ПАИСИЙ ХИЛЕНДАРСКИ И ЙОВАН РАИЧ

Author(s): Liliya Ilieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents the historical books of Southern Orthodox Slavic people published during the Eighteenth century. The first published book on the history of Bulgarians was the work written by Jovan Rajić as a separate part of his work on the history of Southern Slavs in which the author is oriented toward the Nord-Western region of Bulgarian land where his father was born in a poor Bulgarian family. No data presents the possible personal contacts between Paisius and Rajić.

КАТАЛОГЪТ НА Д-Р ЦВЕТАН РАДОСЛАВОВ НА ГРЪЦКИТЕ КНИГИ В БИБЛИОТЕКАТА НА ЕМАНУИЛ ВАСКИДОВИЧ

Author(s): Konstantinоs Nichoritis / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Dr. Tsvetan Radoslavov’s catalogue of the library of E. Vaskidovich, who was a prominent figure the Bulgarian Enlightment, is presented. All its books are systematized and classified in different thematic fields in Radoslavov’s fashion.

ЗА ДВА ПЕРГАМЕНТНИ ФРАГМЕНТА ОТ БИБЛИОТЕКАТА НА ЗОГРАФСКАТА СВЕТА ОБИТЕЛ

Author(s): Petko Petkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article deals with two Slavic parchment fragments from the library of Zographou monastery on the Holy Mountain Athos. Here are established their content and their orthographical and linguistic features. The first one (Zogr. 282) is a Serbian lectionary from the XIII c., the second one (Zogr. 285) is a Bulgarian festal menaeon from the first half of the XIV c.

The Mystery of the Transmutation of Iron into Copper in the 16th - 18th Centuries

Author(s): Miroslav Kamenický / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Alchemy is a special branch of learned magic. In Central Europe it was cultivated more than all the other offshoots of learned occultism. Alchemy, like the mentality supporting it, relied on Aristotelian principles. From the point of view of formal logic, the transmutation of metals was close to Catholic transubstantiation. It was close to the thinking of the early modern person whether from the Catholic or the Protestant environments. Experimental activity was cultivated in alchemy. It combined real and practical metallurgy with speculative metaphysics. There were extraordinarily many real stimuli for alchemy in the Habsburg Monarchy. For example, there were gold, silver and copper mines in the territory of present day Slovakia. These were notable for strange mysteries, for which the scientific knowledge of the time could give only speculative explanations.

Weather Magic in the Early Modern Period as Reflected in the Minutes of Witchcraft Trials

Author(s): Éva Pócs / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the past few decades I have begun to examine the role that magic played in the lives of village and small town societies in the early modern period, in their mentality, religiosity and belief system. The examination was based on sources related to witchcraft. It is commonly known that the minutes of the witchcraft trials which took place throughout the 16th to 18th centuries are valuable sources with regard to the rural communities of the early modern period, in fact they constitute the only early modern source, which gives a detailed account of the communal role and social background of magic. The witness accounts of these trials reflect almost directly the ‘rural witchcraft’, which took place in the background of the official events and preceded these trials. Contrary to the accused, who may even have been forced by the expectations of elite demonology to make a false statement, the witnesses reconstructed the goings on of their village in the context of traditional witchcraft belief. They relate those of their memories, which can be interpreted as malefactions of a witch in the light of their beliefs. This allows us to gain what might near enough be called direct evidence regarding bewitchment (‘maleficium’) or black magic (or, in fact, its absence, as we shall see in what follows).

The Mystery of Birth: Magic, Empirical and Rational Approaches to Women’s Medicine In the Medieval and Early Modern Periods

Author(s): Tünde Lengyelová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

“Be gone Satan from the body of this woman and make room for the Holy Spirit!” commanded Hildegard of Bingen, and on her words “an unclean spirit left the woman in a disgusting way through her sexual organs and with excretion. She was free.” Although this event occurred sometime in the 12th century, it faithfully catches the level of women’s medicine in the Middle Ages and several later centuries. It is not surprising, since the protection of human health was generally on a very low level in this period. This unfavourable situation was further affected by the fact that women’s medicine and obstetrics were not only not regarded as a separate branch of medicine, it was also undervalued. This is not contradicted by the fact that the medical school at Salerno probably also educated women during the period of its flourishing from 1150 to 1180. The most important female graduate was a certain Trotta or Trotula, a famous obstetrician, to whom the work On the pains of women before, during and after childbirth is attributed. At the end of the 13th century, many woman doctors also worked in Paris, but the members of the faculty of medicine there opposed them, and excommunicated them for illegal practices. All the actions around the birth of a new person were an exclusively female affair, with the presence of men wanted only at the beginning – for conception. This is also shown by the case of the Hamburg doctor Veit, condemned to death by burning in 1522, because he had dressed in the clothes of a midwife and wanted to assist at childbirths. It was only possible to help women theoretically, as the Worms town doctor Eucharius Roesslin did. In 1513, he published the book Der Swangeren Frawen und hebammen Rosengarten [The Rose Garden for Pregnant Women and Midwives]. In spite of the fact that the author did not draw from his own experience, but from ancient authors, it became one of the most frequently published books of the 16th century.

PRELIMINARY STAGE OF THE CROATIAN NATIONAL REVIVAL

Author(s): Vlasta Švoger / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Napoleon’s conquests tailored a new map of Europe, and after his defeat a new European order had to be created. This was achieved at the Congress of Vienna, which lasted from September 1814 to June 1815. It was attended by as many as 64 delegations from various European countries, led mostly by foreign ministers. The most prominent participants were the foreign ministers of the European superpowers of Great Britain, Prussia, France, and the Habsburg Monarchy, as well as the Russian Minister of State. One of the key figures guiding the decisions of the Congress was the Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prince Klemens Lothar Wenzel Metternich. The main goals of the Congress were to restore rulers and states on the principle of legitimacy where possible, rewarding the victors, and to ensure peace. All states that had contributed to Napoleon’s final defeat made territorial gains. At the Congress of Vienna, the Habsburg Monarchy (Austrian Empire) confirmed its rule over the Lombard-Venetian Kingdom, and the Habsburg dynasty maintained its influence in other Italian states through its side branches. Dalmatia and the Croatian regions south of the Sava, and the Slovene provinces that had been under Napoleon’s rule, were restored to the Monarchy.

Laramanizmi apo kriptokrishtenizmi tek shqiptarët – përkatësisht në Kosovë në shek. XIX e XX

Author(s): Albert Ramaj / Language(s): Albanian Publication Year: 0

Me ardhjen e osmanllinjve, në Ballkan ndryshuan shumë gjëra, ata sollën edhe fenë e tyre - islamin, që për popujt e Ballkanit ishte diçka krejt tjetër. Pra, përhapja e fesë së pushtuesve në vendet ballkanike me kohë mori hov të madh e sidomos tek shqiptarët. Ndonjëherë islamizmi pranohej sipërfaqësisht nga kryefamiljari e më vonë edhe nga meshkujt tjerë të rritur të familjes (por jo nga femrat - gratë), të cilët para pushtetit osman do të njihen me emra të rinj myslimanë për t’u paraqitur para pushtuesit si myslimanë për shkaqe tatimore, kurse në rrethet familjare fshehurazi ishin krejtësisht të krishterë sikur të gjithë të krishterët e tjerë.

Ein kurzer geschichtlicher Überblick der deutschsprachigen Albanologie

Author(s): Izer Maksuti / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Die deutschen Entlehnungen in der albanischen Sprache sind einer der wichtigsten Belege deutsch-albanischer Kulturbeziehungen von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Hier werden nur die wichtigsten historischen Berührungspunkte seit dem Mittelalter kurz erwähnt.

Nga Ulqini deri në Durrës – emigrantët shqiptarë në Venedik (shek-ulli XIV-XVIII)

Author(s): Lovorka Čoralić / Language(s): Albanian Publication Year: 0

Punimi bazohet në zbërthimin e materialit origjinal nga Arkivi Shtetëror në Venedik (dokumente testamentare, kadastra, regjistra të bashkisë për shoqata artizanale dhe tregtare, shkrime të Zyrës për Arsenalin, e të tjera) dhe Arkivi i Vëllazërisë Shën Gjergji dhe Trifoni në Venedik (libra nga takime vjetore të vëllazërisë), si dhe në ekzaminimin e njohurive ekzistuese të historiografisë.

Seoba Albanaca Klementinaca u Srijem u Slavoniji (Hrvatska)

Author(s): Frok Zefiq / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Albanski je narod tijekom svoje teške i zanimljive povijesti često bio prisiljavan na iselja vanje iz domovine. Sve su se te grupe iseljenika tijekom vremena stopile sa sredi-nom u koju su došle. Njihove obiteljske tradicije, narodna nošnja, običaji i govor ostat će još dugo svjedocima njihova albanskoga podrijetla. Tako Albanci od 1437. do 1744. emigriraju u Italiju. Godine 1690. jedna grupa seli se u Mađarsku. Nadbiskup Zmaje-vić od 1723. do 1727. naseljava Albancima mjesto Arbanase kod Zadra (Šufflay). Jaku albansku koloniju nalazimo i u Bugarskoj, u Čiprovcu, Kopilovcu i Železnoj. Crkveni dokumenti iz 1640. kažu da oni još govore albanski, premda su već odavno prispjeli ovamo (sono venuti abantiquisd’Albania). Imaju i svoje albanske svećenike franjevce, među kojima prednjači Cabashi fra Nicolaus, kojega drugi dokumenti zovu fra Nicolo-Albanese (Fermendžin).

Shqiptarët e Rumanisë

Author(s): Kopi KYÇYKU / Language(s): Albanian Publication Year: 0

Shqiptarët e Rumanisë janë një pakicë etnike që, sipas përfundimeve të regjistrimit të popullsisë të vitit 2002, numuron 520 vetë. Por shifra e vërtetë e tyre besohet të jetë rreth 10.000. Kjo mospërputhje lidhet me faktin që jo pak shqiptarë etnikë vetëdeklarohen rumunë. Afro gjysma e tyre banojnë në qendra të rëndësishme urbane, si: Timishoara, Jash, Konstancë dhe Kluzh-Napoka. Shumica janë të krishterë ortodoksë, të ardhur gjatë shekujve nga Jugu i Shqipërisë, kryesisht nga Korça, por ka edhe myslimanë, kryesisht në Dobruxhë, në rrethinat e portit të Konstancës.

Reprezentacija nasilja nad ženama u printanim medijima tokom socijalističke epohe u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Mirza Džananović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Tokom gotovo pola stoljeća socijalističkog razvoja u Bosni i Hercegovini dogodile su se značajne promjene u političkom, društvenom, privrednom, kulturnom, demografskom i svim drugim aspektima svakodnevnog života, a jedna od važnijih tekovina ove epohe jeste značajno promijenjen položaj i uloga žene u bosanskohercegovačkom društvu. Iako je emancipacija žena u društvu krenula još tokom Drugog svjetskog rata,1 ovaj proces je značajno intenziviran nakon okončanja ratnih operacija i potpune uspostave novog političkog, ideološkog i društvenog sistema, koji se nije ustručavao koristiti sve raspoložive instrumente za ostvarenje sopstvene vizije društva. Ta vizija podrazumijevala je, između ostalog, i značajno drugačiju ulogu žena u novom socijalističkom društvu koje se, barem u teoriji, zasnivalo na jednakim pravima, mogućnostima i obavezama svih članova zajednice bez obzira na nacionalne, rasne, vjerske ali i rodne razlike.

Violence against Women: Discourses, Perspectives, Lessons from the History of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This book is the result of scientific cooperation and research by a group of historians, legal scholars, sociologists and literature historians within a project entitled “Violence against Women: Discourses, Perspectives, Lessons from BiH History”. The project was designed with the understanding that, despite the persistent and multi-layered nature of violence against women in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), as well as numerous sources where violence can be observed, this theme remains marginalised in historiography. Knowledge of the issue remained fragmented and there was no study that offered a comparative view over an extended period of time. In order to remedy this shortcoming and provide a contribution to the wider understanding of socio-cultural history of BiH, the team of researchers gathered around this project identified, researched and presented, in ten chapters, different forms of violence against women across BiH history, as well as societal attitudes towards this phenomenon from ancient times until the modern era. As members of the academic community, we hold that understanding the historical background of the culture of violence – violence against women in particular, as well as the mechanisms that maintain and reproduce it, is an important precondition for establishing greater quality dialogue on the issue of violence against women. Namely, the elimination of violence against women is one of the priority goals of the UN today. y. However, this goal cannot become operational in an area if there is no insight into the historical dimension of violence against women and how traditionally rooted it is in human society. This book is a significant contribution towards filling that void and the conclusions reached research may serve as the basis for further comparison with similar studies that are currently on the rise across the globe. What are the conclusions? What is their significance in academic research and why are they important in social strategies for combating violence against women?

Gewalt gegen Frauen: Diskurse, Perspektiven, Lehren aus der bosnisch-herzegovinischen Geschichte

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Dieses Buch ist das Ergebnis der wissenschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit und Forschungsarbeit einer Gruppe von Historikerinnen und Historikern, Juristinnen und Juristen, Soziologinnen und Soziologen sowie Literaturhistorikerinnen und Literaturhistorikern im Rahmen des Projekts “Gewalt gegen Frauen: Diskurse, Perspektiven, Lehren aus der bosnisch-herzegowinischen Geschichte.” Die Konzeption dieses Projekts entstand aus der Erkenntnis, dass trotz der Langfristigkeit und Vielschichtigkeit von Gewalt gegen Frauen in Bosnien und Herzegowina sowie der zahlreichen Quellen, in denen Gewalt nachweisbar ist, dieses Thema in der Geschichtsschreibung marginalisiert wurde. Das vorhandene Wissen darüber war fragmentarisch, und es gab keine einzige Studie, die diese Frage auf vergleichende Weise über einen längeren Zeitraum hinweg untersucht hätte. Um diesen Mangel zu beheben und einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der soziokulturellen Geschichte von Bosnien und Herzegowina zu leisten, hat das Forschungsteam, das dieses Projekt durchgeführt hat, verschiedene Formen von Gewalt gegen Frauen in der bosnisch-herzegowinischen Geschichte identifiziert, analysiert und in zehn Kapiteln dargestellt. Zudem wurde untersucht, wie die Gesellschaft dieses Phänomen vom antiken Zeitalter bis in die Moderne wahrgenommen hat. Als Mitglieder der akademischen Gemeinschaft waren wir der Meinung, dass das Verständnis des historischen Hintergrunds der Gewaltkultur, insbesondere der Gewalt gegen Frauen, sowie der Mechanismen, die diese Gewalt aufrechterhalten und reproduzieren, eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Eröffnung eines qualitativ hochwertigeren Dialogs über die Gewalt gegen Frauen ist. Die Beseitigung von Gewalt egen Frauen ist heute eines der vorrangigen Ziele der Vereinten Nationen. Es ist jedoch sehr schwierig, dieses Ziel in einem bestimmten Bereich zu operationalisieren, wenn man keinen Einblick in die historischen Dimensionen der Gewalt gegen Frauen und deren traditionelle Verwurzelung in der menschlichen Gesellschaft hat. Mit diesem Buch wurde ein bedeutender Beitrag zur Schließung dieser Lücke geleistet, und die im Rahmen der Forschung gewonnenen Erkenntnisse können als Grundlage für Vergleiche mit anderen ähnlichen Studien dienen, deren Zahl weltweit stets zunimmt. Welche Schlussfolgerungen wurden gezogen? Welche Bedeutung haben diese im akademischen Bereich und warum sind sie für die gesellschaftlichen Strategien im Kampf gegen Gewalt gegen Frauen wichtig?

Židé a židovský hřbitov v obci Útvina

Author(s): Lukáš Svoboda / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

It was perhaps as early as the first half of the 17th century that the first Jewish families settled in the village of Útvina (Uitwa) in the south-eastern part of the Karlovy Vary region. The local Jewish community, which consisted of only a few families throughout the period under study, also had its own synagogue from the beginning of the 18th century. Its houses and synagogue were often damaged by flooding and fire. After the middle of the 19th century, the Jews gradually left the village for larger settlements. By 1900 there were no longer any Jews living in the village. The Jewish community in Útvina owned a cemetery, which today is one of the few reminders of its former existence. The oldest tombstone to have been found dates back to 1782. The cemetery was badly damaged during the Second World War. In the following years, the tombstones were used for construction purposes and the cemetery area gradually became wooded over. The theft of tombstones has continued until the present day. In connection with the discovery of broken tombstones during excavation work on a plot of land in the nearby village of Přílezy in 2020, it was subsequently decided, for safety reasons, to move the two remaining tombstones from Útvina to the Jewish cemetery in Karlovy Vary.

Summaries

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Výzkum historie židovského osídlení na Havlíčkobrodsku

Author(s): Alena Jindrová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The Museum of Vysočina in Havlíčkův Brod initiated a project in 2007 to explore the history of Jewish settlements in the region. The first event was an exhibition on Jewish history and traditions in Bohemia and Moravia, held from February to April 2007. This exhibition commemorated the 65th anniversary of the Jewish transports to Terezín in 1942. The museum collaborated with the Jewish Museum in Prague, showcasing local Jewish artifacts and traditions. The project also included educational programs for schools, featuring lectures and performances by notable figures such as Chief Rabbi Karol Efraim Sidon and actor Jaroslav Achab Haidler. The research covers Jewish communities in towns like Golčův Jeníkov, Habry, and Havlíčkův Brod, focusing on their history from the Middle Ages to World War II. The project aims to publish comprehensive studies on these communities, with the first book released in 2008. The museum continues to collect memories and documents, expanding its research to include the communist era. The project highlights the significant contributions and hardships of the Jewish population in the Havlíčkův Brod region.

Staré židovské hřbitovy na území CHKO Slavkovský les

Author(s): Lukáš Svoboda / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The Jewish cemeteries in the Slavkovský les Protected Landscape Area are significant remnants of the Jewish communities that once thrived in this region. These cemeteries, located near villages such as Arnoltov, Krásná Lípa, Malá Šitboř, Poutnov, and Úbočí, date back to the 18th and 19th centuries. The cemeteries have faced neglect and damage over the years, but efforts are being made to document and preserve them. The cemetery in Arnoltov, for example, contains 26 gravestones, with the oldest dating back to 1833. In Krásná Lípa, the cemetery is the largest and oldest in the area, with 112 gravestones, the oldest from 1755. The cemetery in Malá Šitboř, established around 1820, has 90 gravestones. Poutnov's cemetery, one of the smallest, has 47 gravestones, with the oldest from 1830. Úbočí's cemetery, founded in 1837, contains 71 gravestones. These cemeteries provide valuable insights into the history and culture of the Jewish communities in the Slavkovský les region.

Teorie vložené řady. Schéma postupu exploatace plochy venkovského židovského hřbitova na příkladu hřbitova v Telicích

Author(s): Václav Chvátal / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The Jewish cemetery in Telice, dating back to the late 18th century, was used until the 1930s and faced significant damage during the Nazi occupation and subsequent looting. Restoration efforts began in 2004-2005, revealing 241 gravestones or fragments, with the oldest readable gravestone from 1746 and the newest from 1935. The cemetery primarily served the Jewish communities of Telice, Prostiboř, Nedražice, Mířkov, and Darmyšl, with some gravestones belonging to war refugees from Bukovina and possibly Polish Kazimierz. The cemetery's boundary wall is mostly intact, except for the eastern side, and features a preserved entrance gate and a small gate in the northwest corner. The cemetery's layout evolved over time, with initial burials placed irregularly and later rows forming as space became limited. The site provides valuable insights into the burial practices and community organization of rural Jewish cemeteries. The restoration and research efforts aim to preserve this historical site and honor the memory of the Jewish community in the region.