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In this chapter we provide a theoretical framework for understanding two issues central to this book. First, this is the role of care services in the current societal and social policy context, in relation to new social risks, work-life balance and well-being. The second issue is what the factors/ drivers are that explain the recent and current developments of care services in contemporary European societies.
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This chapter is devoted to the comparison of design and governance of contemporary childcare and eldercare policies in Norway and the Czech Republic, countries that face historically similar (although not equal) structures of in-need populations. In the case of childcare, both countries are similar regarding the parental behaviour of the population, the proportion of preschool children to the total population (3–4 percent), most of whom grow up in two-parent households (52 percent in Norway, 38 percent in the Czech Republic in 2014), and the proportion of children with disabilities or other specific needs (under 10 percent of children living in at-risk-of-poverty households in Norway, and under 15 percent of such children in the Czech Republic) (ČSÚ 2015; Statistics Norway 2015). In case of eldercare, the populations in Norway and in the Czech Republic are ageing like in other European countries (15.9 percent of people are above 65 years in Norway and 17.4 percent in the Czech Republic in 2014) due to the long-term decline in fertility and the increasing life expectancy. This situation is expected to continue in the coming decades (more than 21 percent of the population is expected to be older than 65 in Norway and more than 27 percent in the Czech Republic in the year 2050) (Eurostat 2015).
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In this chapter, we summarise the findings regarding objectives, needs and existing solutions in child- and eldercare in views of care funders, regulators, formal care providers and other national level stakeholders. We are interested in various aspects of governance in care services and the analysis is conducted along the lines of perceived challenges in regulation, service delivery and financing (Sirovátka and Greve 2014). Given the multilevel character of care services governance, the chapter aims to explore the compatibility of various actors’ views and their capacity to act and cooperate within the existing policy context.
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The reform of the minimum income schemes is a mandatory requirement if Bulgaria wants to get full access to the funds under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan. The draft reform design envisages that the monthly social assistance benefits will be based on the national poverty line. However, this approach exposes the objectives of the reform to significant risks, as it ignores the weaknesses of the national poverty line legislation.
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During the second half of the 20th century, significant changes in the structure and concept of the welfare state in Europe have emerged, mainly due to the changes in labour market. Since the 70s last century, progressive implementation of labour - saving technologies and current technologies based on the Internet of Things, Data and Services have been changing economic activity and consequently the character and forms of work. The accompanying phenomenon of these changes has been growing labour market uncertainty and unemployment. People threatened by the unemployment, especially by the longterm unemployment became dependant on social benefits and do not adequately contribute to the social system used to finance the benefits. Therefore, welfare state has found itself in a crisis. The aim of our discussion is to evaluate social expenditure trends of the EU Member States in the light of the labour market changes. Social expenditure trends are researched on the ESSPROS - Eurostat database on social protection. The methods used are extrapolation and prediction. The original welfare state was built on a well-functioning labour market with sufficient jobs creation, but new social risks emerged in last decades. We agree that the European countries will have to make a crucial decision, whether the European social model, which has played a key role in maintaining social contract in the past, is sustainable even in the future.
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The concept of a social state and its size differs from country to country and is influenced by characteristics such as its history, degree of solidarity and the mentality of its citizens which is manifested in their desires, etc. The main question remains of how extensive the social security system of the Czech Republic can afford to be under the condition that the state budget is balanced. In addition to the budget constraints placed on the system, some states are also struggling with a non-take-up phenomenon in the situation where an individual or household is entitled to assistance or social benefit under the legislation in force. In the Czech Republic, insufficient attention is paid to this problem, in spite of the fact that a high non-take-up rate can be a warning about problems in setting up or targeting the system. To identify the gravity of the problem, the authors employ micro-simulation modeling using data from the Czech EU-SILC survey from 2017. The paper is primarily focused on two specific types of benefits – the benefit package for senior citizens and the benefit package aimed at families with children. A part of the final discussion of the results will encompass methodological and data constraints and the risk groups threatened by the non-take-up phenomenon.
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Sağlık, ülkelerin gelişmişlik seviyesini yansıtan temel konulardan biridir. Sağlıkla alakalı olan kişi başı sağlık harcamaları, doğuşta yaşam beklentisi, ölüm oranları, sağlıkta insan kaynakları gibi göstergeler ülkelerin sağlık alanında gelişmişlik düzeylerini yansıtmaktadır. Bu bakımdan değerlendirildiğinde sağlık hizmetlerinin devletin kontrolünde olması ya da devlet aracılığıyla yürütülmesinin gerekli olduğu görülmektedir. Kamu politikaları içerisinde önem arz eden sağlık konusuna, 1980’li yıllardan beri teknolojik alanda meydana gelen gelişmelerin görülmesi, ortalama yaşam süresinin uzaması, ilaç ve tıbbi ekipmanlardaki inovatif gelişmelerin yaşanması, değişik tedavi yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesi, sosyal bir devlet olmanın getirdiği sorumluluklar çerçevesinde daha fazla değer verilmeye başlanmıştır.
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Management has to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the enterprise (FUTZ). Then the strategist will need to change his behavior in the direction of combining external opportunities with strengths, reducing threats and weaknesses in the external environment. This process is known as FUTZ analysis. Management uses FUTZ analysis to make decisions about the overall strategy of the enterprise, the system, the sector. Turkey's geographical location, qualified human resources in production and management, a strong domestic Sunday that is open to development affect the development of the health sector and the flow of foreign capital. Decreasing death and illness rates, developing population and demographic indicators, increasing awareness of health care, professionalization of health personnel, harmonization efforts with the European Union in the health sector are the strengths of the Turkish health sector. As a result of the SWOT analysis, the Directorate has more superiority (e.g.; High problem-solving ability, and solution-oriented work, having an expert and experienced team, making continuous field supervision, team spirit, having the team to be people of different professions, working in coordination with other departments, etc.) and threats (e.g.; making staff work outside their job description, opening new workspaces and increasing workload, low level of education among staff, high risk of workspaces, disruption of staff's work due to compensation assurance, etc.) it has been determined that he has.This situation reveals that the unit can implement UT (superiority-threats) strategies.As a result, it is suggested that the unit analyzed should implement strategies that will enable it to eliminate threats by using its current superior aspects. It is thought that the study will be useful for managers of health institutions who want to apply SWOT analysis working in inpatient treatment institutions besides the Kilis Provincial Health Directorate in terms of both the method and the results obtained.
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Chinese culture expects men to be strong and capable of emotional restraint, and therefore, the grief of bereaved fathers is often being overlooked in Chinese society. However, there has been little research done to understand the emotions and needs of these grief-stricken men, especially from the observations and perspectives of support professionals. This exploratory study attempted to address the knowledge gap concerning the bereaved fathers in Hong Kong through interviews of grief support workers. The study aimed at studying the needs and the pattern of grief of these fathers, plus the effects of gender and cultural expectations on their grief expression. Appropriate support and interventions were also explored. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with five grief support workers who had substantial experience in providing support and counseling to bereaved fathers, and reflexive thematic analysis was used in the data analysis. Results of the study showed that the bereaved fathers in Hong Kong tend to maintain their toughness and invulnerability as circumscribed by society and cultural norms amid the loss. Also, behaviors associated with the instrumental pattern of grief are more commonly observed among bereaved fathers. With respect to professional interventions, grief support workers recognized the importance of both instrumental and intuitive pattern of grief when working with the bereaved fathers and indicated that they had greater success in engaging these fathers through culturally-sensitive practice by paying attention to the societal and cultural expectations on men and respecting the fathers’ preferred choice and priority in the grief process.
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In addition to defining the child, the child without parental care and the adoption institute, the paper analyzes the "conflict" between potential adopters and professionals employed in social work centers. The said conflict is related to the large number of those who want to adopt a child compared to the small number of adopted children. Professionals more often refer to legal obstacles in the process, while the potential adopters point to inertness,i.e., lack of interest of professionals and inappropriate adoption policy. In the wake of these "accusations", the paper presents the results of research conducted with two groups of respondents: social workers, who are engaged in the protection and care of children without parental care, according to their best interests, social work centers, and parents who have adopted a child.
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The health systems of individual countries differ not only in terms of organizational security, but also in terms of financing. Significant changes in the healthcare system began to be implemented in Slovakia after 1989, when healthcare services became mixed goods from purely public goods. In practice, this meant the entry of the private sector into the field of providing health services. The aim of the article is to evaluate the development in the field of healt facilities in the regions of Slovakia on the basis of selected indicators. On the basis of the analysis of secondary data obtained from the Statistical office of the Slovak Republic for the period 2000-2021, it emerged that there were significant changes in the number of health facilities in individual regions in 2009, also as a result of legislative changes regarding the location and scope of these facilities. At the level of Slovakia, in 2021, compared to the year 2000, the number of health facilities increased by 20%, but the number of health workers increased only slightly by 0.6%.
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The concept of psychiatric care was formulated already in 2000. In 2013, this original concept was revised under the name of the Strategy for the Reform of Psychiatric Care, the main goal of which is the deinstitutionalization of psychiatric care, the provision and increase of ambulatory and acute inpatient care capacities. The aim of the article is to evaluate regional differences in the capacity availability of psychiatric care in the regions of the Czech yoRepublic for the years 2012 and 2021. To evaluate the availability of psychiatric care capacities in the regions of the Czech Republic, the TOPSIS Technique was used within two models, M1 and M2. The models differed in the set weight of individual criteria. The results show that the best availability of psychiatric care capacities was in the capital city of Prague, followed by the Pilsen Region and the Vysočina Region. Conversely, the worst rated regions in terms of capacity availability include the Central Bohemian Region and the Zlín Region. Within the monitored years (2012, 2021), there was an improvement in the availability of capacities in all regions of the Czech Republic, with the exception of the Olomouc region.
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The relevance of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) reporting in the European union (EU) has been increasing in recent years most notably with the EU Directive 2022/2464 (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive – CSRD) which goes into effect in 2023, and associated ESG reporting standards, which introduce more types of required ESG data in annual enterprise reports and engage a wider pool of enterprises. A review of available literature has been conducted aiming to assess the latest changes in the scope of ESG reporting in the EU, to highlight the primary categories of information which will be required according to the new standards, to consider to what extent the new regulation will affect EU health care institutions and to outline expected challenges and opportunities the new regulation poses
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This paper is a message to all to ensure that older people can age with dignity and equality in a healthy environment. Let us change the views and thoughts about aging to promote healthy aging and improve the lives of older people. Our society is living faster and the population is aging at a galloping pace. Are their needs being met, and to what extent? Do they have access to all the resources necessary for a dignified life? What are the barriers that prevent their full participation in society? The answers should be sought globally, in their communities and families! Let us raise our voices and adapt the communities physically and economically to the elderly! Talk about preventing ageism in the media, which is according to research, more biased toward younger people. How can the gap between younger people and “OK Boomers”, a famous example of ageism, be bridged internationally? Let us look at social isolation, ignorance, and activities through data collection, definition of goals, and outcomes in the in-home care setting. Ask yourself: What have I done about the above? This paper aims to raise awareness and encourage reflection on stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminatory behaviors related to ageism and aging that we all face.
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The research topic of this paper is social welfare for older people. Social services in the social welfare system improve the quality of life for socially vulnerable groups. The fact that people aged 65 and over made up 20.6% of the population of the Republic of Croatia in 2019, with a projected increase to 30.2% by 2050 (MROSP, 2021), shows the importance of research on older people. The aim of the paper is to present and analyze the availability of social services within the Croatian social welfare system for older people. Data in this paper were collected from secondary sources (databases of relevant institutions and their publications, as well as books, articles, and online sources in the field of social policy). The research results can serve as guidelines for future action and the development of policies tailored to the needs and welfare of older people.
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Death represents the end point of aging and life is an inherent part of nature. However, it is also of great importance in many areas of law. As a legal fact, death is essential in civil law and in legal relations governed by civil law. In bioethical scientific circles, the final point of life has come to the fore, which is of the utmost importance for civil law. In civil law, it is crucial to determine the exact moment of death because since Roman law, death has been a fact that determines the end of a person’s legal subjecthood, causes legal affairs mortis causa to take effect, is one of the main prerequisites of inheritance law, and causes certain uninheritable rights and obligations to cease. The first part of this paper will focus on particular bioethical, legal, and medical issues concerning death. The second part will focus on the civil law regulation of death in Roman (private) law. Finally, the third part will deal with the consequences of death in certain parts of contemporary civil law, as well as with natural persons and their legal subjecthood.
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This study evaluates the cash-based humanitarian assistance programs implemented in Türkiye and Colombia, examining the social and economic impacts and challenges of these approaches. It seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs in managing migration and crises, and to explore how experiences from different contexts contribute to each other and to international humanitarian aid policies. Türkiye’s model offers a centralized and extensive support mechanism for Syrian refugees, while Colombia has developed more flexible, community-focused solutions for Venezuelan migrants. Although both countries’ programs have been successful in addressing basic needs, issues such as social integration, financial sustainability, and coordination remain significant challenges. The study offers policy recommendations based on the experiences of both countries. It suggests that Türkiye enhance the participation of local actors and diversify funding sources, while Colombia develop long-term financing strategies and strengthen coordination mechanisms. The study proposes strategic solutions in the form of actionable policy recommendations to these problems and presents key findings regarding the potential of cash-based assistance in crisis management.
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Since its establishment, the Presidency of Religious Affairs has always prioritized people with its studies in sociological and psychological fields; it has continued its studies without discriminating on the basis of religion, language, and race, and has thus managed to become one of the leading institutions of our nation. Over the years, in order to expand its activities in Turkey, it established the Turkish-Islamic Union of Religious Affairs in 1984 and carried its activities to an international level. The Turkish-Islamic Union of Religious Affairs aims to provide material and moral support to all people abroad, primarily our citizens, whether Muslim or non-Muslim. Our aim in this report is to examine the humanitarian aid activities of the Presidency of Religious Affairs personnel operating abroad from the past to the present, specifically in Germany, and to evaluate the changes over time by comparing them. Based on the concrete data in the sample studies, we aim to create a more efficient and comprehensive work plan in the new studies to be conducted. In our report, which will reveal the changes and developments between the examples of humanitarian work carried out in Germany between 1990-2000 and the activities carried out today, we will touch on the humanitarian aid activities that can be carried out in the future and we will try to underline the points that need to be taken into consideration while carrying out these activities. As a result, it will be emphasized that the material and moral aid works and international activities carried out by the Presidency of Religious Affairs on behalf of all humanity without any discrimination should be taken as an example by other official institutions and civil society organizations and should be continued by developing them.
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As a demand of globalized world, people frequently change their locations for various reasons. These situations can be categorized according to positive and negative factors. Positive factors include education, personal development, discovering new places, and so on, while negative factors include natural disasters, wars, hunger, and others. At any given time, during migration, people may need assistance. For this purpose, many international organizations, non-governmental organizations, unions, and others unite around a common goal is: Protecting human life and health. The protection of human life and health brings with it both material and spiritual needs. Material needs include food, clothing, housing, transportation, medical supplies, and so on. In addition, addressing spiritual needs involves dealing with issues such as stress, fear, post-crisis adaptation, and others. The main goal is to ensure that individuals who have emerged from a crisis are not only protected in terms of life and health but are also integrated back into normal society. The research relies on surveys and reports conducted by international organizations. These reports and surveys must be structured in a way that accurately reflects reality and utilize tools that produce precise and expected outcomes. The obtained results will ultimately ensure the decision-making process is carried out appropriately. Several guidelines exist for humanitarian aid, including those from the United Nations. Humanitarian aid is a right for everyone, and there is no distinction based on gender, language, religion, or nationality when it comes to assistance. The main objective is to expand awareness and cooperation in the field of humanitarian aid and solidarity.
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Social work is a discipline based on human well-being, it deals with each individual who is a victim of war, determines the necessary humanitarian aid and needs at the best level and makes the necessary interventions. This study defines the humanitarian aid needed by civilians living in a war environment in terms of social work discipline. In particular, the inhumane war experienced by Gaza, which has been under heavy bombardment and massacre by Israel before the eyes of the world since October 7, 2023, and its historical background is explained. Before this war, the ‘Gaza Strip’, or the Gaza embargo, was imposed on Gaza by Israel. This embargo disrupts the vital needs of Gaza and causes them to experience many economic, social and psychological difficulties. In addition, the October 7 war, which was a massacre, created women, children, the elderly, the disabled and many disadvantaged groups in Gaza. Israel has been killing Gazan civilians, namely women, children and the elderly, indiscriminately since October 7 and turning their living spaces into; They are causing moral and material damage by bombing homes, schools, places of worship, hospitals and workplaces. Inevitably, Gaza has urgent humanitarian needs in the fields of nutrition, shelter and health. The humanitarian needs due to the humanitarian crises they experience as a result of this inhumane war are expressed in the light of social service discipline. The method of the research will be used as a document analysis technique from qualitative research methods. Document analysis includes the collection of research data from many different documents, reviewing them, questioning them within the framework of the research question, and finding, reading, taking notes, and evaluating sources. In addition, providing additional data, providing an additional perspective, and compensating for possible bias that a single data collection method may bring, all of which pave the way for increasing the reliability of the study. The importance of the research is that, while conducting a literature review, it was determined that there was no similar study and that there were deficiencies in the literature on this subject. This study will contribute to the literature by providing information in the field of war and social services and expressing humanitarian aid practices.
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