Zanim skrystalizował się zakres badań, czyli o rozwoju nauk o człowieku i rasach ludzkich na ziemiach polskich w drugiej połowie XIX wieku

Author(s): Katarzyna Wrzesińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2021

The article describes the debate of Polish scholars about the purposes and scope of research in the field of anthropology. A number of factors had an impact on the course of this debate and its diverse conclusions. The second half of the 19th century marks an initial period of the development of this branch of study. First anthropologists were physicians from profession and that is why the emphasis was put on the significance of research concerning the physical aspect of humans and the division of humans into different races. At the same time, a need to combine biology with culture and social life of humans arose. This approach was to be supported with the use of sciences considered as auxiliary to physical anthropology such as history, ethnography, ethnology, sociology, linguistics, and archeology. The reception of the Western science did not offer readymade patterns. In fact, in the West, a number of established scholarly attitudes existed simultaneously, and were shaped by independent specific national traditions. Moreover, the split of human sciences into separate disciplines had not been completed yet. Accordingly, synonymic terms such as anthropology, ethnology, and ethnography were still in use interchangeably in Poland.Polish scholarly writings as well as works popularizing science – both are sources of material in this article – played a significant role in elaborating a way to understand the emerging human sciences. The problem of anthropology was thus introduced and a wider circle of readers became interested in it. Without independent Polish studies and without the reception of foreign research during the period of partitions in Poland, human sciences would not have developed after 1918 in the sovereign Polish Republic.

O dezbatere actuală - muzeele și bunăstarea

Author(s): Gabriela Vilău / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

Well-being is not just a buzzword, it is a complex concept that has become widely used in the museum sector. In this article we are trying to identify how museums can contribute to the wellbeing of individuals, especially for those with a range of health condition (mental health service users, people with dementia or older people). As a reliable community asset, museums can be embedded into social prescribing schemes as a specific way to provide benefits for those people who I have already indicated. There is increasing evidence linking museum object handling sessions to individual wellbeing. Hence, museums bring unique value to public health interventions, more specifically, tactile engagement with museum artefacts has therapeutic effects on participants.

MEZAR VE MEZARLIKLARIN BİNBİR GECE MASALLARINDAKİ YANSIMALARI

Author(s): Hasan Kizildağ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 43/2023

The grave is an element that impacts human life and social consciousness in terms of being the last stop of the life journey that begins with birth and continues until the moment of death. In this respect, it is understandable and natural that the centers of perception that develop around graves and cemeteries instill ideas such as death, transition to the afterlife, inevitable end, eternal rest, eternity, eternity, or absolute darkness. In all periods of history, the reality of death has been thought about and tried to make sense of. The fact that both celestial religions and local religions have many commonalities in their view of death and the grave in connection with death, and the fact that every human being will ultimately experience the end called death, has brought the understanding of death and the grave to a place on the agenda in the internal and external world of society. In addition, depending on the fact that many cultures throughout history have believed in life after death, graves have been seen as a stop on the way to the next stage and a gateway to the afterlife. In this respect, graves, the most precise reflection of the reality of death, have gained a great place in the oral and written cultural products of societies. In the Thousand and One Nights Tales, this study analyzes the thoughts of graves/graveyards, which are the transitional places between the world of the living and the dead. The appearance of cemeteries in The Thousand and One Nights Tales is classified under thirteen headings.

Етнолингвистичният речник на българската народна медицина – фрагмент от българската езикова картина на света

Author(s): Mariyana Vitanova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Over the centuries, traditional Bulgarian folk culture has developed a system of healing practices and magical rites for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. The lexemes from the thematic groups of health and disease reveal the knowledge and experience of Bulgarians in the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as the place of physical and mental health in their value system. The aim of the Ethnolinguistic Dictionary of Bulgarian Folk Medicine is to present the concepts of health and disease in the Bulgarian linguistic picture of the world in a synchronous and diachronic aspect, revealing their linguistic representatives in dialects from all over the Bulgarian language and medieval manuscripts.

Перикле Папахаджи и въпросът за балканската лингвокултурна симбиоза

Author(s): Anastasia Petrova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The article examines Papahagi’s contribution to the study of Balkan languages. His work Parallele Ausdrücke und Redensarten im Rumänischen, Albaneseschen, Neugriechischen und Bulgarischen (1908) provides valuable information about the lexical corpora of the Balkan languages and draws attention to the unique spiritual closeness between the peoples who have inhabited our lands for centuries. The linguistic material in the work evokes an association with a number of discussion issues in contemporary Balkan linguistics.

Subjektiivsuse aspekt Aurora Semperi kontserdikriitikas aastail 1938–1940 ja 1957–1965

Author(s): Meeta Morozov / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 87/2023

The article examines the subjective aspect in concert reviews by Estonian music critic, pianist, teacher and music historian Aurora Semper (1899–1982), investigating whether and how different socio-political context influenced the manifestation of Semper’s subjective evaluations and taste in her writings for the newspapers Postimees (1938–1940) and Sirp ja Vasar (1956–1965). The paper focuses on the question of to what extent Semper’s subjective aesthetic understandings developed by the 1930s, such as seeing chamber music at the top of the hierarchy of musical genres, her educational background, including piano studies and the experience of West European musical life, were expressed during the Soviet regime with its demands on re-evaluation of music according to the Marxist-Leninist ideology. Comparing Semper’s reviews written in the late 1930s and 1960s, enough common features emerge. The found similarities include the preference for chamber music/ensembles and symphony concerts as well as the focus on the performance aspect, interest in historical issues and the observation of the long-term development of the collective/artist. Also, the attitude towards contemporary music is generally supportive and favourable. As a difference, one can notice the absence of stage works’ reviews in Semper’s Soviet-era writings and a stronger ideological message which is not emphasized but which Semper expressed when necessary in her attitudes, as well as the use of language and emphases. It can therefore be concluded that Aurora Semper’s subjectivity, which was strongly shaped by her studies in Europe (Germany, France) in the 1920s, broad mind and curiosity for knowledge, marriage to an intelligent and tolerant writer and politician Johannes Semper, music history teaching experience and a delicate character, became visible in the relatively free press of the independent Estonia in the 1930s and remained generally unchanged, despite the new socio-political context, in the much more rigid and ideologically controlled Soviet years.

Feminine Origin in the Cosmogonic Ideas of the Slavic and Eastern Philosophy: a Comparative Analysis

Author(s): Oksana Petinova,Violeta Svitlytska / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2023

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the role of the feminine principle in the cosmogonic ideas of the Slavic peoples and the philosophy of the Ancient East, in particular, India and China, to the establishment of common and distinctive features of female personification. The authors conclude that the ancient tribal culture, which was based on the logic of nature, the maintenance of the world in unity and the balance of opposites, was much more favorable to women than monotheistic religions, which affirmed the sinful nature of women. Ideas about the origin and development of the universe occupy a central place in the mythological heritage, in the cosmic processes and powerful forces of nature, the unbreakable harmony of male and female principles can be traced, where male energy consists in the idea of fertilization, and female energy – in birth and creation. In every mythological system, there is a character of the Mother Goddess, who acts as a co-creator of the world and living beings, but with the establishment of the patriarchal system, the mythological paradigm undergoes changes, and the female principle is gradually recognized as secondary, or it was completely leveled in the processes of world creation. The archetype of the Great Mother reflects the functioning of human values and runs through the entire history of philosophy and culture.

Between Biology and Culture. Polish Reflections on the Concept of Race in the Nineteenth Century

Author(s): Joanna Nowak,Katarzyna Wrzesińska / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2023

In the nineteenth century, the Polish reflection on race and derivative terms was strongly influenced by the Western thought. New achievements and terminology in the field of natural sciences were adopted. Gradually, there was a change of look at peoples, their origin and diversity. In the Enlightenment, while hierarchizing humankind, its biological variety was emphasized. The Romanticism focused on human culture and spirituality. The Positivism, in turn, based on the achievements of natural sciences, saw the basis for evaluation of human groups in biological criteria. The state of contemporary ideas and knowledge favoured the formulation of various racial theories, which also had their own political context. The analysis of Polish sources made it possible to show the specificity of the domestic view in this field. It was often critical, but also approving the division of humankind into lower and higher races. This resulted from the adoption of a Eurocentric point of view. Historiosophy, seeking factors determining a historical role of a given race, also contributed to the search for differences between the white nations of Europe.

The Priorities and Challenges of Diaspora Education Policies in Poland and Lithuania

Author(s): ANZHELA POPYK / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The changing character of diasporas and states’ politics intersect with new challenges in the policymaking process. This study aims to investigate the priorities and hardships of the diaspora education policies in Poland and Lithuania. The study applies the three-dimensional approach (Lesińska, Popyk 2021) to study diaspora policy and draws on qualitative research with the diaspora state institution representatives in the two countries. This paper compares the role of diaspora education policy in a broader policy context, alongside presenting the challenges, namely “socio-demographic”, “methodological”, “political” and “financial”, that state institutions face while ensuring education for the young members of diasporas. It contributes to the scholarship on diaspora policies studies by presenting how state institutions approach and govern the relationships with young diasporas through ensuring education and support social and cultural life of diaspora schools.

Pomoc medyczna świadczona Żydom ocalałym z obozów koncentracyjnych tuż po zakończeniu działań wojennych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem leczenia choroby głodowej

Author(s): Maria Ciesielska / Language(s): Polish Issue: Suplement/2023

The work presents the activities of institutions providing medical care to Jewish survivors soon after the end of II world war within the borders of post-war Poland. The health situation of former prisoners of concentration camps and the scope of the assistance provided are described on the basis of accounts and memories of former prisoners and doctors, as well as available studies. An attempt has also been made to outline the activities of institutions entrusted with the task of caring for the health of the survivors, such as: the Society for the Protection of the Health of the Jewish Population in Poland (TOZ) and the Department for Aid to the Jewish Population. The first results of research on the effects of chronic starvation in concentration camps and attempts to optimize treatment are also described. The need for nutrition and the treatment of infectious diseases came to the fore.

VALEA BISTRICIOAREI-HISTORY AND SOCIETY

Author(s): Carmen-Maria Citirigă (Țepeș) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2023

The proposed article provides a detailed analysis of the toponymy of a mountainous region, especially the Bistricioara valley area, highlighting aspects related to natural resources, history and ethnography. The study addresses the origin and significance of toponyms in this region, presenting various examples and providing information about the geographical and historical characteristics of each place name. The text also discusses various classifications of toponyms, highlighting how they reflect geological, hydrographic, and human aspects. Emphasis is placed on the diversity of toponym structures, including simple and compound, highlighting their importance in identifying and understanding local history and culture. Linguistic and etymological influences on toponym formation are also explored, with mentions of elements of Latin, Slavic, Hungarian and Germanic origin.

Габриеле Волф на 65 години

Author(s): Petar Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 47/2023

In memoriam Марта Форсайт

Author(s): Boryana Alexandrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 47/2023

НАТАША ДИДЕНКО, ОКТОМВРИСКИ ФЕСТИВАЛИ НА НАРОДНИ ИГРИ И ПЕСНИ ВО БИТОЛА, ШТИП И СКОПЈЕ (1947–1952)

Author(s): Biljana Ristovska-Josifovska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1-2/2023

Review of: Nataša Didenko, October Festivals of Folk Dances and Songs in Bitola, Štip and Skopje (1947 — 1952), Skopje, 2021, 167.

Den Slawen auf der Spur

Author(s): Reinhard Ibler / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2023

Review of: Den Slawen auf der Spur. Festschrift für Eduard Mühle zum 65. Geburtstag. Hrsg. von Matthias E. Cichon , Anne Kluger, Martin Koschny und Heidi Hein-Kircher. (Studien zur Ostmitteleuropaforschung, Bd. 55.) Verlag Herder-Institut. Marburg 2022. 283 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-87969-476-1.

John C. Swanson: Fassbare Zugehörigkeit

Author(s): Beáta Márkus / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2023

Review of John C. Swanson: Fassbare Zugehörigkeit. Deutschsein im Ungarn des 20. Jahrhunderts. (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für deutsche Kultur und Geschichte Südosteuropas an der Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München (IKGS), Bd. 140.) Verlag Friedrich Pustet. Regensburg 2020. 520 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-7917-3113-1.

BETWEEN SHAVING AND MAKING PEACE WITH JOHN II COMNENUS When Did the Venetians Give up Wearing Long Beards?

Author(s): Şerban Marin / Language(s): English Issue: 60/1/2023

This paper discusses how the Venetian chronicles written in the 14th–18th centuries represent the episode in which the ban on wearing beards in Venice under Doge Domenico Michiel is connected to the hostilities with the Byzantine Empire in the context of the expedition against Cephalonia in 1126. It is about a strange connection at the first glance; however, some Venetian chroniclers that inserted this event were tempted to consider this decision as an act of contempt against the Greeks that even made Emperor John II Comnenus decide to end the hostilities and demand peace. The paper also brings fragments that introduce this event in Venetian chronicles.

REVITALIZAREA DIGITALĂ A PRODUSELOR DE PORT POPULAR

Author(s): Svetlana Cangas,Elena Florea-Burduja / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2022

Restoring and revitalizing popular port products is a long-term process. The time workmanship for making a shirt by an experienced craftswoman lasts about from six to nine months. Various studies of the folk costume often require the restoration of the product. The need for restoration is imposed by: the analysis and study of the cooperation of embroidery elements with the form of product offered by shirts of different types; analysis and adaptation of the shape of the shirt to the conformation of the wearer; analysis of the form and assembly methods offered by the cut schemes; restoration of cut landmarks and schemes with immediate simulation on the mannequin of museum products (Republic of Moldova); analysis and adaptation of these products to carrier conformation parameters; identification of conformation parameters, etc. The advanced level of contemporary digital technologies allows us in reduced time to simulate the product form without waste accumulations and the destruction of raw material resources. In this work will be presented the results offered by the digital simulation of the products of folk costumes, vestiges of the cultural heritage from the Museum of History and Ethnography, Hancesti city. You also have the connection possibilities of digital technologies and technologies used in the manufacture of popular port products.

ARTISTIC ASPECTS OF TRADITIONAL BESSARABIAN FURNITURE (LATE 19TH CENTURY - MID-20TH CENTURY)

Author(s): Madan Elena / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

The study focuses on the artistic aspects of traditional furniture from Bessarabia, dating from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century. We emphasize the importance of materials, decorative techniques, artistic means, and decorative structure in the crafting and decorating of traditional furniture. The motivation for this research lies in analyzing how the culture and folk art of Moldova are reflected in the characteristics of traditional furniture. The specific hypothesis of this study posits that Moldovan traditional furniture represents an expression of the talent and artistic sense of the craftsmen and householders from Moldova. The research aims to conduct a detailed analysis of the materials used, including wood and others, as well as decorative techniques such as carving, sculpture, and painting. The objectives include a comprehensive description of the mentioned materials and techniques. The research methods included documentary analysis, relevant illustrations, and extensive field research in all regions of the Republic of Moldova, spanning the years 2007-2023, contributing to the scientific and applied foundation of the research. The main results consist of highlighting the role of traditional furniture in reflecting Moldovan culture and folk art, providing data and illustrative images to support these aspects.

Регионално развитие и културни коридори: теоретични и методологически аспекти

Author(s): Vesselin Panov Loulanski / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the relationship between regional development, tourism, and cultural corridors in particular; the methodology of researching this relationship, and presents an author's scheme for tourism planning pillars for the purposes of regional development.