Kann man die Freiheit essen?
Essay on the question how to speak about Cultural Freedom to people in utmost economic misery.
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Essay on the question how to speak about Cultural Freedom to people in utmost economic misery.
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In Lithuania, a small emerging country, up to now the J.Aaker brand personality scale has been used without a proper validation. Previous researchers have made conclusions that the J.Aaker brand personality scale is both culture- and country-sensitive. Moreover, some studies show that not all dimensions might be suitable for measuring brand personality in a specific country or cross-cultural studies. Therefore, this paper aims to adapt and validate the scale proposed by J. Aaker in a context of a small emerging country. The scale validation takes place in several stages: starting with a qualitative study, involving experts, and finishing with an extensive quantitative study in three product categories. The research has revealed that in the Lithuanian context, the brand personality scale is composed of three dimensions, such as Sincerity, Modernity-Excitement and Competence. The scale, valid for a small emerging country, consists of 13 instead of 42 traits.
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The nation integrates the populations into a community of citizens whose existence legitimizes the internal and external action of the state. The latter, an instrument of the nation, is acting at the same time to integrate populations by citizenship and to act in the world of nations - political units. Globalization is no longer based on expansionist impulses, but on new infrastructures and means of global governance and exercise of governance, which have altered power relations in the present world.In the era of globalization, the traditional correlation between the national organization of the military, namely the national defense and the territorial nation-state, has undergone transformations in the sense that the elaboration of a national defense policy, starting from the defense strategy decisions up to the deployment and the use of military force is integrated into a matrix of institutionalized consultation and cooperation mechanisms, both bilateral and multilateral, both formal and informal.
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Society has been studying city phenomenon since its origin. However, main factors of its sustainable development, which is top priority of strategic management and an indicator of management efficiency, has not been fully investigated. The present research purpose is to study factors and issues of stable development, generalization of Russian trends in city management in various socio-economic conditions. Development level of Russian cities was analyzed on the basis of integral indicator –sustainable development index, comprising structured complex of statistic rates, characterizing sustainable development along three sections: economic, ecological, and social. The author assesses effectiveness of strategic planning of large city development, points out drawbacks and targeted directions of management decisions, focused on city development with a number of result-oriented indicators. General tendencies of Russian agglomerations were supported by the results of assessing development sustainability of Russian cities. Perspective lines and criteria of strategic sustainable development have been identified, such as ‘smart’ services and technologies of city life.
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The tax regulation is an important element of creation and distribution of the qualitative budgeting of a city or a state. Tax regulation allows evenly distributing the existing resources and thus ensuring the gradual development of a state. The task of legal regulation is to ensure the equal distribution of the tax burden and the formation of the integral perception on the part of the population of the suggested regulatory measures. The search of the equilibrium and the formation of the system of legal regulation based on the analysis of the best practices of the European states forms the relevance of the study. The novelty of the study is defined by the fact that to a greater extent, the formation of the model of sufficient tax regulation is possible if it is a targeted indicator of the social and economic development of the state. The authors of the paper except for analyzing the taxation systems of the majority of the EU states also define the way necessary for the implementation of the legislation elements in the states of the post-Soviet territory. According to the authors, it will allow to a greater extent define how the tax incomes should be distributed. The practical significance of the study is defined by the fact that at the implementation of the paper’s conclusions one may precisely define that different distribution of the funds will allow to a greater extent feasibly reforming the tax legislation in the developing countries.
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Prin lucrarea de față doresc să evidențiez rolul femeilor în organizațiile militare, în special prin implicarea acestora în acțiuni militare, ca urmare a participării la misiuni în teatrele de operații, corelând efectele acestor acțiuni cu identitatea socială, în contextul accentuării ideii privind egalitatea de șanse între femei și bărbați. Având ca bază de pornire evoluția personalului feminin în organizații militare, printr-o serie de repere și evocări istorice de-a lungul timpului, se adaugă o serie de particularități privind adaptabilitatea la mediul militar și nu în ultimul rând, se scoate în evidență participarea femeilor în conflicte armate internaționale. Aspectele referitoare la evoluția în cariera militară a femeilor au fost reliefate printr-o analiză comparativă a forțelor armate ale țărilor membre NATO, atât din punctul de vedere al încadrării cu personal feminin, pe arme și specialități militare, dar și prin date statistice referitoare la participarea acestora în cadrul misiunilor. Pentru exemplificarea aspectelor teoretice s-a utilizat ca metodă de cercetare studiul de caz multiplu și ghidul de interviu ca instrument în cadrul interviului, urmând a fi prezentată analiza de conținut tematică pe baza răspunsurilor oferite de persoanele intervievate.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) applications already allow the detection and control of threats, the management and simulation of the operational environment, the rapid collation and processing of information, the rapid delivery of tactical, operational, and strategic analysis to decision makers. The opportunities offered by AI in conducting combat action have led the major players in the international security environment, such as the US, China, and the Russian Federation, to embrace a race to develop the weapons of the future, based on this emerging and disruptive technology.
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Post-conflict environments in regions such as the Balkans or Southeast Asia are examples of a dominant, liberal form of peacebuilding that assumes that peace can only be achieved by creating states representing a faithful replica of a liberal-democratic model in its political and socio-economic sense (“peace-as-governance”). By relying on the critique of this blueprint state-building, or so-called “IKEA peacebuilding”, the paper analyses the missed opportunities for the implementation of alternative and traditional peacebuilding instruments. The starting point in the analysis is Richmond’s concept of post-liberal peace, which is emancipatory by its nature, and Mac Ginty’s concept of hybridity which stresses the need for synergy of global, national and local actors. At the same time, by emphasizing the importance of the local context and the local approval, the paper seeks to point out the necessity of a paradigm shift in peacebuilding endeavors in regions burdened by violent conflicts.
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The role of urban local government in Zimbabwe in producingpublic goods and services such as water supply, solid waste management,primary health care, road construction and maintenance and others isbeyond contest. In generating these services that ordinary urbanitescannot do without, urban local government has become not only afrontline service provider but an indispensable subnational governmentplaying a crucial role in improving the quality of human life. Yet, servicedelivery is seemingly characterised by chronic backlog that appears tosuggest that urban councils are not dispensing their duties as well as theyshould but that they are also failing to meet the expectations ofcommunities in their jurisdictions. The explanations for the policy failuresinclude the inability to collect revenue due a municipality, notablelegislative weaknesses, and possibly inter and intra political frictionimpacting urban service delivery. With the assistance of a hypotheticalprocess model, the article focuses on the lack of implementation capacityor the inability to implement policy as one of the major reasons that isoften overlooked or ignored when explaining policy failure at the localsphere of urban government
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Innovation is complicated and understudied in developing countries such as Indonesia, which has run a public service innovation competition since 2014 as part of its governance reform. Therefore, this study examined the dynamics of innovation in the Indonesian public sector by applying the content analysis method to these competitions from 2014 to 2019. The results showed the progress of innovation by the increasing number of entries, the variation of public sector typology in winning the competition, and competitiveness. However, some challenges remain, including: the limited number of insti- tutions that successfully participate in the competition; domination by some public sector organizations; dependence on the innovative leader; uneven innovation capacity; and the problem of sustainability.
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The transformation process in Afghanistan, which has been tried to modernize for nearly a century and a half, has been painful. Against the reformists, whom Arnold Toynbee called Herodians, there has always been a conservative section (Zealotite) who resisted transformation. With the US intervention in Afghanistan in 2001, a new transformation process began in Afghanistan, which received support from the international community. In this study, the modernization efforts in Afghanistan in the historical process was examined through the changes in the fields of law and education. The Herodian (Herodian)-Zealotian (Zealot) distinction used by Arnold Toynbee has been used to define the opposing positions in the process.
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Post-revolutionary political situations gave a new impetus to Kazakh life and cultural life. At this time, a new generation of political, cultural and educational Chinese Kazakhs was born. They supported Jewish reforms. He also became a supporter of the Alash movement on the Chinese side. He was engaged in cultural and educational work to raise the nation to a new level. He raised money to publish newspapers and magazines, opened a school and wrote a textbook. He worked to preserve the national mentality of the Chinese Kazakhs, the development of written literature and culture. Among these prominent figures are Nurtaza Shalgynbayev and Abdykadir Kasymuly. These public figures have worked hard for the prosperity of the national spiritual potential of the Kazakh people.
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Tunisian revolution was surprise for all actors. Authoritarian president Ben Ali had never thought about any possibility that his presidentship would end before his death. At the beginning people at streets could neither imagine that their movement nor change a state system. Western countries and institutions considered Ben Ali an ally because of war on terror/illegal immigration and secular tendencies. A/m article tried to show origin of revolution and its chronology. Huge corruption, weak economy and bad social system which were not able take care of new persons on labour market caused intensive tensions in society. We were able to see many actors and their examples of hopeless conducts. These sacrifices, esp. case of Mohammed Buazizi, were truly ignition spark of whole process.
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The democratic transition in Bulgarian society at the very beginning was a “paradox.” Because the existing ruling set did not allow ethnicity, that is, their politics, to prosper. The transition from the non-democratic to the democratic regime in Bulgaria, compared to other transitions in Eastern Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary), was transparent, but on the other hand, the process of democratic consolidation, which by its very nature was complex, was problematic and thus a long one. In accordance with the above, in the first part of the paper, we discuss the political elites in the process of democratic transition and consolidation, and in the second part we focus on the latter problem: the transition from non-democratic to democratic regime in Bulgaria. In conclusion, we indicate the key findings that have come over by considering this problem.
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In this article, we discuss the conceptual framework of colonialism. We consider colonialism to be a complex system based on racial discrimination and economic exploitation. Furthermore, we closely define the concepts of colonialism, neocolonialism and imperialism. We believe that these terms are interconnected and that they construct one single context. Regardless of the small differences between these concepts, they act synergistically with the goal of establishing hegemony over the native population. Moreover, we analyze the psychological aspect of colonialism in order to uncover the relationship between the colonizer and the colonized. That relationship is characterised by mutual dependence, complexes of superiority and inferiority. In addition, we compare the opinions of three most eminent authors in the field of psychology of colonialism Albert Memmi, Octave Mannoni and Frantz Fannon.
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In the second half of the 19th century, many young Romanians went to Western Europe, especially to Germany and France, where they attended university or, after graduating from Romanian universities, were present at prestigious European universities for specialization. It is especially important to remember and evoke whenever possible the great Romanian forerunners who made important contributions of knowledge, inscribing in gold letters their name in the history of Romanian science and world science.
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This paper examines the effects of double taxation treaties on FDI inflows into both developing and developed countries. A gravity model equation was used to first estimate the general effect of the existence of a tax treaty between symmetric and asymmetric country pairs on FDI. Secondly, indices that indicate the proportion of source taxation rights negotiated in a tax treaty were employed in the same gravity equation as predictors. Both the conclusion of tax treaties in general and in particular those with a high share of source taxation were found to be negatively correlated with FDI inflows (–23.05%). A stronger effect could be estimated for FDI inflows into developing countries (–29.53%), indicating that developing countries face a more severe trade-off between the attraction of FDI from MNEs and the generation of tax revenue from business activities rendered in their territory.
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The aim of this article is to analyse trends in trade throughout the global South, focusing on two regions of Asia: East Asia and Pacific, and South Asia. Unlike many recent texts which tend to focus on the activities of China and India, and their consequences for the developed economies (mainly US and Europe), this article aims to identify trends in trade between developing countries, with a special emphasis on non-Chinese and non-Indian actors. In attempting to measure the Asian developing regions’ engagement in the economic cooperation across the global South over the period of 2000–2019, an emphasis is placed on relative data (South-South trade as a percentage of total imports/exports), as opposed to absolute data (trade volumes for exports/imports in USD). This allows us to identify and compare trends in engagement for each individual actor regardless of their economic power. Important changes in the character of goods traded (i.e. leading import/export categories) can also be seen over the whole 20-year period. While the participation of East Asia Pacific and South Asia in South-South trade undoubtedly grew after 2000, largely due to impressive performances of China and India. However, the economic might of these giants should not overshadow the performances of their smaller counterparts, who also play an integral role in setting the trends this article hopes to identify. In fact, in some particular years, the group of non-Chinese economies of East Asia Pacific, and the group of non-Indian countries of South Asia, outperformed both China, and India, when South-South trade was measured as a percentage of their total imports and exports. Intraregional trade became the dominant component of East Asia Pacific trade over the 20-year period. This was not the case for South Asia, which might be seen as an obstacle for future development. The positive experience of these two regions might be used as a blueprint to extend networks of trading relationships across the global South through which new value chains can be created. While this might be seen as somewhat controversial from a Northern perspective, it would inevitably lead to strengthening political relationships between developing regions, helping to balance the global economy, and provide opportunities for Southern-led capital flows to Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America and the Caribbean.
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Derive the importance of foreign direct investment in the world, particularly in the developing countries. FDI is critical for the developing countries which need multinational funding and expertise to expand, give structure, and guide their will to boost manufacturing and service sectors. Due to its role in promoting the growth and development wheel, providing financial resources complementary to national savings, and contributing to the transfer of technology and skills associated with modern production methods, it has emerged as one of the most significant sources of support for development. As the deteriorating economic conditions of developing countries did not leave them with many options or other solutions, their only option was to open their economies. The research touches on multiple subjects such as: Statistical Decision Theory by using statistical data to prove some of the research points, Multidimensional Statistical Analysis, Financial Econometrics which includes the financial related remarks as GDP part of the research, etc. In this sense, the goals of this paper are to highlight the importance of FDI in achieving the development in developing countries.
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The article examines the East Timor’s path to independence and statehood. Also, based on the relevant literature and personal author’s experience, the article reviews and analyses the conflict which was present during East Timor’s efforts to gain independence as well as the international community’s activities related to this conflict. Due to a long period during which this conflict occurred, it is possible to identify different method and approaches to its solution in different historical periods and especially, the different approach of the United Nations during the Cold War and the post-Cold War era. Also, it is possible to identify the changes in the proclaimed values which motivated the international community to act in these two historical periods. The conflict in East Timor in 1999 also deserves academic attention, especially in Serbia, as it is closely related to the conflict in the former Federative Republic of Yugoslavia. The correlation between these two conflicts is not reflected only in the fact that both conflicts were on-going almost at the same time, but also in the promotion and application of principles by major international actors in these two conflicts.
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