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Author(s): Mária Šibalová,Miroslav Huťka,Laura Szegfüová,Maroš Melichárek,Peter Zmátlo / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2021

Reviews of: 1. Bežný život starých Rimanov. Marcela Andoková- Daniela Hrnčiarová (eds.). Bratislava : IRIS, 2020, 416 p. ISBN 978-80-8200-064-4; 2. Herucová, Angelika. Palatíni Arpádovských kráľov. Bratislava : Historický ústav SAV; VEDA, vydavateľstvo SAV, 2020. 288 p. ISBN 978-80224-1780-8; 3. Kopičková, Božena. Česká královna Žofie. Ve znamení kalicha a kříže. Praha : Vyšehrad, 2018, 294 p. ISBN 978-80-742-9974-2; 4. Hladký, Ladislav et al. Czech Relations with the Nations and Countries of Southeastern Europe. Zagreb : Srednja Europa, 2019, 410 p. ISBN 978-953- 8281-08-2; 5. Šmíd, Marek. Vatikán a sovětský komunismus 1917-1945. Praha : Stanislav Juhaňák - Triton, 280 p. ISBN 978-80-89946-02-0.

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LES RELATIONS ENTRE L’ÉGLISE ORTHODOXE ET L’ÉGLISE GRÉCO-CATHOLIQUE EN ROUMANIE - UN APERÇU DE LA PÉRIODE COMMUNISTE ET POST-COMMUNISTE.

Author(s): Florin Toader Tomoioagă / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2021

Les relations entre l’Église orthodoxe et l’Église gréco-catholique en Roumanie - un aperçu de la période communiste et post-communiste. L’étude présente se concentre sur les relations entre l’Église orthodoxe et l’Église gréco-catholique en Roumanie, en particulier pendant le temps de communisme et après sa chute. Nous utilisons la méthode historique et abordons cette période du point de vue des tensions historiques, des moments d’aliénation mais aussi de ceux de rapprochement entre les deux Églises. L’étude décrit les principaux points de cette relation, les efforts de chaque Église pour préserver son identité en période de pression politique énorme, à une époque où l’État communiste tentait d’anéantir l’Église gréco-catholique et d’instrumentaliser l’Église orthodoxe selon la propagande et ses intérêts. On y analyse également il décrit brièvement la relative ouverture réciproque des deux Églises sœurs survenue après 1989, malgré les tensions existantes et l’interruption brutale de ce processus de rapprochement en 2008. L’apport de cette étude est la proposition de quelques étapes concrètes absolument nécessaires dans le processus de guérison de la mémoire, qui devrait impliquer les deux Églises.

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King Arthur’s Din Draithou and Trevelgue, a Cornish Cliff-Fort

Author(s): Andrew Charles Breeze / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Traditions of Carannog, a Welsh saint of about the year 550, appear in his vita prima written in the twelfth century and surviving in a copy of the thirteenth (his vita secunda, a mere fragment, is not discussed here). The vita prima is best known for what it says on Arthur. Carannog leaves Wales, encounters King Arthur in south-west Britain, eventually gains his support, and is given lands near Arthur’s stronghold of Din Draithou. The location of that fortress has been obscure, but it must have been famous, because it figures in the ninth-century Historia Brittonum, as also the Glossary of Cormac (d. 908), bishop-king of Cashel in south-west Ireland.

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Wydział do Spraw Wyznań Prezydium Wojewódzkiej Rady Narodowej we Wrocławiu wobec procesji Bożego Ciała w latach 1950-1965

Author(s): Tomasz Resler / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2021

Public worship between 1950–1989 in Poland was considered hostile to the idea of secular state. The state authorities regarded the Catholic Church as an ideological enemy and sought to limit the freedom of conscience and religion of citizens, pushing religion into the private sphere. Similar tactics were used in relation to one of the most important Catholic holidays – Corpus Christi. The denominational administration in Wrocław tried to limit religious expression in public spaces on that day. The assembly law, which gave the instruments to license religious processions, was used for this purpose. The measures taken by the state authorities against the Catholic Church and its believers violated the legal standards of the time. The laws were often interpreted expansively or ignored altogether. Numerous restrictions were imposed on participants of processions and the pressure was exerted, for example, through workplaces. In addition, the state authorities competed with the Catholic Church by organizing numerous alternatives. Open-air events, excursions and sports competitions were supposed to draw the faithful away from religious ceremonies. These efforts directly violated the standards of state-church separation.

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Wpływ sekurytyzacji Ukraińskiego Kościoła Prawosławnego w jedności z Patriarchatem Moskiewskim na zmiany w ustawodawstwie wyznaniowym Ukrainy po 2013 r.

Author(s): Tomasz Szyszlak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2021

The article presents the impact of the process of securitization of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) on the changes in Ukrainian law on religion since the Revolution of Dignity (Euromaidan). Securitization as a concept originated in security sciences belongs to constructivist approaches because under these approaches the threat is not a real phenomenon. The threat is subjectively indicated by the actor of the process and recognized as such by its recipients. Although this study is not concerned with the securitization process itself, it emphasizes the circumstances surrounding its consequences for law on religion. Among these circumstances is the war in Donbas and granting autocephaly to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church by the Ecumenical Patriarchate. The article discusses the normative acts adopted after 2013, which oblige the Ukrainian Orthodox Church to include its subordination to the Russian Orthodox Church in its name, making it easier for parish communities to change their jurisdictional subordination and hindering the functioning of military pastoral care in the Armed Forces and other military formations.

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Pogrindžio kunigų seminarija Lietuvoje sovietų valdžios metais: iššūkiai ir veiklos rezultai

Author(s): Kęstutis Žemaitis / Language(s): English Issue: 107/2021

During the years of Soviet rule, the Church in Lithuania experienced the greatest constraints on its activities. The only Catholic seminary at that time was hindered from operating freely. There was a shortage of clergy in parishes. Under the initiative of more courageous priests, and especially of the leaders of some monasteries, an underground seminary was established. During its operation, dozens of priests were prepared not only for Lithuania, but also for missions in other republics of the Soviet Union. This underground priest seminary became an organization of resistance against the atheistic rule; it also helped develop Catholic spirituality and facilitated the activities of the official Priest Seminary in Kaunas.

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Pamokslų rinkinio „Dioptra arba pasaulyje gyvenančio žmogaus veidrodis“ filosofinės idėjos ir XVII–XVIII a. mokslinio diskurso kalba

Author(s): Halyna Naienko / Language(s): English Issue: 108/2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of the collection of sermons, Dioptra (1612), written by Vitalij. The author of the article views the collection as part of the Ukrainian philosophical tradition of the 17th century. The use of either Church Slavonic language or the so called “prosta mova” variant (i. e. plain Ukrainian speech used in books) in different types of scientific texts was determined by sociocultural factors. The graphic and orthographic features of the collection of sermons “Dioptra” show that the book was written using the Ukrainian version of the Church Slavonic language, which was influenced by both the “prosta mova” and the languages spoken in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Most of these features are reflexes of prehistoric East Slavic changes, preserved in some archaic northern Ukrainian and southern Belarusian dialects, for instance, dispalatalization of hissing consonants, the change *ę > e and other features. The author of the article examines concepts of self-awareness and the internal spiritual man which were typical of the philosophical discourse of the time. The relevance of the philosophical reflections of Vitalyj’s work is confirmed by the fact that this work was published more than once, and the ideas presented in it formed the basis for the perception of European Protestantism until the 18th century.

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Regulation of the Relations between Jews and Christians in Roman Law

Author(s): Pál Sáry / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Even the pagan Roman emperors issued a number of decrees concerning Jews and Christians. However, the regulation of the relationship between Jews and Christians did not begin until after the Constantinian change. The Christian emperors ruling in the fourth to sixth centuries sought to achieve the following three main goals in this area: (1) promoting the conversion of Jews to Christianity; (2) hindering the conversion of Christians to the Jewish religion; (3) elimination of hostility between Jews and Christians. For the first purpose, the rights of Jews were restricted (for example, they were excluded from public offices). Jews who converted to the Christian faith received special legal protection. For the second purpose, the conversion of Christians to the Jewish faith was declared a crime. Jews were forbidden to keep Christian slaves. Mixed marriages between Jews and Christians were prohibited. For the third purpose, Christians were forbidden to abuse Jews; attacking, looting and setting fire to synagogues was severely punished. Jews were also strictly forbidden to violate the Christian religion.

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СТАТУС НАУЧНЫХ ТЕОРИЙ В ЭКЗЕГЕЗЕ КН. БЫТИЯ И ХРИСТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛЕМИКЕ ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ VI В.: МЕТОДЫ ДОКАЗАТЕЛЬСТВА ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ἀναλογία И παράδειγμα

Author(s): Oleg NOGOVITSIN / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

This article analyzes the use of scientific theories in the exegesis of the Book of Genesis and in Christological dispute between Diophysites and Monophysites in the first half of the sixth century, focusing on the conditions under which traditional methods of rhetorical argumentation could be applied and on using scientific models for explaining the phenomena of the created nature in order to clarify the aporias from the Book of Genesis and Incarnation. The argument using παράδειγμα (example) and ἀναλογία (analogy), which belonged to the repertory of methods from the Neoplatonic scholarly tradition, made it possible to discuss such heterogeneous phenomena as created and non-created as well as divine and human in theological texts by providing the rules for correct descriptions and for verifying their theological and philosophical accuracy. These two methods are analyzed against the background of Neoplatonic commentaries of Aristotle, while their application to theology is viewed through polemical argument in John Philoponus and Leontius of Byzantium. The Monophysite Philoponus used the argument from ἀναλογία to defend the Christological formula of one composite nature of Christ, while the Chalcedonian Leontius of Byzantium employed the method of argumentation from παράδειγμα for defending the presence of two natures in Christ.

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«Эмотивные ключи» в творениях Свт. Кирилла Туровского

Author(s): Lyubov Levshun / Language(s): Russian Issue: 13/2021

The author shows how emotive means when falling into the sphere of Christian iconology, are transformed into tools for the spiritual change of a person. One such tool is represented by emotive keys. In the prayers of St Kirill Turovsky they are represented by such varieties as “liturgical emotive keys” – fragments of liturgical sequences (direct quotations, individual reminiscences and/or allusions, centons from reminiscences, allusions, paraphrases, etc.) and “emotive toposes” – images specific to the Pax Christiana culture, easily recognizable by its adherents (hyperbolized self-abasement, different types of metaphors).

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«Высшею пылали вы любовью…»: о христианской семантике стихотворения А. А. Фета «Севастопольское братское кладбище»

Author(s): Larisa I. Cheremisinova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

The article provides an analysis of the poem by A. A. Fet Sevastopol Bed of Honor and considers the historical, literary and biographical context of this work. The creation of the poem is connected with Fet’s trip to the Crimea in September 1879 and his visit to the Sevastopol Bed of Honor. Crimean impressions were first conveyed in Fet’s prose (in the article Famusov and Molchalin. Something About Our Nobility (1885)). During the work on the book of memoirs My Memories (1887–1889), the poet’s Crimean impressions were “revived” and found a poetic manifestation in the poem Sevastopol Bed of Honor, dated June 10, 1887. They were initially published as a part of the third issue of Evening Lights. This poem holds a special place in Fet’s lyrics due to its great civic pathos, patriotic ideas, the expression of the Gospel sermon about love and the all-conquering belief that there are no dead for God. An ideal image of the defender of the fatherland is created and the feat of Russian weapons is glorified in Fet’s lyric work. The death motif is the central one Sevastopol Bed of Honor. However, in this work death is nothing like non-being or insignificance (as in the poems Insignificance, To death, Never), but, rather, life in eternity. The features of the poem’s rhythmic structure are analyzed. The most important verse in terms of meaning is emphasized by rhythmic and syntactic means. It is directly related to the Christian understanding of higher love, which is manifested in the willingness to give one’s own life for friends.

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Идея социального христианства в ранней лирике Н. А. Клюева

Author(s): Svetlana A. Seregina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of the early lyrics of N. A. Klyuev: its socio-political motifs are considered, both in the context of the poet’s biography, and through the prism of Modern slavery, a work by the ideologist of social Christianity F.-R. Lamennais. This kind of rapprochement is rooted in the content of Klyuev’s works, as well as a number of circumstances related to the place of publication of Lamennais’ work in Russian, namely, the revolutionary publishing house “Seyatel’,” well-known among socialist revolutionaries, to whom Klyuev was close in the mid-1900s. The integration of Klyuev into the circle of socialist revolutionaries in 1905–1907 suggests that the poet was familiar with the literature that was widespread in this circle, including Lamennais’ work Modern Slavery. This work of the ideologist of social Christianity is considered one of the sources of the life-creating pathos of Klyuev’s early lyrics, aimed at the universal transformation of being. The article conditionally identifies and reveals two stages of the formation of Klyuev’s social Christianity poetics. At the first stage, Klyuev’s works reproduce the main message of Lamennais’ work: the rejection of slavery inherited through the “modern slave’s” awareness of his human dignity and his rebellion, against the established sociohistorical tradition. At the second stage, the most important categories of Lamennais’ work — brotherhood, co-labor, and sacrifice — find their full meaning in Klyuev’s works: practical revolutionary work “for the brothers” now becomes a form of co-laboring with God, and the experience of difficulties and hardships on the revolutionary path — a form of spiritual co-crucifixion with Christ.

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Мотив греховной страсти и супружеской неверности в романах В. Набокова «Король, дама, валет» и «Камера обскура»

Author(s): Andriej Kotin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

The article examines the artistic depiction of vicious passion in Vladimir Nabokov’s Russian-language novels King, Queen, Knave and Camera Obscura. The purpose of this work is to describe the stylistic and narrative mechanisms used by Nabokov to examine the roots, development and final reign of the forbidden passion that enslaves a human soul. Contrary to the common stereotype of Nabokov as a predominantly “aesthetic” writer, the texts of his works reveal a profound moral dimension. Moreover, Nabokov’s approach to the concepts of sin and virtue, ethics and aesthetics often echoes, and sometimes completely coincides with the teachings of the founders of Christian theology and asceticism (Marcus Eremita, Peter of Damascus etc.). For example, the four-step description of the evolution of sinful passion into a destructive obsession finds unconditional embodiment in the texts analysed herein. On the other hand, marital love, based on kinship of souls and mutual fidelity, stays in clear contrast to an ordinary consumer lust. A happy and harmonious marriage, understood precisely in the spiritual and personal sense, overcomes social and everyday boundaries in Nabokov’s work, definitely breaking into a transcendent dimension. This fact is all the more curious because Nabokov was never a religious person and, judging by his own words, never displayed any interest in theological matters. Consequently, the common features that unite Nabokov’s morality and metaphysics with the foundations of the Christian worldview can be seen as rooted in the universal ethical laws of human life.

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Мотив последнего срока в рассказе В. Распутина «Продается медвежья шкура»

Author(s): Valentina Ya. Ivanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

The article analyzes the origins of the last term motif in V. Rasputin’s prose. An early short story by V. Rasputin Bearskin for Sale (1967) examines this motif from the standpoint of Christian Orthodox axiology. The analysis uses the first two editions of the short story: 1966 and 1967. The motif of the last term determines the plot of the work and reveals biblical and evangelical reminiscences that connect the story with the traditional image of the world in Russian culture, where the leading ideas are human repentance and salvation of the soul. A. N. Uzhankov’s research, which reveals the patterns of development in ancient Russian literature, explains the presence of the idea of “last times” in the minds of the ancient Russian chroniclers. V. Raspustin’s prose restores the continuity of post-1917 Russian literature with the origins of Russian literature. The story of the hunter Vasily in Bearskin for Sale reveals the psychology of human renewal, the emergence of a new attitude towards time, life, oneself and the animate in nature. Cyclic, repeated and expected time, in which a person was previously included, is replaced for him by that which is discrete, interrupted, expressed in the feeling of every moment of life as the last. A person who is ripped by sin out of harmonious coexistence with the world becomes different through an inner admission of his guilt. The motif of the last term, characteristic of the main works of V. Rasputin, the stories Money for Maria, The Last Term, Live and Remember, Farewell to Matyora is revealed from the very beginning of his literary path.

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Божието осияние в богословско-философските възгледи на Псевдо-Дионисий Ареопагит и св. Максим Изповедник

Author(s): Dimitar Bogdanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 27/2021

The article examines the relationship between one God-Creator and His creation, considering how His emanation to the world (to the creation) takes place and how the arranged in hierarchical order angels and people receive the divine energies in order to turn themselves to Him afterwards. These energies reach the created being (existence) through one divine ray, which radiance penetrates all the members of the Celestial and Ecclesiastical hierarchy in order to purify, enlighten and perfect them. The purpose of the whole hierarchy is the metamorphosis and deification of everything that exists through the power of the eternal and uncreated divine light (energy, grace), and this deification is achieved personally (hypostatic) in a personal spiritual experience of a man with God. The study tries to clarify who are the main participants in this process, where and how they are located and what is the relationship between them. In this way, the article combines some of the most important theological and philosophical views of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite and St. Maximus the Confessor.

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Волята в перспективата на христологията на преп. Максим Изповедник

Author(s): Petar Uzunov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 27/2021

The article focuses on the Christological foundations of the problem of will, as they are set out mainly in the theological and polemical works of St. Maximus the Confessor and the Dispute with Pyrrhus. The doctrine of will is considered, marking the contribution of St. Maximus in the development and finalization of the Chalcedonian Christological concept. In the context of this exposition, various scientific interpretations are presented as to whether there is a change in his position on the question of the existence of a gnomic will in Christ and the development of his doctrine of one action, concluding that the Venerable does not essentially change positions. The historical ground and preconditions for the emergence of the Monothelite doctrine and its organic connection with the Monophysite theology are outlined. In conclusion, the problem of the deification of the human will, as a consequence of the perichoresis of nature in the Person of the Savior and his eschatological dimensions, is considered.

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Свободна воля, провидение и предопределение във византийската традиция

Author(s): Georgi Kapriev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 27/2021

The paper explains the theories of will and freedom throughout the intellectual history of Byzantium. In this context, decisive differences with the Latin tradition are also commented on. The problem network encompasses topics such as decision-making, providence, fate, and predestination.

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The Nazi Persecution of the Christian Churches The “Donovan” Documents Collection

Author(s): Claudiu Ionuţ Boia / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The Roman Catholic and Protestant Churches suffered persecution in Nazi Germany. The Nazis claimed jurisdiction over all collective and social activities and the party leadership hoped to dechristianize Germany in the long term. The clergy were watched closely, and frequently denounced, arrested and sent to Nazi concentration camps. The Donovan Nuremberg Trials collection consists of nearly 150 bound volumes of Nuremberg trial transcripts and documents from the personal archives of General William J. Donovan (1883-1959). The Donovan papers contain both original statements from defendants in German and typed translations in English prepared by the Allies. The International Military Tribunal addressed four counts: (1) the common plan or conspiracy, (2) crimes against peace, (3) war crimes (including genocide), and (4) crimes against humanity. Donovan played an important part in the International Military Tribunal proceedings in his role as special assistant to the U.S. chief of counsel, Supreme Court justice Robert H. Jackson. A graduate of the Columbia Law School, Donovan earned the Congressional Medal of Honour during World War I. Most importantly, however, he was the founding director of the Office of Strategic Services - the precursor of the Central Intelligence Agency - and offered valuable intelligence to Jackson as the Allies gathered evidence to construct their case against the German war criminals.

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Church Union in Transylvania and its impact on Visual Art

Author(s): Petr Balcárek / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl_1/2017

The present paper deals with the topic of intercultural exchange between the Latin West and the Orthodox East in the regions of the Carpathian Mountains in the period between 17th and 18th centuries. The author focuses on the diffusion of Orthodox icons into Roman Catholic churches, as well as on the diffusion (and, later, the acculturation) of western glass painted images in Transylvania. These phenomena were made possible by the political, sociological, and cultural context at the time, triggered mainly by the Union of the Orthodox Church with the Roman Catholic Church.

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Participanți din teritoriile dunărene la Sinodul IV Ecumenic și rezistențe locale

Author(s): Marin Cojoc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

Several metropolitans and bishops from the Danube territories or close to the mor bishops from Scythia Minor participated or signed the synodal events preceding the Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon and the Fourth Synod of 451. Thus, even near the Danube, the bishop Secundinus of Novae (Shistov) participated in a series of events. He participated in the meetings of the endemousa synod of April 8-13, 449, held in the portico of Saint Sophia Basilica in Constantinople. Another hierarch, Metropolitan Saturninus of Marcianopolis, South of the Danube, participated in the endemousa synodal events of 448 and 449 held in Constantinople. Anotherparticipating metropolitan was Basil of Trajanopolis of Rhodope. Docimasius ofMaronea of Rhodope also participated at these events. Serenus of Maximianopolis in Rhodope also participated in all the meetings of the Synod of Chalcedon. Another hierarch from the Danube territories who participated at these events was Francionde Phiilipopolis (Plovdiv), who also participated in all the meetings of the FourthEcumenical Council in Chalcedon. Metropolitan Alexander of Tomis participated in the endemousa synod of Constantinople, on April 13, 449, and due to the invasion of the Huns, he could not participate in the meetings of the Fourth EcumenicalCouncil but later signed the acts of this council. Several Illyrians also participated.Archbishop Anastasius of Thessalonica, the capital of Illyria, was represented atthe synod by Bishop Quintilius of Heracles of Macedonia. An endemousa synod inConstantinople in 449 and a fourth meeting of the IV Ecumenical Synod in 451were attended by an archimandrite from Constantinople named Carosus, who hadbeen baptized by Metropolitan Theotimus of Tomis and had Daco-Roman originsand was from the local community. It should be noted that the Fourth EcumenicalSynod was attended by a former Prefect of the Praetorium per Illyricum who, in the meantime, had become Archbishop of Caesarea Cappadocia and in his previous capacity as prefect of the praetorium knew very well the Danube territories both politically and ecclesiastically.

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