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Езикът и политическият имидж: анализ на профилите на Петър Волгин и Никола Минчев във Fасеbооk по време на предизборната кампания за народни представители и членове на Европейския парламент от Република България през юни 2024 година

Author(s): Emil Enev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 16/2024

Thе аrtiсlе will еxаminе thе rоlе оf lаnguаgе in shаping thе pоlitiсаl imаgе оf twо prоminеnt figurеs during thе 2024 еlесtiоn саmpаign. Thе fосus is оn thеir Fасеbооk pоsts, аnаlуzing thе linguistiс strаtеgiеs usеd аnd thеir impасt оn thе саndidаtеs’ pоlitiсаl imаgе. Thе studу will highlight thе impоrtаnсе оf sосiаl mеdiа аs а plаtfоrm fоr pоlitiсаl соmmuniсаtiоn аnd suppоrtеrs’ mоbilizаtiоn, аs wеll аs thе nееd tо аdаpt lаnguаgе tо thе spесifiс саpаbilitiеs оf еасh plаtfоrm fоr еffесtivе vоtеr еngаgеmеnt. Thе аrtiсlе will аlsо еmphаsizе thе signifiсаnсе оf using lаnguаgе аs а kеу tооl fоr pеrsuаsiоn аnd influеnсing publiс pеrсеptiоn.

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Wykorzystanie wizerunku polityków w przekazach typu deepfake – analiza danych fact-checkingowych z 2023 roku

Author(s): Magdalena Cyrklaff-Gorczyca,Adam Majchrzak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 52/2024

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE:The aim of study was to check images of politicians and political messages used in deepfakes in 2023 and what were the possible consequences.THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS:The goal of the work was to try to answer the main question: “How were deepfakes about politicians in 2023 used on the Internet?”. For this purpose, research questions were asked: how the definition of deepfake is understood, what topics and politicians the analyzed deepfakes concerned, what emotional tone had and what their poten‑tial consequences were. According to hypothesis, these messages were used in a negative context to cause image or social damage. The study used the content analysis method and the Fact Check Explorer tool to extract deepfakes from fact‑checking materials.THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION:The argumentative process started an introduction to artificial intelligence. Then, the deepfake technology and the possibility of using it in the disinformation process were characterized. The next step was to extract political deepfakes from the database and analyze their format, subject matter and emotional content. Finally, a summary and conclusions were presented.RESEARCH RESULTS:The article presents characteristics of deepfakes and review of 51 political deepfakes. The use of politicians’ images in the form of deepfakes most often occurred in the following thematic category: disinformation activities during election campaigns, state and international politics, and warfare. Most deepfakes had a negative emotional tone, while those with a positive and ambivalent tone were less common.CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS:The study found that politicians’ images were used mainly in context of ma‑nipulation in areas politics and economy and less frequently to manipulate pop culture and moral issues, health and medicine and online fraud. There is a need to introduce tools to identify deepfakes and programs to increase competences of users in this area.

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Kontrolna funkcja prasy politycznej: przypadek czasopiśmiennictwa Narodowej Demokracji w latach 1918–1939

Author(s): Ewa Maj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 52/2024

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The main goal is to present the discourse regard‑ing the assessment of power and politics, formulated in the interwar press of National Democracy. Detailed objectives include presenting the subject, course and effects of the monitoring function of political magazines. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The main research prob‑lem is to determine the surveillance tasks of the National Democracy press in relation to the government. The basic research method used in the text is the general desk research method combined with content analysis and press content analysis. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The introduction presents the communication strategy of National Democracy in the context of the controlling function of the press. Attention was paid to: (1) activities to protect the national well‑being of Poles; (2) supervision of the government centre. Then, the focus moved to the detailed data on tracking the meanders of the political market and creating an image of the decision‑making centre in the country.RESEARCH RESULTS: The article showed that the press of National Demo‑cracy aimed at comprehensive surveillance of the government. Journalists weregiving their opinions on the directions of internal policy and the international position of the country. A political impact of their work was demonstrated by the reactions of public authorities, including repressions.CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS:Public discourse in Poland reflects the belief that politicians, media, and society are inseparable components of the political system. The surveillance function of the media is crucial, as they are sources of independent and reliable information. Surveillance is a part of the mechanisms to gain and maintain readers’ trust. The idea of mass media are as political tools should remain in the background of the considerations.

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Identyfikacja i analiza przemocy wobec polskich polityków w postach na Twitterze

Author(s): Katarzyna Raca,BARBARA KIJEWSKA / Language(s): Polish Issue: 52/2024

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE:To determine the incidence and characteristics of violence against politicians on the social media platform Twitter (now X), considering gender differences.THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS:Research on political vio‑lence is mainly concerned with physical assaults and focuses on armed conflict or regime change. Widespread access to the Internet has ushered in a new dimension of violence, manifested in hateful and aggressive actions often directed at public figures. Text mining and artificial intelligence methods were used in this study.THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: In the first part of the article, the problem of violence against politicians is discussed, followed by a presenta‑tion of the data collection and processing methods, together with the rationale for the choice of the analysis model. The remainder of this article analyzes the collected material and cnclusions.RESEARCH RESULTS:The study did not confirm the presence of violent content in the posts of tagged politicians but revealed that almost a quarter of the tweets contained pejorative content disparaging and devaluing politicians. Although the frequency of negative comments was similar for female (24%) and male (23%) politicians, there were differences in their nature. Negative comments focused on the intellectual capacity of politicians regardless of gender. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS:This study confirms gender differences in the pejorative comments associated with traditionally assigned gender roles. Insults directed at women referred to their private lives, sexualization, and objectification, while negative comments directed at men referred to politicians’ intentions and agency. The research con‑firms the brutalization of language in the public sphere, with the utterances in question balancing between acceptable criticism and defamation or insult. The re‑sults of the study can be used to assess the emotions and opinions of the public on social media regarding specific individuals in the ruling parties.

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A háború megszokása

Author(s): Gábor Kállai R. / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2 (45)/2023

Facebook has become part of everyday life. Apart from the algorithm-generated business and political ads, Facebook’s bubbles are unique, yet inevitably attract real or fake news about the Russian-Ukrainian war. The intense interest in the war, or “special military operation”, is natural, as it is too close, and fortunately, we have not had such an experience in Europe for over twenty years. The interest is further intensified by the fact that political actors make contradictory statements about this event, as do marketable experts in traditional media. Due to the nature of Facebook, users consciously or unconsciously build a kind of burrow around themselves. The burrow (F. Kafka: Der Bau) is famously built by pounding its walls hard with our foreheads. The burrow is both a hiding place that provides security, and, at the same time, its seclusion creates uncertainty. We may wonder what is actually there, and what can come of it? If we consider any question we ask and any answer we get, the answers will be just as controversial as our questions. But there is one common result: we are beginning to get used to the war, and one frightening fact is that the politicians who decide our fate are too.

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Terminologie et politique linguistique. Le rôle des banques de données terminologiques francophones

Author(s): Jan Holeš,Zuzanna Honová,Veronika Resslerová / Language(s): French Issue: 55/2023

Since the birth of the general theory of terminology, there is an obvious need to coordinate and harmonize terminologies of various fields. In order to meet the needs of contemporary specialized communication, it is necessary to develop terminologies in a systematic way and ensure their stability. Terminological standardization is closely linked to the language policy of the respective country. Some of them have authorities responsible for their language policy. Nevertheless, the extent of their intervention in the evolution of the language can considerably differ. Terminological databases rank among the tools used by standardization authorities for harmonization and standardization of terminologies. The article presents the main francophone terminological databases, their main objectives, features, and contents, namely FranceTerm, managed by the Commission d’enrichissement de la langue française falling under the jurisdiction of the French Ministry of Culture, BelTerme, managed by the Direction de la Langue française of the Wallonia-Brussels Federation, TERMDAT, managed by the Federal Chancellery of the Swiss federal administration, TermiumPlus of the Canadian government, and Grand Dictionnaire terminologique of the Office québécois de la langue française.

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Политическите ценности „равенство“ и „справедливост“ във философията на Лок и Русо

Author(s): Ilko Krastev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

This article discusses the development of the political values of equality and justice in Enlightenment philosophy, focusing on two of its most prominent representatives, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

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How Does the Media Communicate Information about Climate Change? Analysis of Slovak Mainstream Media in 2019-2024

Author(s): Matej Majerský,Viera Kačinová / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Climate change is one of the biggest global issues and challenges facing society today. The media reflect this topic in their content, but it often fades into the background in terms of the importance of other events. However, the diversity of this topic does not stop at the issue of waste management or waste reduction. Climate change and related topics can be found in content that focuses on politics, economics, energy or culture. Certain social events can add important journalistic value to the topic in order to attract both journalists and audiences and thus make it into mainstream content. This study aims to explore how the communication of climate change in the Slovak mainstream media has evolved over the last five years. As part of a quantitative content analysis, using keyword searches via a media monitoring application, we will examine Slovak print, online and television content between 2019 and 2024 – this period captures the global events of the COVID-19 virus pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war.

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Politički outsourcing mobilizacije birača: analiza uspešnosti akcija u „ProGlas” kampanji za izlazak na izbore za narodne poslanike 2023. godine

Author(s): Bojan Vranić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 26/2024

The paper analyzes the activities of the ProGlas campaign, conducted from November 7 to December 14, 2023, as part of pre-election efforts to increase voter turnout. ProGlas is conceptualized in the study as part of voter electoral socialization through the “Get out the vote” campaign. The author argues that successful electoral socialization is one that creates a habit of voting, especially among voters with insufficient electoral experience (younger generations). The study demonstrates that due to the ad hoc nature of the ProGlas campaign, instead of motivating voter turnout, success is tied to party identification and ideological unification. The ProGlas campaign partially facilitated the socialization of voters towards the rationalization of voting, so that the votes of one ideological group (“civil opposition”) are not wasted by voting for options that have no real chance of crossing the threshold.

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Лингвистични характеристики на устния дискурс в политическата сатира (наблюдения върху видеоблог във Фейсбук)

Author(s): Silvena Stavreva-Dorostolska / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The processes of transformation and affirmation of new forms in oral communication have been very intense in the last decade. Social networks have provided a platform for sharing not only written but also audio-visual outputs. The popularity of the vlogs quickly grew, and some of their creators acquired the status of influencers. A current phenomenon on Facebook is the political satire video blog of the Bulgarian journalist, public figure and inspirer of various volunteer initiatives, Tatiana Christy. The present article analyzes some modern linguistic features of oral discourse that appear in Christy’s clips. The paths through which political satire moves from press, stage and cinema to the social network in the form of short videos are traced, exploring the establishment of new genre boundaries. The audience’s perceptual transformations are also an object of analysis.

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Framing China's Strategic Mineral Dominance: Insights from Chinese State Media

Author(s): Asad Hyatt / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This study analyses the portrayal of China's strategic mineral dominance in Chinese state media, focusing on its framing of China's intent and the West's response. Through qualitative content analysis of 125 articles published between June 2022 and May 2023 by China Daily, Global Times, and Xinhua, it uncovers themes emphasising China's leadership in rare earth elements, lithium, and cobalt, alongside the nation's strategic narrative. Findings indicate China's focus on supply chain stability, high-quality industry development, and environmental regulation. The state media highlights challenges for the West in reducing reliance on China, emphasising cost and supply chain obstacles while critiquing the politicisation of strategic mineral issues. This framing reflects China's nationalistic narrative and its portrayal as a responsible global actor. The analysis offers insights into China's resource strategy and its implications for global geopolitics and resource security.

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Panslavismul - influențele avute asupra ultimelor acțiuni ale Federației Ruse

Author(s): Adelina MARIAN,Denis‐Manuel DOBRE,Cristian Burdea,Voicu TONENCHI,Horațiu GUȚĂ / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 18/2022

The aim of this article is to highlight the historical component of the recent conflicts provoked by the Russian Federation, placed in the context of the phenomenon called "pan‐Slavism". In essence, pan‐Slavism and the idea of one nation, one language, under one banner may be, to some extent, the explanation for Russian slippage in relation to the former Soviet Union countries and, in particular, in relation to Ukraine. The concept of pan‐Slavism was one perhaps forgotten by civil society, or even completely unknown, until Vladimir Putin justified his invasion of Ukraine by saying that: 'the purpose of the invasion of Ukraine is not to occupy the country, but to protect the Russian‐speaking population of the Donbass region, which for the past eight years has had to suffer the humiliations of the government in Kyiv'. So Putin is arguing using one of the current concepts of "pan‐Slavism" ‐ one people speaking one language.

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Exploring Populism in Erdogan’s Discourse on Turkey–European Union Relations

Author(s): Önder Canveren,André Kaiser / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Many political leaders have adopted populist themes in their foreign policy discourses, motivated by, for example, revisionism, domestic mobilisation, and personalisation of foreign policy. Since the failed coup attempt in 2016, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has become a prime example of this trend. This article analyses Turkey’s relationship with the European Union (EU) by deciphering populist themes in his discourses. The article’s method, thematic discourse analysis, examines speeches and statements from multiple data sources using a deductive codebook. According to the study’s qualitative and quantitative in-depth analysis people-centrism, partnership diversification, general will, positive partisanship, and personalisation emerge as distinct populist themes in Erdogan’s speeches. Erdogan uses populism to project the image of strong/charismatic leadership as a genuine representation of the will of oppressed people(s). In his discourses, special weight is given to people-centrism, and it is supported by the themes of general will and personalisation.

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A Generational Approach to the Crisis Parties: Common Origins and Common Features

Author(s): Jorge Bronet,Rosa Borge / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Over the past two decades, Western Europe has witnessed a boom in new political parties that have obtained significant electoral results, naturally embracing digital technologies and seeking to challenge their traditional counterparts by reconnecting with the citizenry. With a critical review of the main attributes and concepts used so far by the most relevant literature, we propose a new perspective to delimit this phenomenon that allows us to observe it as a whole and not as a particular case. By focusing on scholars who underscore the importance of the historic origin to understand parties, we formulate a generational approach for setting a cohort and analyzing whether the fact that parties share contextual conditions when they emerge also means they have some common features, in contrast to the older political parties. We focus on three dimensions usually highlighted by case studies: strong digitalization (Gerbaudo 2018, 2019), thin structure (Biancalana 2016; Raniolo, Tarditi 2020; Tormey 2015) and more members (van Haute, Ribeiro 2022). In order to do so, we verify it empirically by operationalizing the Political Party Database PPDB round 2 with a sample of 98 parties from 13 Western European countries, comprising 29 new parties (that we generationally call crisis parties) and 69 older parties. This paper aims to better determine whether these new parties, which emerge in a particular political scenario, are (or were) different. The results show that the crisis parties are more digitalized, have less structure and have more members than the previous cohorts parties. In this sense, these crisis parties have brought about some relevant changes in Western European party systems.

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A Technocratic Way? Elite-led Democratic Innovations Within Conservative Parties

Author(s): Gema Sánchez Medero,F. Ramón Villaplana / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

In recent years, studies on democratic innovations within political parties have proliferated, driven by the success of new digital parties. However, there remains a gap in the literature regarding such innovations in mainstream and conservative parties, and particularly about the motivations behind their implementation (or lack thereof). This article uses as example the case of the Spanish People’s Party (Partido Popular or PP), one of the largest conservative parties in Europe with over 45 years of history. We identify the key organizational innovations introduced by the PP in the last decade and evaluate the impact of its digitalization on intra-party democracy. Our preliminary analysis suggests that the democratic innovations implemented by the PP, including party primaries at the national level for first time in 2018, mostly reflect a technocratic approach to organizational updating, characterized by elite-controlled democratization and uneven digitalization efforts, primarily focused on social media and communication purposes, with the absence of any e-voting mechanism. These findings, along with previous literature on the topic, suggest a recurring pattern in how conservative parties deal with their own democratization and adapt to the digital age.

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Digital Membership and Activist Strategies in Spanish Non-Statewide Parties

Author(s): Adrià Mompó / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

By leveraging new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), parties can promote online forms of engagement and multi-speed membership models, innovating in their recruitment strategies and creating new member roles. This paper aims to analyse the introduction of digital enrolment, multi-speed membership options and cyber-activism in Spanish non-statewide parties (NSWPs). Our findings are based on a comparative case study of twelve parties, and data have been collected through interviews with staff members, along with the observation of their recruitment websites and statutes. Most NSWPs in Spain have developed online and multi-speed membership options. The majority of these onlinesupporter roles are focused on campaign volunteering and activism, while democratic engagement is secondary. Moreover, NSWP membership structures present hybrid models, combining online and offline activities. This study contributes to a better understanding of small and regional parties’ membership structures, bringing new evidence about the challenges and possibilities of digital membership beyond mainstream parties.

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Racionalita komunikačnej odozvy podniku ako základ posilňovania community managementu v online prostredí

Author(s): Adam Madleňák / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

The growing influence of freedom of expression is increasingly evident in the expanding online space, where individuals share various opinions, often without regard for their truthfulness or credibility. This trend is particularly noticeable in the marketing communications of businesses, which, in their efforts to enhance their reputation or maintain a consumer-friendly image, must actively respond to these online comments. To effectively manage their reputation, businesses not only need to track and identify mentions of their company and products in the digital world but also prepare appropriate communication responses. These responses are key to building and nurturing customer relationships, forming an essential part of a strategic community management approach. The article, drawing from empirical survey results, emphasizes a key conclusion: businesses generally prefer to offer brief, factual responses rather than in-depth explanations when addressing public feedback. This approach aims to curb the spread of misinformation, ensuring that responses remain clear and direct while minimizing the risk of distortion, incompleteness, or falsehoods in the information shared with the public

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WYPOWIEDZI CYRYLA I W ZACHODNIOEUROPEJSKICH I POLSKICH MASSMEDIACH, CZYLI KOŚCIÓŁ PRAWOSŁAWNY W SŁUŻBIE PROPAGANDY WOJENNEJ W OBLICZU AGRESJI ROSJI NA UKRAINĘ (2022)

Author(s): Piotr A. Owsiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

Persuasion, disinformation and manipulation, which are a part of the propaganda,can be regarded as central terms of the language of politics especially during the conflictsituations and wars. In the paper the problem is analyzed, in what way the language of politicsuses the techniques of the propaganda in the official statements of Kirill in the context of theRussian invasion of Ukraine (2022). The explored corpus are the news announcements as wellas the Kirill’s social media posts. The aim of such analysis is to examine, how and to what extentthe Russian propaganda techniques through the agency of Kirill present and justify the war.

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Globálna kultúra opičenia sa v kontexte politizácie inštitútu prázdneho kresla

Author(s): Anna Sámelová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

Drawing on theoretical frames of the empty chair institute in legacy media and the spread of cultural patterns in monkey communities and human society, this study clarifies the linkage between the mediatization of politics and the politicisation of such pure professional issue as is the symbol of the empty chair in the broadcast. The main objective is to point out that politicians who consciously expose critical legacy media to the necessity of using an empty chair are simultaneously emotionalising and politicising this professional issue in non-critical media and on their online media platforms as part of their self-presentation.

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Izvještavanje javnih TV servisa o procesu evropskih integracija u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Tamara Ćuruvija / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 11/2024

The visibility of the European Union in the media in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the subject of occasional research. The presentation of EU-related topics in television news programmes is rarely analysed, and TV is the first medium with the highest level of trust among citizens and the second most important source of information. The article examines how and to what extent public TV services in Bosnia and Herzegovina report on EU topics. The aim is to determine how much specific information is available to the public. For this purpose, we used content analysis to examine the image of the European Union presented in the central news programmes of public TV services in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Television of the Republika Srpska and Television of the Federation of BiH in the period from 1 March to 31 March in 2024. The main findings of the content analysis suggest that media reporting on European topics is mostly general and protocol-driven, with a limited focus by journalists on the impact of the European integration process on the everyday lives of citizens in BiH. Accordingly, daily political and economic issues dominate the coverage. The most common source of information for journalists is the authorities and institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the European Union, while the most common reason for reporting is current events.

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