish neonatal health care system that will impact the delivery of music therapy is warranted.
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Previous studies have shown that study addiction is related to worse academic performance among music academy students as well as in the general population of students, suggesting that excessive examination stress may impair their performance on exams. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the newly developed concept of “study addiction” and examination stress among students of music academies. Study addiction has been defined within the framework of theory and research on work addiction as a potential behavioral addiction. A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted, with a sample of 132 students of music academies in Poland. The Bergen Study Addiction Scale, assessing seven core addiction symptoms related to studying, was administered together with a commonly used measure of personality and single-item measures of examination stress and learning engagement. Multiple hierarchical regression analysis showed that study addiction was related to higher examination stress above and beyond personality traits. What is more, while study addiction showed a positive relationship with examination stress, learning engagement showed a negative association with examination stress. The results suggest that, among music academies students, study addiction is related to higher stress during exams and that study addiction and learning engagement are different constructs. Taking into account the relationship of study addiction with higher stress in situations of being evaluated, future studies are warranted that would link study addiction to music performance anxiety, which is one of the most widely studied phenomena in the psychology of music.
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