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The article analyses the evolution of the academic debate on the role of the Black Church and Black religion in encouraging or undercutting the political and social activism of African Americans. By reviewing the most important literature on the subject in the context of the so-called ‘opiate’ and ‘inspiration’ view, it will be possible to present the dominating trends and shifts in the debate in particular periods of time.
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Since the 1970’s computers are used in the service of textual research and much has been achieved, but there are also drawbacks to the electronic advancement. This paper discusses the conceptual drawbacks for the study of textual criticism. It is also suggested that the use of computers may result in the loss of certain learning skills. The abuse of computers also led to the development of a branch of pseudo-research, and finally, the trustworthiness of electronic tools, especially Wikipedia, is discussed.
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This paper aims to briefly introduce the Society of Biblical Literature Commentary on Septuagint of Daniel. The commentary is designed to elucidate the meaning of the Old Greek (OG-Dan) and Theodotion (Th-Dan) versions, using a text-as-produced methodology. The application of this methodology to Septuagint Daniel affords unique insights, in which both the challenges and the opportunities are simultaneously present. As such, this paper highlights three directions of investigation that underscore the complexity of our task: the character to Th-Dan as a revision; the special nature of OG-Dan 4–6, which presupposes a parallel Semitic edition which differs from MT; and the Additions to Daniel of whose Semitic underlying texts are lost.
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This investigation aims to determine whether in the case of Judas' heel lifted against Jesus in John 13, 18 one can really speak about the proper sense of the phrase, expressing violence. At a more thorough look, we can easily find arguments to say it is rather a calque, one which led to frequent misinterpretations of the verse. In the quotation John gives there, Septuagint had rendered the Hebrew for 'heel' with the Greek for 'craft', which meant that it recognized a metonymy which describes a nonviolent meaning. The biblical meaning of the 'heel' may go beyond the literal sense (the anatomic back part of the foot), to include grasping someone by that anatomic part, in order to deceive him. Credible grounds in the Patristic tradition and in modern exegesis are in favour of revising the translation of the verse, according to this wider meaning. Some English and Greek biblical editions already did this, whereas the Romanian New Testament can rely on the solutions provided by the previous versions of the Old Testament.
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The Cracow Calced Carmelite Church on the Piasek has not yet become the subject of thorough research. Its reconstruction in the years 1637-1645 was carried out by the workshop of the royal architect Giovanni Trevano (d. 1642), who collaborated with Sebastiano Sala (d. 1651) and Hieronim Carbonari (d. 1669). The preserved elements of architectural decoration from the first half of the 17th century show close parallels with the stone details of the Wawel Royal Castle. Their origins can be found among the relevant realizations of Roman architecture of the 1580s and such as Martino Longhi the Younger and Giacomo della Porta. The reconstruction of the church after the Second Northern War in the 1660s and 1670s was carried out by Pińczów stonemasons and bricklayers from Cracow.
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The article describes eight organs built by Włodzimierz Truszczyński in the Płock Diocese between 1978 and 2001. Although Truszczyński built relatively few instruments in this diocese, they are nevertheless a significant position in its organ collection. In addition, the article discusses alterations carried out by Włodzimierz Truszczyński of two instruments made by other builders as well as two unrealized designs of his authorship in the Płock diocese.
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The present study defines terms such as migration and diaspora, with the necessary distinctions and explaining the semantic processes they have undergone over the final decades of the 20th century. It tackles the emergence of the areas of research religion and migration, respectively religion and diaspora, in early 21st century, and it presents the work agenda of each of these fields, as well as the type of religious and social changes each of them addresses, thus providing a theoretical framework to the various particular aspects pertaining to this thematic area. Research into migration and diaspora has gained amazing impetus over the last years: the number of publications has multiplied, while the plurality of approaches to these phenomena has also increased. Both migration and diaspora have been investigated by various sciences, from anthropology and sociology, political sciences and economy, to the studies of globalization or postcolonialism. One of the most important results of these efforts is precisely the redefining and clarification of terms such as migration and diaspora – so that they may express and render the complexity of today’s situations –, and the emergence of new areas of research, such as transnationalism. The study of the ways in which religion influences the experience of migration and life in the diaspora, and the investigation of its transformations, are not only useful in preventing the escalation of social conflicts, but also greatly relevant for all those interested in understanding the manifold manifestations of the religious phenomenon, and in the organization of religious life in a foreign environment. From a pastoral-missionary standpoint, knowing how religious attitude is shaped by the experience of migration and the diaspora, respectively how it impacts the various situations of individual life, is very important in articulating appropriate responses to particular pastoral circumstances. The contribution of the new research areas religion and migration, respectively religion and diaspora, within the broader field of religious studies, by comparing the experiences of various religious traditions worldwide, which face similar challenges under similar circumstances, is highly useful to the theologians preparing for mission and pastoral work in today’s dynamic conditions.
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Gottlieb Söhngen (1892-1971) is a figure of no small significance: he directed both Joseph Ratzinger’s (now Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI) dissertation and habilitation, and his writings on Anselm of Canterbury’s theological contri- butions illustrate the struggles of a then still nascent theological discipline: fundamental theology. Söhngen’s explorations occur within the context of National Socialist rule, while he teaches theology at Akademie Braunsberg in the eponymous city located in East Prussia (1937-45) during the dark years of the Third Reich. This investigation shows how very much Söhngen does justice to both Anselm’s oeuvre and the Roman Catholic statement, while nevertheless introducing pointers to pre-Christian, Germanic notions in order to flatter the Nazi rulers, but more importantly to underscore how pagan concepts ultimately indirectly prepare the ground for the implantation of the Gospel.
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The human trafficking has been known since the earliest times. It took many forms, but it was always in its nature, a slave trade that degraded human dignity. Currently, in many countries of the world this reality, shameful for the civilization of the 21st century, is increasingly recognized. Huge profits generated by human trafficking result in the emergence of more and more people dealing with this practice. Various international organizations are looking for effective methods of fighting this criminal activity, but it is often seen that they are not keeping up with prevention. Various institutions, including the Catholic Church, go to the rescue of present-day slaves. The Talitha Kum international organization was founded on the initiative of female religious orders to help women and minors, in particular, to free themselves from the shackle of human trafficking, especially in prostitution and other forms of abuse. Talitha Kum is a group of over 2,000 people who help over 200,000 people covered by preventive and awareness-raising activities. This study briefly presents the activity of this Church organization as the avant-garde response of the Catholic Church to certain international regulations of civil law.
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In the context of the musicology research of the centuries before the Christian reform (1814), the current scientific research brings to the fore the donors who have dedicated themselves to the media-Byzantine musical art in the cultural, ethnic, religious, musicological context, striving through their primary research to contribute after being able to the area of the researches in the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic area thus completing the obol of their potential in the perspective of the great event from the beginning of the 19th century.
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The argument about the relation between the Orthodox Church and the Bosnian Franciscans under the Turkish rule has been present in the Yugoslav historiography for more than a whole century. Historians learned the facts about it from the Franciscan chronicles, firmans, bujruldijas, archpriest’s berats, the defters of the Religious office in Constantinople for »Metroploitan dioceses and bishoprics in Roumelia and Anatolia« etc.
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With the wave of the Osmanli conquests the majority of intellectual forces of our Middle Age was destroyed. Only illiterate common people with a handful of clergymen, who were just barely more literate than them, remained on the historical scene. Since the structure of the Serbian Orthodox Church was weak, its clergy had a low level of culture. Only a few knew how to read and write.
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This study discusses the problem of the incompatibility between ethnocentric tendencies within the national Orthodox churches and the New Testament teaching on nonviolence. The three main parts outline the relevant New Testament teaching (1) in the four Gospels and the book of Acts, (2) in the Pauline epistles, and (3) in John’s Revelation. The study concludes that in the New Testament texts, there is no room for the justification of violence on the part of Christ-followers against their opponents. Quite on the contrary, the New Testament views the world as having the potential to become ecclesia, and the “other” as a possible sister or brother in Christ. Unfortunately, this fundamental New Testament teaching is often forgotten in modern-day Orthodoxy, notwithstanding its claims for unbroken continuity with the apostolic tradition. As an example, the Greek-Orthodox church oftentimes emphasizes national identity and heroism over ecclesial faith and ethos. Although understandable, such ethnocentric tendencies clearly contradict the New Testament witness and should be abandoned.
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The article is a detailed analysis of activity of the Apostolate of Good Death, written to show specific ways of proclamation of Christian hope for eternal life. That issue has been raised on the grounds of COVID-19 pandemic, which showed the need of constant reminding of human's eternal life dimension. The study of the Apostolate`s activity focuces on its main forms and shows a major role of the Apostolate in popularizing estachological mentality, during and after the pandemic.
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The analyses presented in this study focus on the quality of secondary school student mobilisation, which is recommended in the valid Core curriculum of the Catholic Church catechesis in Poland (2018). Attention was drawn to the obligatory set of catechetic objectives – general requirements, the contents of religion teaching – specific requirements, attitudes that should be developed in young people, correlation of religion teaching with school education, recommended conditions and methods of implementation of syllabus and cooperation of the educational environment (family, parish, etc.). The analysis of these issues attempted to prove that all elements of essence and methodology in the religion core syllabus can play an important role in the mobilisation of young people. It was pointed out that transmission of the theological and catechetical message and the theological language dominates. These solutions are enriched by correlation with school education, which can contribute to the mobilisation of youth. Unfortunately, little attention is often devoted to human experience and students’ personal knowledge, which does not favour mobilisation. The new information and communication technologies are also undervalued, as they are mentioned in very general terms. Meanwhile, dominant are proposals of applying traditional methods of mobilising young people, such as problem methods, seeking and exploring. Proposals of forms and methods of young people’s evangelisation are lacking. Such an approach to youth mobilisation oscillates between tradition and modernity. There are more traditional accents. Hence, the analysed proposals for mobilising secondary school students require supplementing at the level of developing syllabuses and textbooks for religion teaching..
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Participation in Religious Education classes should supposedly facilitate the spiritual formation and development of young people’s personality, finding their own path to God, as well as understanding their purpose and meaning of life. Since spirituality is a significant factor in prevention of dependence and high-risk behaviours of adolescents, the decrease in the number of secondary education students who participate in Religious Education classes is most alarming. The purpose of this paper is to present the expectations of young people towards catechesis in terms of the curriculum, competences of the educators, and the working methods employed during the classes. The results of the survey carried out on a group of 70 secondary school graduates have revealed that young people are deeply interested in religion and spiritual growth. They have high expectations but are also full of questions and doubts. Therefore, they expect that catechists demonstrate sound knowledge and the ability to hold an open-minded discussion. This is, unfortunately, where Religious Education classes often fail them.
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The ancestral relationship between philosophy and theology will be worked here not abstractly but based on some of its historic achievements. From the diversity of theological areas and theological discourse trends—especially in the last century—the article proposes to establish a relationship between this diversity and the diversity of some contemporary philosophical proposals. Among the huge variety, we chose to refer to hermeneutical philosophy, philosophy of language, phenomenology and some “unique” cases. The article ends with a reflection on the relationship between theology and metaphysics.
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In the context of the musicology research of the centuries before the Christian reform (1814), the current scientific research brings to the fore the donors who have dedicated themselves to the media-Byzantine musical art in the cultural, ethnic, religious, musicological context, striving through their primary research to contribute after being able to the area of the researches in the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic area thus completing the obol of their potential in the perspective of the great event from the beginning of the 19th century.
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This paper aims to show common points in the history of the Church and social and cultural history on the example of the Old Polish era as well as diversified research perspectives. The starting point is the history of the Church and ecclesiastical historical sources of a certain type, which may, with the new approach, create many non-traditional research opportunities. Interdisciplinarity and referring to sociology and cultural anthropology is crucial. Due to the complexity of the issue, it has been presented on a few selected examples. The possible use of visiting books, confraternity books or baptism books when describing social and cultural history was shown. The results include, among others, the reconstruction of institutions and particular social groups, their structure, interactions, hierarchy, values, system of control and forms of action. Culture is a common ground of those many layers (ideas, mentality, and religiousness among others). A bridge between history of the Church and social and cultural history allows for a better understanding of the society, its character and functioning in the Old Polish era.
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The Sketches of Charles Perthées were for him the basis for the preparation of the maps of the western Crown after the First Partition of Poland at the end of the 18th century. The information in Sketches came from parish questionnaires prepared by parsons. The Sketches include information about the territorial structures of the Catholic Church. Due to their indirect church provenience, we can assume that they can be used to study the territorial structures of the Church. Evaluation of the information from the Sketches, however, shows that the source is unequal in this matter. Only information about parishes and their affiliation to deaneries always come from Perthées, and information about higher administrative units often from the person who developed Sketches after Perthées’ death, however, this person lacked competence. Information about more than 2050 parishes can be considered credible, and those about higher units should be confronted with other sources.
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