We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The byzantine art is based upon the Christological dogma. The artistic representations of Christ and saints is justified by the fact of incarnation. Since God became visible in Christ, it is possible to represent the God’s Son in the venerable images. However, such a strong connection between the legitimacy of the icon and the Christological doctrine raises the question whether it is possible to express other particular dogmatic contents by means of that art and aesthetics.The present article attempts to read integrally the Trinitarian truth as represented in the Andrei Rublev icon “The Trinity”. Yet, such integral reading requires not only to read the content displayed in the icon, but also to analyse if the internal dynamism of the aesthetic expression of the divine truth, besides its Christological justification, has a Trinitarian reason as well.
More...
The article shows that the noun עֺלׇה in Leviticus 1 usually is translated according to the long-standing tradition of “holocaust” or “burnt offering”. However, this practice does not transmit etymology of the word derivative of the verb עׇלׇה, meaning “to ascend”, “to climb up”, “to go up”. The article gives an overview of major examples of Bible translations of the noun in Leviticus 1 as well as of most important commentators giving their explanations of its meaning. A due consideration is also given to key proposals of technical translation of עֺלׇה (Buber-Rosenzweig, E. Fox, J.B. Jordan), focusing specially on etymology of the noun. In turn, discussed are arguments of a few important cultural anthropologists, who suggest that main ancient cultures identified animals with humans. Finally, the article turns to explaining possible significances of offering rituals in Leviticus 1, in light of the animal-human identification. It is suggested that the noun עֺלׇה better would be translated as “ascension offering,” as the name points to the effect it has on men, in accordance with meanings of two other offerings, purification and peace. Didactically, עֺלׇה would indicate that a sinful man can ascend to the holy God through a sort of transformation, through some kind of death.Znaczenie ofiary ʻōlāh w Leviticus 1. Rozważania z pogranicza translatoryki biblijnej i antropologii kulturowej
More...
The orphanage was founded in 1698 by a group of nobles connected with the General Vicar in Wrocław. The institution was aimed to take care after boys from burgher families of protestant confession. The first superior, Friedrich Hemigsohn von Göe from Jesuit community built a proper house, which was placed in the Szewska Street (now the Uniwersytecki Square, 15). The orphanage was given a name and organised by Jesuit workers in the period 1706-1731, when the General Vicar signed on the charter document. In this period they accepted children under 15 of both sexes, boys took their basic education in burgher jobs and girls in home service. The superior was responsible for general state of the institution to the bishop. Besides, several officials used to serve in the ophanage. At the beginnig the institution could function due to private pays. The first important bequest was signed by the bishop Franz Ludwig before 1732 and then by the noble woman, Maria Anna von Wesch in 1754. Thanks to those pays the orphanage delivered a care on high level so that it developed into some kind of educational institution for catholic children from the Wrocław diocese.
More...
This article compares the union between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church in Poland and Hungary. The Union closed in Brest city, Poland (1596), influenced the closure of the Union in the Uzhhorod city, Hungary (1646). The mutual comparison of the two unions shows a great deal of differences in the genesis of the unions and in their further development. The Polish Union has all the attributes of a classic Church Union, the Hungarian Union from 1646 has the attributes of a simple personal union. The Polish Union was guaranteed by the Church hierarchy, the king and the pope; the Hungarian Union had a private character between several Presbyters and the Bishop of the Latin Rite of Eger. In the case of Hungary, this was not a one-off event, but the process that was repeated in some years. A further comparison of both environments shows that, in Poland, latinization and polonization developed largely in the wake of the Union. In Hungary, this process took place much later, after the establishment of the Mukacheve Greek Catholic Bishopric (1771). Until then, the Union was inspired by cultural events from the Polish unites believers and Church to cope with the Latin clergy.
More...
Creative work of researchers is analysed on issue of Christian-Muslim relations from the beginning of its selection till nowadays. An attempt to define the certain stages of appearing of European interest to special features of Arabic-Muslim values was made. The main ethical problems of modern conflict situations open up between these two world cultures in Europe is described.
More...
The article is dedicated to studying of the iconography of the subject "The Lamentation of Christ" in Italian painting of XVth – XVIIth centuries. In this research the odd information on the iconographic types of this subject has been systematized, the reasons of this topic popularity in this period have been analyzed, the stages of the subject’s evolution of "The Lamentation of Christ" has been shown.
More...
The 29th, 30th and 31st chapters of the so-called De administrando imperio probably give us the most important and comprehensive narratives about the early history of the Croats. On one hand, the famous work of Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenet provides us, among many defined topics – such as the ethnogenesis of the Croats, their immigration to the Balkans, and their relations to the surrounding nations in the early Middle Ages –, lot of valuable information about the early medieval Croatian state, of its organization, territorial framework, and some aspects of its administation as well. On the other hand, the text of the Byzantien Emperor contains many obscure or even self-contradictory elements about these same topics, which is a well-known fact among scholars, and as such, it has induced wide-ranged debates in historical literature. In this paper – on the basis of the very texts of the aforementioned chapters of the DAI, but also on the contemporary and somewhat later latin sources related to the same topics touched by our Byzantine source (eventhough they apparently give us a far less comprehensive frame than the Byzantine text), and taking into consideration of the achievements of the latest historiography as well – I try to point out that most of the quite well-known inconsistencies between the „Dalmatian Chapters" of the DAI are fundamentally avoiding all those aspects which are related to the frame of the early „Croatian Statehood" itself, and most of these elements which could be derived from the Byzantine text are fitting in well with the data of our available latin sources about the same topic. This observation, on one hand, could support the idea that the information of the „Dalmatian Chapters" about the state might come from different sources (since the texts of the three chapters are highlighting completely different aspects of the early Croatian State, and cannot be derived from each other), but it also suggests, on the other hand, that the very important aspects of the inner life and administration of a neighbouring state – at least in the case of early Croatia – were held far less sensitive ideologically, as well as kept far more factual at the same time by the composer(s) of the Byzantine text, than other topics such like, for example, the process of Christianization of the Croats, or the completelly „perpetual" and „indisputable" imperial supremacy and claim over Dalmatia.
More...
In this paper the Ukrainian book manuscript in the form of a particular sample – Irmoloya Artemia Kompayskoho. It is a peculiarity of the manuscript and belonging to Muscovite Code tradition of church-singers practice. Also, consider the causes of the two traditions of church music. Shown difference Ukrainian church singers repertoire XVII– XVIII century.
More...
It is a question of the formation of the traditions of the creation and performance of the sacred music in the Ukraine of the XVІІth century in the context of the general tendencies of the historical development of musical art and influence of other musical cultures, confession and sociopolitical factors in the article.
More...
The article is an attempt to answer the question what role in political communication of the Catholic Church in Poland play the most important Polish Catholic opinion weekly magazines („Gość Niedzielny”, „Niedziela”, „Tygodnik Powszechny”). Span of the analysis covers last 15 years. The research included the presidential campaign period in 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015. The analysis was conducted with regard to the articles published during the period of one month prior to the presidential elections. The author assesses to what extent the analyzed press titles were convergent with the official announcements of the Polish Bishops' Conference regarding the political involvement of the Catholic Church. It is important to find an answer to the question of how the Catholic press supported one of the candidates for the office of President of the Republic. Another important question that needs clarification is whether and to what extent journalists discussed electoral programs of individual candidates. According to the author, the results of research regarding political engagement of Catholic press in the four presidential campaigns are a representative sample to determine the role of the analysed Catholic press in political communication of the Catholic Church in Poland.
More...
Ontological background of the twentieth-century contributed the conditions which made a French novel strive for the genre of confession. One of the main features which denotes the renewal of confessional poetics in French novel is the intensification of “secondary” elements semantics. The markers of the “secondary” within the coordinates of literary text are narrative techniques that carry the semantic load on the structural elements of the text, which are traditionally considered less important: words in brackets, parentheses, “superfluous” words or even the whole chapters etc. Therefore, due to these narrative techniques the “secondary” elements of a text (which previously could be read faster than the main text or even could be thrown out of it without loss for content) transform into the ideological core of a novel. The reasons of this phenomenon lie through examination both of the confession as a Christian Sacrament and the specialties of new external grounding which modified the poetics of confession in the twentieth century. The research focuses on the novels of French Catholic writers G. Bernanos, F. Mauriac, J. Green. The analysis of their novels allows explaining epistemological value of “secondary” elements in the twentieth-century art and clarifying the narrative strategies of modeling the confessional image of the twentieth-century French literature.
More...
Typically, aid for the poor in Hungary was the responsibility of church representatives and social elites. However, Christian teachings only requested support for people in need in the form of alms, not permanent provisions. The level of care for the poor in the country adhered to this understanding until the second half of the 18th century when social support and health care became the agenda of the state. During the Enlightenment era, Hungarian elites started to address these issues under the guidance of the Emperor. The initiative was influenced, but not regulated by Maria Theresa. Joseph II considered assistance for the poor to be a political issue that needed to be thoroughly managed and checked by the official authorities. However, the care itself and its financing were the responsibility of towns and municipalities, primarily the inhabitants. The emperor expected that the generosity of the local elite would be a model for others and that they would personally participate in collecting and distributing financial contributions. Joseph II’s intentions concerning reform of the support systems remained more or less only a vision that could not be fulfilled in Hungary in the given era. What he did not manage to impose by top-down regulation was gradually accomplished by a bottom-up initiative in the first half of the 19th century. Charity organisations established and managed by the local elite became the most significant entity helping the poor and they made considerable contributions to the modernisation, professionalism, and specialisation in that field. Assistance was also provided by churches, self-governments and official authorities.
More...
Sainthood, which is accepted as consecrated and relic in Christianity, used to have an important value in Byzantine belief culture. In this culture that varied by region, some common attributions and name similarities draw the attention time to time. It can be clearly seen that Hagios Phokas, accepted sacred in the Black sea region, has an idiosyncratic cult similar with Hagios Nikholaus in the Mediterranean. Moreover, Hagios Phokas is argued for having similar features with Hagios Andreas and Diogenes of Sinope. Hagios Phokas’s canonisation is as interesting as his birth, life and death which constitutes the subject of the study. Phoka, who is thought to be born in Herakleia Pontike (Karadeniz Ereglisi) or Sinope (Sinop), is accepted as died in the era of Emperor Traianus (98-117) or in the era of Diocletianus (284-305). Among all this intricacy, one thing is so clear that Phokas is known as helpful, trustful and character-wise. It is also known that he was assassinated in Sinope and many churches were constructed in both Sinope and nearby cities on behalf of his name. In the study, Phokas, Hagios Phokas, Martyr Phokas, Hieromartyr Phokas and Bishop Phokas of Sinope, their identities, misstatements, churches that were constructed for their names and the removal of relics of Phokas into Amaseia (Amasya) after the consecration of him by Asterius, the bishop of Amaseia are discussed. Furthermore it is also aimed to clarify the culture of Helesa that is considered to be related with Phokas and is applied after the 15th day of Ramadan in Sinope.
More...
The historical development of Greek chant in Ukraine is revealed in the article. Specifications of the original Greek chant, Ukrainian and Russian Greek tunes contained in the Ukrainian staff-notated Heirmologia of the XVIIth – XVIIIth centuries are given. The current state of manuscript heritage of Greek chant in Ukraine is researched. The question of adoption and performance of Greek chant in Ukraine is considered. Cultural interrelations of Ukraine and Greece are depicted.
More...
The article is about the main historical and cultural aspects of the constructions of Collegium of Holy Virgin Maria sn Stanislaviv (today Iwano-Frankivsk). The main attention gives to the new original fasade of the collegiums at the end of XVII- the beginning of XVIII century, that has a strong hold to the development of architecture generally in the region.
More...
A great authority gap and havoc occurred in Western Europe following the collapse and disintegration of the Carolingian Frankish Empire in 843. Being fed with the ideas of the “Theocratic Perception of History” for centuries, the popes intended to benefit this situation and desired to establish a world empire by transforming their office of Papacy into an instrument of sovereignty. They pointed Jerusalem as a target to the Christian population of Western Europe and got engaged in the usage of propaganda containing a powerful agitation. These propagandas soon came up with the results the Papacy wanted. On the other hand, being crushed under economic hardships and filled with religious enthusiasm, the masses of the West wished to obtain heaven, worldly possessions, land, wealth, prosperity and happiness. Thus, when the Pope’s ambitions of establishing a world empire united with the desires of the masses, the world of Western Christendom suddenly went into action in the year 1095. Eight great Crusades were launched on Palestine, the Holy Land in the eyes of the Western Christian world. The first three of these crusades targeted the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate. These crusades resulted with numerous progress regarding the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate, Byzantium, Armenians, Western Christian world, Christianity and Papacy. They also caused the Muslim Turkish world and the Christian Western world to know each other, and resulted with the opening of the West to the outside world, transmission of the inventions and accumulations of the Islamic world to the West and the beginning of Orientalist activities. In our paper, we will attempt to clarify the issue as much as we can by determining the results related with the topics we mentioned above. We can mention here that Sultan Kılıç Arslan I, the ruler of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate at that time, conducted the most perfect and successful homeland defense against the Western world in Turkish history. More significantly, with this unprecedented homeland defense, he has caused the Western world to accept and recognise the fact that Anatolia had become a Turkish land. Thus, as the Westerners saw during the Second Crusade (1147-1148) that Anatolia was already filled with the Turks who vigorously defended it, they started to call the land “Turkey” (Turkhia, Turquia) afterwards. Following the Seljuk victory at Myriokephalon, Byzantium completed the picture by accepting this fact already put forth by the Western world.
More...
The article deals with the activities of an important fraternity of pastors from Spiš (Szepes, Zips) region founded in 1204 who resided in Levoča (Lőcse, Leutschau), especially with the work of one of its members, Christoph Petschmessingsloer. In addition to providing information on the life of the author of The Praise for the Art of Poetry (Laudes artis poeticae) from 1461, the study describes the circumstances of the origin of this work. The greatest attention is paid to an analysis of the text of this lecture on the art of poetry and an assessment of its rhetorical characteristics that represented an introduction to Satires by the Roman satirist Decimus Junius Juvenalis. For its first part, the poetic praise of art and poetry is characteristic; the second part speaks of rhetorical and poetic technique, verse forms together with terms of poetic expression. The work is concluded with a mythological story inspired by Ovid's Metamorphoses about nine muses that represent nine human activities and methods of the acquisition of knowledge.
More...
The legislator in the Constitution of Ukraine states that the Church and religious organizations in Ukraine are separated from the state. In Ukraine the relations between the Church and the state begins with the procedure for registering Church units – e.g. parishes and dioceses – of which the visible structure of the Church organism actually forms. The state does not interfere with the activities of religious organizations, if they do not violate the current legislation, do not encroach on life, health, dignity of a person, as well as the rights of other citizens and organizations.
More...