Novi i stari ratovi – organizovano nasilje u globalizovanoj eri

Author(s): Mary Kaldor / Language(s): Serbian

In the context of globalization, this book has shown that what we think of as war - that is to say, war between states in which the aim is to inflict maximum violence - is becoming an anachronism. In its place is a new type of organized violence or 'new wars', which could be described as a mixture of war, organized crime and massive violations of human rights. The actors are both global and local, public and private. The wars are fought for particularistic political goals using tactics of terror and destabilization that are theoretically outlawed by the rules of modern warfare. An informal criminalized economy is built into the functioning of the new wars.Kaldor's analysis offers a basis for a cosmopolitan political response to these wars, in which the monopoly of legitimate organized violence is reconstructed on a transnational basis and international peacekeeping is reconceptualized as cosmopolitan law enforcement. This approach also has implications for the reconstruction of civil society, political institutions, and economic and social relations.

Political Justice in Budapest after World War II

Author(s): Ildikó Barna,Andrea Pető / Language(s): English

In Hungary, which fell under Soviet influence at the end of World War II, those who had participated in wartime atrocities were tried by so called people’s tribunals. This book examines the history of these courts by means of a new methodology that the authors themselves have elaborated. Seeking to rise above ideological considerations and the methodological problems of earlier investigative frameworks, this study hopes to bring about a new level of awareness. The authors seek to determine which people were drawn into the transitional justice process and how the people’s tribunals functioned, with particular regard to gendered aspects. A further aim is to reveal the effects of the people’s tribunals on post-Holocaust Jewish identity.

Ustrój konstytucyjny Republiki Kosowa

Author(s): Robert Rajczyk / Language(s): Polish

The publication presents the constitutional system of the Republic of Kosovo. Legal status of normative acts, which are the basis of this study, includes the December 2015. The publication used primarily applicable legal acts adopted by the constitutional authorities of the Republic of Kosovo in Albanian and English, as well as the normative acts of the Republic of Serbia in the Serbian language. The official websites of institutions of the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia as well as international organizations and their representatives operating on the basis of Security Council Resolution 1244 in 1999 are also used as a source of information. // The references consist of the issues of geopolitics, history and political and social life of the Balkans. Not stating the words: independence or sovereignty in the documents of international law makes the issue of a unilateral declaration of independence by the Republic of Kosovo a keynote issue in political sciences research. // The monograph is intended for students of politics, journalists and the readers interested in the subject of complicated ethnic relations and political development in the Balkans region. There is in-depth analysis concerning the duties and obligation of the Kosovo’s authorities and the functioning of the Republic of Kosovo.

Srpsko pravo i međunarodne sudske institucije

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Serbian

Alternativni izvještaj o primjeni Okvirne konvencije za zaštitu nacionalnih manjina

Author(s): Ljubomir Mikić / Language(s): English,Croatian

The Serb National Council (SNC), a national coordination of councils of Serb national minority representatives, is an elected political, advisory and coordination entity that operates as a self-government of Serbs in the Republic of Croatia. The SNC is engaged with the protection and promotion of Serbs’ human, civil and ethnic rights, and issues of their identity, participation and integration into Croatian society.The SNC was founded per the Erdut Agreement and the Letter of the Croatian Government about the completion of peaceful reintegration, which guarantees the Serb minority self-government as well as the right to organise as based upon the centuries old tradition of Serb self-government: from church/popular parliaments, to legislative and political acts which regulated the position of Serbs in the 13th and 14th century, to the documents of the National Antifascist Council. It was established in 1997, in Zagreb, at the initiative of the Alliance of Serb Organisations (SKD Prosvjeta, Serb Democratic Forum, Community of Rijeka and Istria Serbs and Joint Council of Municipalities) and among the founders were also the Idependent Democratic Serb Party (SDSS) , Baranja Democratic Forum, Association of refugee and displaced Serbs, representatives of parts of the Serb Orthodox Church (SPC) church municipalities, members of parliament and prominent individuals.

The European Court of Justice: Do all roads lead to Luxembourg?

Author(s): Allan Rosas / Language(s): English

The increasing tendency to submit questions of great political and constitutional significance to the European Court of Justice prompts the question whether the Court has become the arbiter of all major problems facing the European Union today. In discussing recent trends in case law, Judge Allan Rosas observes that de Toqueville’s description of the importance of the US Supreme Court could apply to today’s European Court of Justice. That said, the Court can only deal with questions that have been specifically submitted to it. In this paper the author refers to the EU’s external relations, asylum and immigration, economic and monetary policy, citizenship, the rule of law in general, and Brexit, as cases that would probably not have come before the Court were it not for the Treaty of Lisbon. Other explanations for the more recent reliance on the Court may be the inability of the political process to resolve the thornier issues facing the EU, and the fact that the Court is considered by many to be one of the more effective EU institutions. Finally, the author stresses the need for the Court to honour its judicial mandate and to do everything it can to preserve its legitimacy, an objective also furthered by the depoliticised appointment of judges through the so-called 255 panel procedure.

Komisja prawdy. Mechanizm odpowiedzialności za naruszenie praw człowieka

Author(s): Marcin Komosa / Language(s): Polish

The monograph is devoted to the institution of truth commissions, treated as an instrument for investigating responsibility for human rights violations committed before the period of systemic transformation. The author presents its functions, operation mechanisms, and its role in the introduction of the democratic system against the background of the development of international humanitarian law and regulations concerned with issues of human rights. The author analyses the work of 22 truth commissions, functioning in, among others, Argentina, Paraguay, South Africa, and the Solomon Islands.

№79 Whose Mare? Rule of law challenges in the field of European border surveillance in the Mediterranean

Author(s): Leonhard Den Hertog,Sergio Carrera / Language(s): English

This paper examines key developments in the field of European border surveillance in the Mediterranean. By asking,‘Whose Mare?’, we focus on rule of law challenges stemming from these developments in a post-Lisbon EU. The developments examined are the Italian Navy-led Mare Nostrum operation, the debates over European ‘exit strategies’ for this operation and the ensuing launch of the Frontex Triton joint operation (JO). The recently adopted Regulation on Frontex sea border surveillance operations is also presented as a key development to understand the rule of law challenges. Moreover, the adoption of the European Union Maritime Security Strategy (MSS) and the development of several maritime surveillance systems in the EU highlight that a wide range of actors seeks authority over this field.

EU Counter-Terrorism Action. A fault line between law and politics?

Author(s): Elspeth Guild / Language(s): English

The dividing line between law and politics is often difficult to determine. While overtly political actors tend to highlight their capacity to make and change laws and thus control the underlying subject matter of the jurists and so tame legal institutions, legal actors tend to down play the role of politics in their activities. Indeed, in the legal world even the word ‘politics’ is to be avoided as suggesting that its cherished impartiality and independence is sullied by political considerations. In this contribution I will examine a clash between law and politics that is taking place rather publically regarding the EU’s legal reaction to the UN counter-terrorism measure on the freezing of funds.

The Difficult Road to the Schengen Information System II: The legacy of ‘laboratories’ and the cost for fundamental rights and the rule of law

Author(s): Joanna Parkin / Language(s): English

This paper seeks to understand the reasons behind the considerable complications facing the project to develop a new, second generation version of the Schengen Information System (SISII). Despite the centrality of this large-scale EU database for immigration and border control purposes and the increasing prioritisation of security technologies within the EU’s internal security strategy, the project has encountered substantial delays, an escalating budget, political crises and criticisms of the new system’s potential impact on fundamental rights. To uncover the underlying causes of these difficulties and deficiencies, the paper examines the decision-making processes that have shaped the development of SIS II over the last decade. It argues that there are strong parallels between the policy processes surrounding SIS II and decision-making under the old Schengen regime, where expert driven, security oriented and fragmented decision-making took place outside the EU framework and beyond the reach of democratic and judicial oversight.

Demokratizace a lidská práva: Středoevropské pohledy

Author(s): Jiří Baroš,Pavel Dufek,Michal Mochťak,Ivo Pospíšil,Petr Preclík,Hubert Smekal / Language(s): Czech

In Western social discourse and political practice, democracy and human rights seem to be closely linked concepts. Yet is their closeness so obvious? The monograph analyses the significance of changes in the discourse of democratisation and human rights and their consequences for contemporary socio-political processes, particularly in Central Europe. The author’s team includes political scientists, lawyers, and political philosophers from the Masaryk university in Brno.

TRANZICIONA PRAVDA u post-jugoslovenskim zemljama. Izveštaj za 2006. Godinu

Author(s): / Language(s): Serbian

In the armed conflicts in Croatia (1991-95), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-95), and Kosovo (1998-99), at least 130,000 people lost their lives, millions were forced to flee their homes, and hundreds of thousands of houses were destroyed. The transition from a state of armed conflict and state repression to a period of peace and the building of democratic institutions requires these societies to decide on mass human rights violations from the recent past. The set of measures taken by the authorities and civil society to address these violations of rights constitutes a complex of transitional justice, the basic elements of which are fact-finding, trials, reparations, and institutional reform (lustration). This report deals with the consequences of the war and the crimes committed between 1991 and 1999. The report was initiated by the Humanitarian Law Center (HLC), in cooperation with the Research and Documentation Center (IDC-BiH) and Document (Croatia). It refers to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, Kosovo, and Montenegro - hereinafter referred to as "post-Yugoslav countries".

TRANZICIONA PRAVDA u post-jugoslovenskim zemljama. Izveštaj za 2007. Godinu

Author(s): / Language(s): Serbian

This report is the result of systematic monitoring of the establishment of transitional justice in the countries of the former Yugoslavia, conducted by the human rights organizations Humanitarian Law Center (Belgrade) and Documenta (Zagreb). The disintegration of the Yugoslav federation was marked by three high-intensity armed conflicts: in Croatia (1991-95), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-95), and Kosovo (1998-99), in which at least 130,000 people lost their lives, millions they were forced to leave their homes, and hundreds of thousands of houses were destroyed. In addition, shorter armed conflicts, with relatively few casualties, occurred in Slovenia (June-July 1991) and Macedonia (January-November 2001). More than 1,300 Serbs, Roma and Albanians, recognized by the Albanian public as Serb collaborators, were killed after armed conflict and the arrival of international forces in Kosovo between June 12, 1999 and the end of 2000. The fate of some 17,000 missing in the region is still unknown. The transition from a state of armed conflict and state repression to a period of peace and the building of democratic institutions requires these societies to decide on mass human rights violations from the recent past. The set of measures taken by the authorities and civil society to address these violations of rights constitutes a complex of transitional justice, the basic elements of which are fact-finding, trials, reparations, and institutional reform.

Kratki vodič kroz zakonodavni i institucionalni okvir zaštite ljudskih prava u Crnoj Gori

Author(s): Marijana Laković Drašković,Daliborka Uljarević,Boris Marić,Wanda Tiefenbacher,Maja Stojanović / Language(s): Montenegrine

Zaštita ljudskih prava je krupan izazov za sva tranziciona društva. Dometi ustavnih, zakonskih i institucionalnih mehanizama zaštite još uvijek imaju ozbiljna ograničenja u praksi, koja precizno dijagnosticira društvene slabosti, bilo da im je izvorište u neodgovornim političkim elitama čiji uticaj na institucije ima negativan uticaj na njihovu efikasnost i efektivnost u radu, ili da je riječ o lošim navikama, tradicionalističkoj demagogiji i predrasudama. Jačanje administrativnih kapaciteta, kroz izgradnju samostalnih institucija imunih na neprimjerene političke uticaje i sposobnih da ostvaruju sadržajnu međunarodnu saradnju i primjenjuju najbolje međunarodne standarde i prakse, predstavlja jedan od nacionalnih prioriteta Crne Gore u procesu uspostavljanja funkcionalnosti demokratije kroz pregovarački proces sa EU. Da bi zaštita ljudskih prava bila sveobuhvatna, normativni i institucionalni okvir moraju biti u punoj koordinaciji. Oblasti koje pokriva poglavlje 23 (Pravosuđe i osnovna ljudska prava) izuzetno su važne za suštinske reforme crnogorskih institucija i spadaju u svojevrsne političke kriterijume za ulazak u članstvo u EU. Na putu približavanja Evropskoj uniji neće postojati manje i više važna ljudska prava, ona su i u ovom procesu nedjeljiva i međusobno zavisna. Stoga ova publikacija daje pregled postojećeg normativnog i institucionalnog sistema Crne Gore u polju zaštite ljudskih prava i sloboda, uz osvrt na potrebne intervencije radi usklađivanja sa međunarodnim institutima, kao i praktične mehanizme zaštite ljudskih prava. Taj osvrt je dat kroz odnos međunarodnog i domaćeg prava, ustavom zagarantovna temeljna prava, osnove kontraverznog pitanja djelotvornosti pravnih lijekova za zaštitu ljudskih prava u pravnom sistemu Crne Gore. Djelotvornost pravnih lijekova ima poseban značaj, kako za građane/ke i njihov interes da im Ustavom i međunarodnim normama zagarantovano pravo bude zaštićeno, tako i za državu Crnu Goru da u budućnosti redukuje broj predstavki prema Evropskom sudu za ljudska prava u Strazburu. Poseban dio je posvećen institucijama i tijelima za ostvarivanje, promociju i zaštitu ljudskih prava u pravnom sistemu Crne Gore i odnos građanin/ka i državne administracije. Kroz obradu pojma zabrane diskiriminacije se skreće pažnja na potrebu uspostavljanja kontinuiranog sistema zaštite ljudskih prava i sloboda. Dio pitanja u oblasti ljudskih prava koja treba rješavati, postavljen je kao prioritetan za Crnu Goru, a uključuje: slobodu izražavanja i medija, položaj manjinskih naroda i drugih manjinskih nacionalnih zajednica, rodnu ravnopravnost, prava djeteta, položaj osoba sa invaliditetom, položaj osoba različite seksualne orjentacije i rodnog identiteta, prava lica lišenih slobode, zabranu mučenja i drugih nečovječnih i ponižavajućih postupaka ili kažnjavanja, restituciju, itd. Navedena pitanja značajno opterećuju društvene odnose u Crnoj Gori i predstavljaju izazov za uspostavljanje efikasnog i efektivnog sistema zaštite ljudskih prava i sloboda, ali i funkcionalnosti crnogorskog demokratskog društva. Dodatno, ova publikacija obrađuje ljudska prava u Crnoj Gori kroz vizuru međunarodnih izvještaja, što je od posebnog značaja za pravljenje objektivne slike o kapacitetima i dometima crnogorskih institucija u ovoj oblasti. Doprinos toj percepciji, daje se i kroz komparativni prikaz iskustva iz regiona, odnosno iskustva iz Srbije. Konačno, čitalac će naći korisne obrazce i uputstva, kao konkretan putokaz za proaktivnu zaštitu ljudskih prava i sloboda građana/ki Crne Gore. To predstavlja i stav priređivača i autora/ki publikacije o neophodnosti, da svako od nas pojedinačno u svakom trenutku mora imati građansku svijest, savjest i hrabrost da stane na stranu zaštite ljudskih prava i sloboda. Za sebe, ali i za one koji to nisu u mogućnosti.

Short Guide through Legislative and Institutional Protection of Human Rights in Montenegro

Author(s): Marijana Laković Drašković,Daliborka Uljarević,Boris Marić,Wanda Tiefenbacher,Maja Stojanović / Language(s): English

The protection of human rights is a huge challenge for all transitional societies. The achievements within constitutional, legal and institutional protection mechanisms are still seriously restricted in practice, which itself precisely diagnoses social weaknesses irrespective of whether their root lies at irresponsible political elites, whose influence on the institutions impacts the working efficiency and effectiveness, or it comes about bad habits, traditional demagogy and prejudices. The strengthening of administrative capacities, through developing autonomous institutions, immune against improper political influences, capable of achieving full international cooperation and implementing the best international standards and practices, shall represent one of the national Montenegrin priorities in the course of establishing functional democracy through the negotiation process with the EU. In order to achieve an overall protection of human rights, a normative and institutional framework should be fully coordinated. The areas covered by Chapter 23 (Judiciary and Fundamental Rights) are of utmost importance for core reforms of the Montenegrin institutions and fall under specific political criteria for the accession to the EU. On the path towards joining the European Union there shall not be more and less relevant human rights; within this process they are inseparable and mutually dependent. Therefore, this publication provides an overview of the current normative and institutional system of Montenegro within the area of the protection of human rights and freedoms, with reference to necessary intervention for compliance with the international institutes, as well as practical mechanisms for the protection of human rights. Such a reference is been given through the relationship between international and domestic law, the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution, the grounds of the controversial efficiency issues of legal remedies for the protection of human rights within the Montenegrin legal system. The efficiency of legal remedies has a special relevance, both for citizens and their interest to have their guaranteed rights protected by the institutions along with international norms, and for Montenegro which shall in future reduce the number of applications towards the European Court for Human Rights in Strasbourg. A particular part is devoted to the institutions and bodies responsible for the achievement, promotion and protection of the human rights in the Montenegrin legal system and to the relationship of the citizens with the state administration. Through developing a phenomenon concerning the prohibition of discrimination, the attention is been drawn to the necessity to establish a continuing system for the protection of human rights and freedoms. A part of issues within the area of human rights which are to be solved, is set as a priority for Montenegro, and it includes the following items: the freedom of expression and of the media, the position of minority peoples as well as other minority national communities, gender equality, the rights of children, the position of disabled people, the position of people with different sexual orientation and gender identity, the rights of people deprived of liberty, the prohibition of torture and other inhumane and degrading treatment or punishment, restitution, etc. The listed issues place a burden on social relations in Montenegro to a significant extent and represent a challenge for establishing an efficient and effective system for the protection of human rights and freedoms, as well as the functionality of Montenegrin democratic society. Additionally, this publication elaborates on human rights in Montenegro through the view of international treaties, and this is of a particular importance for creating an objective image concerning capacities and achievements of the Montenegrin institutions in this area. A contribution to such a perception, is being given through a comparative review of the regional experiences as well, in other words the Serbian experiences. Finally, the reader will find useful forms and instructions, as well as a specific guide for the proactive protection of the human rights and freedoms of the citizens of Montenegro. That represents an attitude of the very editors and authors regarding the necessity that each of us individually at every moment shall have civic awareness, conscience and courage to support the protection of human rights and freedoms. For themselves, as well as for those who are not capable of doing so.

Politicizing sexual orientation: the inclusion of LGBTI rights into political party agendas

Author(s): Wanda Tiefenbacher / Language(s): English

Over the past years, the “LGBTI agenda” (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans- and Intersexual) has gained support throughout various political systems. Particularly in the European Union, political parties continue to involve the “LGBTI agenda” into their party manifestos, thus providing the LGBTI community with a political outlet through which to advance their interests, as well as to secure equal opportunities and the respect of human rights.

Politizacija seksualne orijentacije: uključivanje LGBTI prava u programe politickih partija

Author(s): Wanda Tiefenbacher / Language(s): Montenegrine

Posljednjih nekoliko godina, “LGBTI pitanja” (Lezbijke, Gej, Biseksualci, Transrodne osobe i Interseksualci) su ostvarila podršku u različitim političkim sistemima. Naročito u Evropskoj uniji političke partije nastavljaju da uključuju “LGBTI pitanja” u partijske programe, pružajući LGBTI zajednici tako političku platformu preko koje može ostvariti svoje interese i osigurati jednake šanse i poštovanje ljudskih prava.

LIBERAL WESTERN BALKANS ON THE MOVE: YOUTH IN LIBERAL POLITICAL PARTIES

Author(s): Adisa Memišević,Anela Lemeš,Valida Repovac Nikšić / Language(s): English

This research focused on liberal parties in the Western Balkans region and their strategies for the advancement and promotion of political participation of the youth, not just within the party but also in their respective countries. The aim of this analysis was to review the current standpoints on youth representation in politics in the liberal political parties of the Western Balkans, to map their roles and strategies for advancement of youth political inclusion, and to raise the visibility of successful regional examples. Political, legal and policy contexts and frameworks in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and North Macedonia were reviewed and assessed through the analysis of their quota systems, as well as through the overview of current youth representation in the parliaments of WB countries. Previous research indicates that political parties often do not support young politicians’ participation in the processes of political program development, despite having adopted youth programs and policies. The research was conceptualized as a case study of four liberal parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and North Macedonia and their strategies for development and promotion of political participation of the youth within the party, as well as in their respective countries. Comparative analysis was conducted using a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative analysis of primary and secondary data and quantitative analysis of primary data collection to triangulate the information to the extent possible. In order to develop the new regional story, we need this research to examine intra-party democracy in these liberal parties, map their current views on youth and politics and see what types of activities could be introduced and adjusted to the needs of their parties and party systems.

LIBERALNI ZAPADNI BALKAN U POKRETU: MLADI U LIBERALNIM POLITIČKIM STRANKAMA

Author(s): Adisa Memišević,Anela Lemeš,Valida Repovac Nikšić / Language(s): Bosnian

Fokus ovog istraživanja su liberalne stranke Zapadnog Balkana i njihove strategije za unapređenje i promociju političke participacije mladih, ne samo unutar stranaka, već i u njihovim zemljama. Cilj ove analize bio je sagledati trenutna stajališta o zastupljenosti mladih u politici u liberalnim političkim strankama Zapadnog Balkana, mapirati njihove uloge i strategije za unapređenje političke uključenosti mladih te povećati vidljivost uspješnih primjera iz regije. Politički i pravni konteksti i okviri Bosne i Hercegovine, Crne Gore, Srbije i Sjeverne Makedonije pregledani su kroz analizu njihovih sistema kvota, kao i kroz pregled trenutne zastupljenosti mladih u parlamentima zemalja Zapadnog Balkana. Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazuju da političke stranke često u praksi ne podržavaju učešće mladih političara u procesima izrade političkih programa, iako su usvojile programe i politike za mlade. Istraživanje je koncipirano kao studija slučaja četiri liberalne stranke iz Bosne i Hercegovine, Crne Gore, Srbije i Sjeverne Makedonije i njihovih strategija za razvoj i promociju političke participacije mladih ne samo unutar stranakaveći u njihovim zemljama. Komparativna analiza provedena je korištenjem mješovitih metoda: kombiniranjem kvalitativne analize primarnih i sekundarnih podataka i kvantitativne analize prikupljenih primarnih podataka kako bi se informacije triangulirale u najvećoj mogućoj mjeri. Kako bismo razvili novu regionalnu priču, potrebno nam je istraživanje koje ispituje unutarstranačku demokraciju u tim liberalnim strankama, mapira njihove trenutne poglede na mlade i relevantne politike, te sagledava koje bi se aktivnosti mogle uvesti i prilagoditi potrebama njihovih stranaka i stranačkih sistema.

Institucija i profesija : sociološka analiza pravosuđa i pravosudnih profesija u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Samir Forić / Language(s): Bosnian

The book represents a first socio-legal reseach in contemporary Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and a first comprehensive study of judiciary and judicial professions from a sociological perspective in the region. The key issue addressed by the book is how law, as a social institutution, develops, maintains and manifests its institutional strength. The book explores the underlying processess and analyses their effects by focusing on social action and actors that comprise the legal, namely juridical field in the social universe. Theoretical part of the research, presented in the first chapter, focuses on the processes of institutionalisation and professionalisation of law. Historical overview of the judiciary and judicial professions along with analysis of the judicial reforms in post-Dayton BiH from a law and politics perspective is presented in the second chapter. Empirical part of the research, presented in third chapter, focuses on social position, internal structures and relationships between respective judicial professions (judges, prosecutors and attorneys at law) and was conducted as a survey based on the sample of 441 respondents. The narrow focus of the book is on the High Judicial and Proesecutorial Council (HJPC) BiH as a micro social institution of law, its own institutional strength in conjuction with its capability to maintain and enforce its institutional as socio-epistemological borders. HJPC is also analysed through the lens of the social agency, its action toward other political actors and national judicial community. It is also analysed as a professional institution serving as a form of professional organisation for the legal professsions of judges and prosecutors. The book also features analyses of the processes of Europeanisation of BiH judiciary, feminisation of legal professions, and incremental changes to the legal market for attorneys at law.