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Działalność ruchów anarchistycznych w Królestwie Polskim na przełomie XIX i XX stulecia

Author(s): Waldemar Potkański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2014

In the second half of the 19th century, alongside Marxism dominating the left, anarchist ideas also started to be disseminated in Europe. In the Russian Empire, industrial transformations activated anarchist and anti-system forces (such as those involved in Narodnaya Volya) invoking the universal freedom of people, who were entangled in a new slavery based on socio-economic factors in an era of aggressive capitalism. Around 1903, various anarchist organisations became more active in the borderland of the Kingdom of Poland and western Russia, mainly in Białystok Voivodeship. Large numbers of supporters of workers’ parties joined extremist organisations such as Chernoe Znamia or Beznachalie. The period of revolutionary upheaval started in 1905 was conducive to the development of anarchist organisations in the Kingdom of Poland, especially in large cities, such as Warsaw and Łódź. Members of the Workers’ Conspiracy, the International, and the Group of Revolutionary Avengers carried out armed assassinations of members of the tsarist authorities as well as the local bourgeoisie. Their activities were brutally suppressed by the police and Okhrana agents.

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Machiavelli și machiavelismul în cultura română. Primele traduceri

Author(s): Cristina Ion / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2001

Comment Machiavel est-il entré dans la culture roumaine, comment a-t-il été reçu? La réception roumaine de l’oeuvre du secrétaire florentin est analysée, tout au long du XIXe siécle, au niveau des commentaires, des reprises, des traductions et du vocabulaire. Sur un premier volet la lecture roumaine de Machiavel reprend les grandes lignes du débat européen sur la question. Cité, repris ou traduit surtout de maniére parémiologique, Machiavel est engagé dans la dispute politique roumaine de I’époque et il est également appelé a fournir des arguments en faveur de l’irredenta roumaine. Machiavel est donc moins regu comme penseur et fondateur de la politique moderne, qu’en tant que héraut de l’unité nationale, italienne et toute autre. En second lieu, l’examen du vocabulaire mis en oeuvre au niveau des traductions révéle tant le dégré de maturité conceptuelle de la langue roumaine, que la maniére dont les traducteurs roumains et leur public éntendaient comprendre et interpréter Machiavel.

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COOPERAREA ROMÂNO-IRANIANĂ ÎN PERIOADA 1965-1979

Author(s): Roxana Georgiana Nistor / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 32/2023

The present paper analyzes the period in which Romania-Iran relations experienced the greatest development, from their beginnings until Nicolae Ceaușescu took power, both on a political and diplomatic level, and also on economic level. Until the abdication of the Iranian shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, in 1979 as a result of the outbreak of the Islamic Revolution, there was an intense collaboration between the governments in Tehran and Bucharest, mostly supported by joint plans for the economic development of the two states. Nicolae Ceaușescu found in Iranian shah a discussion partner with similar views on economic investments, which contributed to the signing of numerous agreements for the industrial infrastructure development in both states.

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ION (IANCU) BĂLĂCEANU (1828 – 1914), POLITICAL MAN AND DIPLOMAT OF MODERN ROMANIA

Author(s): Denisa Anamaria BURNEI / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2023

Ion (Iancu) Bălăceanu had a political career in continuous ascent occupying different key positions, such as: prefect of Câmpulung (1848), deputy of Râmnicu Sărat County (1867), prefect of the Bucharest police (1859; 1873) and senator (1876). The diplomatic career of Iancu (Ion) Bălăceanu was built, on one hand by the missions that he had in Paris (1866; 1884- 1885), Constantinople (1870-1871; 1866-1888), Vienna (1876-1882), at Rome (1882-1884) and London (1893-1901) as a diplomatic agent or as envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary minister, and on the other hand by his participation as a delegate in the framework at the first Commission of the banks of the Danube. The peak of his career was reached during the period 30 January – 30 March 1876 when he fulfilled his mandate as a Minister of Foreign Affairs. Also, remains an unforgettable contribution he had to the recognition of Romanian independence by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and also in the signing of the treaty between Romanians and Austro-Hungarians on 18 October 1883.

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THE SELECTION OF RUSSIA TO HOST THE 2018 FIFA WORLD CUP – A CASE STUDY

Author(s): Laurențiu-Nicolae Ginghină / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 32/2023

A case study in the sociology of sport on how after taking power in Russia in 1999 and consolidating it in the first half of the 2000s, Vladimir Putin wanted to achieve the organization of FIFA World Cup 2018 as a manifestation of his authority and power on the national and international stage. For this, Putin turned to his old colleague from the St. Petersburg mayor's office, from the 1990s, Vitaly Mutko, a skilled politician, involved in football in Russia, as well as to the oligarch Roman Abramovich. Russia submitted its candidacy for the organization of FIFA World Cup 2018 in 2009, simultaneously with the election of Mutko as a member of the FIFA Executive Committee, whose 24 members were to vote in 2010 to choose the organizing country. The good relations established by Putin, Mutko and Abramovich with FIFA President Sepp Blatter and the other members of the FIFA Executive Committee secured Russia the desired nomination on December 2, 2010. Putin flies to Zurich the same day to personally thank Sepp Blatter for the result of the vote. In the years following the vote, Sepp Blatter will be banned from football for irregularities, and in total more than half of the FIFA Executive Committee members who voted on December 2, 2010 to choose Russia as the host for FIFA World Cup 2018 will be accused of corruption.

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CZECH SACRED PLACES IN TEXAS AS THE KEY ELEMENT FOR PRESERVING CZECH IDENTITY

Author(s): Lukáš Perutka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The process of Czech and Moravian immigration to Texas is a well-known phenomenon. Since 1848, tens of thousands decided to cross the ocean to seek a better future in the “Lone Star state.“ Although their history is well documented, there are still themes to be explored. Their religious activity and the connection it has created with their metropolis is one of them. The church and its institutions sent priests to America to attend to the immigrants in their mother tongue and helped them preserve their cultural identity. Furthermore, they organized the construction of their sacred places that would remind the parishioners of their home country. One example could be the famous painted churches still present in Texas today. This topic has not received proper attention from historians because it requires studying sources on both sides of the Atlantic. The presented contribution tries to change this unflattering fact using the microhistorical approach. Its aim is threefold. First, explain the historical dimension of the religious connection between the Czech and Moravian immigrants in Texas with their metropolis. Second, describe the sacred places of the immigrants, how they were built, what role they played in their everyday life, and how they established a bond with their country of origin. Third, what importance did the sacred places of the Czechs and Moravians have in preserving their language and cultural identity? The microhistorical approach demands the use of various and fragmented sources, and this study will be no exception. It will use archive material from Austria and the Czech Republic, principally the funds of the religious organizations that supported the immigrants in Texas, such as the Leopoldine Society. Furthermore, the article will use published contemporary personal recounts and secondary literature. The content of these sources will be critically analysed to answer the research questions and hopefully contribute to the theme of religion and its invaluable role in an immigrant society.

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BĂLȚI LOCALITY FROM FAIR TO MUNICIPALITY: URBAN IDENTITY AND HISTORICAL-POLITICAL FLUCTUATIONS

Author(s): Ludmila Șimanschi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 34/2023

In this study, we intend to reveal the modification of the identity of Bălți locality with the historical-political changes, so to achieve an evolutionary historical panorama of urban identity change. At the beginning, we synthesized all the theories that define the concept of "urban identity", in order to diachronically analyze the urban image of Bălți and to gather all the important components in the formation of identity: both those referring to natural elements (topography, climate, geology, location) and those referring to social identity (demographic structure, institutional structure and cultural structure) and to the human landscape, the artificial built environment, because the series of attributes identified with the city can add symbolic value to the identity of the Balti urban space, modified over time. Bălți has the most spectacular urban evolution compared to other localities in Bessarabia, starting from the uncertain hypostasis of a fair, it becomes an urban locality with a fragile identity, subordinated to the subjective factor, to the entrepreneurial spirit of Alexandru Panaite, the owner of the city; becoming the capital of a county, by chance, and a municipality. Over time, it changed its identity depending on the change of the political regime: tsarist, Romanian, Soviet, neocommunist, and urban function: commercial and economic communications center important for the northern area of the country, episcopal, industrial, university center.

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PERSPECTIVES ON THE PARTITION OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN

Author(s): Marian Suciu / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2023

For a long time, the Indian subcontinent was under British rule, but more and more Indians fought for independence in the twentieth century, and the British were forced to renounce their rule. In 1947, the British offered independence to two different states, Pakistan and India, which provoked only violence, as the two peoples had lived together for a long period of time and were suddenly being made to choose a side according to their religion; thus began a time of death and sorrow. The traumatic experience of the partition of India from Pakistan is not only recorded by historians, but also by writers, and the current paper will present both the way in which this event is reflected by history and in novels.

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Tożsamość zawieszona, czyli językowe formy poszukiwania i wyrażania tożsamości narodowej na przykładzie języka włoskiego

Author(s): Katarzyna Kwapisz-Osadnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

Katarzyna Kwapisz-Osadnik’s article is a reflection on Italian identity in the context of united Italy and the standardization of the Italian language. The purpose of the analysis of the linguistic exponents of expressing the subject of an utterance as a part of the research on subjectivity and the linguistic image of the world is to reveal the very essence of contemporary Italian national identity. The research corpus consists of both Internet portals, where users spontaneously express themselves and shift between their Italian and local selves (i.e., between I Italian and I Piedmontese), and online press texts addressed to all Italians and aiming to verify the Italian identity. The analysis shows that Italian identity remains suspended in favor of local identities immersed in the distinct regional histories and cultures and in the various languages.

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Elites and masses, revolution and conservatism in the 19th century

Author(s): Ionuț-Alexandru Bârliba / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

The tension between the elites and the masses is a central phenomenon of the 19th century, the century of paradigm changes and the transition from the Old Regime to the modern era. The present article analyzes these profound changes through several essential concepts such as: individual, elites, masses, freedom and refers to some relevant works and authors in this regard. John Stuart Mill talks about the tyranny of the majority and conformism, Søren Kierkegaard brings up the leveling pressure of the masses on the individual, Gustave Le Bon and José Ortega Y Gasset deal with the modern phenomenon of mass democracy and the emergence of the Mass-Man. In this context, the article analyzes the conservative perspective on these changes, emphasizing the critical view of Edmund Burke. Conservatives suggest reforms and prudence instead of revolutionary changes. Their solutions, although largely reasonable, cannot completely stop the emancipation of the masses, which will culminate in the next century with the totalitarian currents that will rise precisely on the leveling force of these new dominant political and social actors.

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RUSSO-TURKISH WAR 1806-1812 - REASON OF PAVLICHIANS COMMUNITY FOUNDATION FROM CIOPLEA

Author(s): Ana Rafail (Moldovan) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2023

This article aims to present the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812 as the main reason for the Bulgarian Catholic Pavlichians migration near Bucharest and the foundation of the Cioplea village - 1806 - 1813. It is underlined that for many centuries, Bulgaria's southern Danube territories have been a refuge for Pavlichian communities that have suffered over many centuries executions and deportations of population, oppression of Byzantine power and Ottoman occupation. Pavlichian communities with an ancient identity marked by conflict are descendants of the Paulician community of Armenians. From the seventh century AD, the communities of Pavlichians lived on the territories of the ancient fortresses of Philippopolis near Plovdiv and in the Nicopolis area. The Catholic communities of Bulgarian Pavlichians are mentioned since the seventeenth century, when the villages of the Pavlichians were visited by the Bosnian Franciscans conducted the missions of conversion the Pavlichians to Catholicism. In the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, Russo-Turkish wars involved the Catholic communities in the anti- Ottoman resistance struggle like the Ciprovets Uprising of 1688 event with changed the identity of these communities. The defeat of the Uprising of 1688 led to the destruction of communities in Ciprovets and to the migration of Pavlichian Catholics across the Danube into Craiove and Banat. In the nineteenth century, the aggression of the Ottomans, triggered by the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812, determined a second migration of the Catholics Pavlichians. Main of them, returned in Bulgaria, settled to the border area of Nicopolis-Shvistov, took refuge across the Danube, on the outskirts of Bucharest, founding a new community of Catholic Pavlichians: the village of Cioplea. The article analyzes the war that cause in the nineteenth century the second migration of Pavlichian Catholics from Svishtov-Nicopole, nearby Bucharest, in the 1806-1813 period. The article concludes that, under the pressure of Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812, the bulgarien catholic pavlichiens from Svishtov-Nicopole, were obliged to migrate once again in Romania, the reason for Cioplea Pavlicheans Community foundation.

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ROMANIA, CROATIA AND ITS RELATIONS WITH GERMANY BETWEEN 1940-1945

Author(s): Mihail-Gabriel Chiricheș / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2023

The present paper is probing the aspects that defined the German influence in Croatia, capturing some of the results of the subordinate politics in all aspects of the Reich and Italy. The Italian and German profiles governed the balancing policy of Croatia in favour of Germany for breaking away from the Italian friendship. Romania placed its destinies alongside Germany, these aspects being followed from the Romanian-German collaborations imposed by pacts, treaties, understandings and orientations within the Axis towards states that sought their covery of the territories taken over by Hungary in 1940.

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Ideologiczne, polityczne i filozoficzne podstawy polityki naukowej i przemysłowej niemieckiej partii Zielonych w latach 80. i 90. XX w.: przypadek „miękkiej chemii” (sanfte Chemie)

Author(s): Marcin Krasnodębski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2023

Sanfte Chemie, or soft chemistry, is a scientific and philosophical concept developed in the 1980s under the auspices of the German Green Party (Die Grünen). Its purpose was to thoroughly reconstruct not only the chemical industry but also chemistry as a science in the spirit of environmentalism. Soft chemistry followers wanted to forge a new scientific method and criticized what they called a Baconian-Cartesian paradigm in the philosophy of science. Even though the sanfte Chemie project ceased to be endorsed by the Green Party in the 1990s because of its radicalism, the history of epistemological foundations, on which the soft chemistry was built, gives us a privileged insight into a vision of chemical sciences as advocated by early proponents of sustainability and pioneers of environmental movements.The article analyses sources of sanfte Chemie, highlighting plurality and complexity of scientific, philosophical, political and ideological traditions that served as its basis. The study of the eco-critical narratives on empirical sciences allows us to better understand subsequent political choices concerning science, industry and the environment in Germany. In particular, the article shows that the tradition on which sanfte Chemie was built, gives it the advantage over later concepts, such as green chemistry, that lack philosophical depth.The purpose of the article is to question the relation between the philosophy of science and the practice of science and ponder whether different chemistry is possible at all.

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THE VISITS OF CORNELIU MANESCU TO THE FORMER FRENCH MAGHREB COUNTRIES IN 1968

Author(s): Bogdan Iulian Ranteș / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 36/2024

This study aims to analyze the visits that the Romanian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Corneliu Mănescu, made to Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. In that year, the Romanian official became known worldwide due to the fact that he was then elected president of the UN General Assembly. Thus, he was invited to visit many countries, but he was not able to honor them all. The three states were selected because, at that time, their relations with Romania were on the rise. It was initially proposed that these visits be included in a tour, but Algeria objected because they were not on good terms with Morocco. In the article we will study how these visits were prepared, their schedule and the discussions that Mănescu had with the leaders and other officials of those states. The receptions worthy of a real head of state that Mănescu received in Morocco and Tunisia will also be presented, as several protocol norms were broken. It will also be analyzed how these events were propagandistically speculated by the Romanian communist press.

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VISIT OF TSAR NICHOLAS THE SECOND TO CONSTANTA (1914) AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR RUSSIAN-ROMANIAN RELATIONS

Author(s): Ștefan-Mario Rădulescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 36/2024

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Kingdom of Romania found again the moment to approach the Russian Empire, which was now in an alliance with France and then with England. Romanians began to overcome the injustices done in the past, realizing that the only chance to fulfill the national ideal (a possible union of Transylvania and Bukovina with the Kingdom of Romania) could be done with the help of Imperial Russia. A special episode that improved the diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Romania and the Russian Empire was the visit of Tsar Nicholas the Second in Constanta on June 1st, 1914. On the occasion of this visit, the royal family of Romania aimed for a potential marriage between Prince Carol, the son of Prince Ferdinand and Princess Maria and the grand duchess Olga Nikolaevna, one of Tsar Nicholas's daughters. This event would also have an important role in the subsequent decision of the Kingdom of Romania to enter the war that was just about to begin.

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Determining Air Sovereignty System Sufficiency

Author(s): Svetoslav Slavov,Petrana Kokudeva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In order to understand the necessary potential of the air sovereignty system to cope with modern challenges, it is necessary to understand it as a complex system, including different but functionally related systems and the operational environment, whose role is reduced to the formation of requirements for these systems. For this objective, the components of the air sovereignty system and their associated criteria and benchmarks are considered. Analyzing the main components of the air sovereignty system, an attempt has been made to assess its sufficiency through the use of appropriate criteria and indicators.

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Robert Saudek — intelektuál ve spárech válečné propagandy

Author(s): Barbara Köpplová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

The text traces Saudek’s activities during his stay in the Netherlands, from 1915 to 1921. For most of this period Saudek cooperated with the Austro-Hungarian embassy in The Hague and ran his own correspondence office. At the same time, he worked for the Hollandsch Nieuwsbureau (HNB), an outwardly neutral news agency founded with considerable help of the German embassy in The Hague. Robert Saudek succeeded in convincing the diplomats in The Hague and the Viennese authorities that he was the real owner of the HNB agency.

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Don Francesco Ricci. Duszpasterz obu Europ (1930–1991)

Author(s): Bartosz Gromko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2023

Francesco Ricci (1930–1991) was an Italian priest, canon of the cathedral of Forli, ecclesiastical assistant of the Communion and Liberation, and rector of the church of San Filippo Neri in Forli. He travelled to many countries to promote Communion and Liberation: Yugoslavia, Peru, Poland, Hungary, Japan and Korea, Uganda, Paraguay, Czechoslovakia, and Brazil. Due to his interest in Eastern Europe, which was then under communist rule, he founded the Center for the Study of Eastern Europe (CSEO) in Forlì, which was dedicated to deepening and spreading knowledge about the countries of this area in Italy. The Center published, among others: translations of works by Václav Havel, Józef Tischner, and other authors.

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ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ROMANIAN DIPLOMATIC AGENCY IN PARIS (1860)

Author(s): Denisa Anamaria Briceag / Language(s): English Issue: 37/2024

After the double election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, on January 5 and 24, 1859, the Romanian political class was preoccupied with the international recognition of the new ruler and the perfection of administrative unity. All these efforts were supported by the activity of Romania's diplomatic agents in the French capital, the creation of the Agency itself representing a symbol of independence. The Agency of the United Principalities in Paris was officially recognized on August 26 / September 7, 1860, after Ioan Alecsandri (the first holder of the Agency) presented the letters of accreditation to the French Foreign Minister, Edouard Thouvenel, thus obtaining the right to use the cipher in his correspondence. Apart from Constantinople, where the existence of an Agency was provided for in the Paris Convention, during Cuza's reign, Agencies were established in Paris and Belgrade. In 1880, the Romanian Diplomatic Agency in Paris was transformed into the Romanian Legation in Paris, as a result of gaining state independence.

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AID TRANSPARENCY AND THE IMPACT OF THE DONOR-RECIPIENT PARTNERSHIP IN AFRICA

Author(s): Raveena Parbhoo / Language(s): English Issue: 37/2024

The past two decades are reviewed to see how transparent donors have been and how it has impacted their partnership with recipient nations in Africa. Their partnership plays an essential role in how aid is implemented. Corruption in resource-rich African countries is often linked to transparency and accountability. There has been an ongoing development process to lift living standards across the continent for decades. This paper examines the role of donors in promoting or preventing transparency in aid-dependent countries. It finds that while donor efforts have been significant, they often face limitations due to local context and lack of transparency. The donor-recipient relationship's power imbalance is a significant factor in aid effectiveness. Donors can influence projects and impose conditions, but recipient countries lack ownership. This imbalance can lead to disappointing or sustainable aid outcomes. This paper investigates the governance gap and the relationship between good governance, accountability, and transparency of donors. One of the most important areas in which to increase aid is transparency in operations. An index is provided to evaluate and classify donors according to the transparency of their aid efforts through ranking and assessing donors' transparency in aid delivery. This is done by providing a comprehensive understanding, which can enhance transparency research in recipient countries when combined with conceptualization and operationalization.

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