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Herojstvo, mučeništvo i karizma u civilnoj religiji titoizma. Proturječja između Titovog kulta i kulta narodnih heroja Jugoslavije

Author(s): Vjekoslav Perica / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Josip Broz Tito founded and ruled socialist-era Yugoslavia for 35 years. His personal cult was a part of a more complex system of myths, symbols and rituals for legitimating the nation and the regime that this article calls civil religion of titoism. This civil religion consisted of a number of elements such the Tito personal cult, the „Peoples' Heroes" cult, the Myth of the Partisans Antifascist War, etc. The article discovers and analyzes comparatively the Tito personal cult against the peoples' Heroes cult i.e. the cult of the fighters in World War II that liberated and founded the nation but most of them sacrificed their lives in that struggle.. It discovers a striking contradiction between the traditional Balkan, i.e. Eastern pattern of ascetic-puritan and self-sacrificing hero-martyr of the Peoples' hero versus Tito's cult based on his personal charisma and nonascetic or „western" lifestyle. However, Tito’s cult acquires the missing martyr dimension at the end of his life during his illness and death.

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Otvaranje i popularizacija: Muzej 25. maj i transformacija prostora Dedinja

Author(s): Aleksandar Ignjatović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The Museum of May 25 was erected at Dedinje in 1962 and it was the first public building in this, until then exclusive Belgrade neighborhood. As the center of the ritualization of the Day of Youth and spacing of the ideology of the Yugoslav socialism, the museum was just a part of an ambitiously designed whole. In ideological and performing cooperation with the Stadium of the Yugoslav People’s Army nearby, surrounding parks and free space, as well as with the residential complex where Josip Broz Tito lived, the Museum of May 25 was an extremely functional narrative of the new ideological matrix in the old area of Dedinje and Topčider marked by the removed seat of the ruler. However, despite the multiple connections to the traditional pattern of representing political power - concerning the topos, architecture and iconography – the Museum of May 25 re-marked the Dedinje and Topčider area and partly democratized them for the first time in history. After Tito’s death the process of opening and popularization of this area started losing its importance. However, during the last two decades, the new political and ideological context brought about not only the change of the name, the purpose and the importance of the museum compound, but also triggered off a reversible process of repeated closing and fencing-off of Dedinje. The area preserved and fortified the meaning of a removed ruler’s center and of representation of power, but notits populist and democratic character.

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Tito i popularna kultura

Author(s): Zoran Janjetović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The paper tries to depict Tito as a lover, a user, an object and a manipulator of popular culture. Based primarily on surviving testimonies of contemporary personages from the world of show-business, it is both a contribution to the study of Tito's personality and to the study of the Yugoslav socialist society. The conclusion is that Tito, as a conoseur, enjoyed the products of popular culture - particularly music and films - but that he also used them to enhance his own popularity. After the collapse of socialism, his person also began to be turned into an icon of popular culture.

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Slika Josipa Broza Tita u partizanskom ratnom spektaklu

Author(s): Nemanja Zvijer / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

This text should provide a sort of sketch for a film portrait of Josip Broz Tito. Partisan war epics were taken as examples for Tito’s cinematic image. Among the selected films, attention is particularly focused on those about seven military operations of German army and its allies against Yugoslav partisans during the World War Two. Those battles became very significant (in real and symbolic sense) for ideological discourse of Yugoslav communists, while the films about them were an important segment of the socialistic Yugoslav cinematography and popular culture in general. The modes of film construction of Tito's image will be observed through these films. Also, partially will be considered the role of the J. B. Tito in production of these films. In a broader sense, this kind of analysis should provide insights in mechanisms of visual ideologization and ideologization the popular culture in socialism, in which the partisan film was a kind of brand, and Tito's charisma formula that could not fail.

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Antititovske/antijugoslovenske karikature u Bugarskoj (1948-1953): Slučaj Stršljen

Author(s): Dmitar Grigorov / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The article deals with a relatively marginal topic which is part of a much larger framework that shapes the Tito-Stalin conflict after the Cominform resolution against Yugoslavia - namely the cartoon propaganda which took place in Bulgaria. The accent is put on the cartoons dedicated to the Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito in particular and Yugoslavia in general. This problem is discussed on the background of the dynamical and controversial Bulgarian-Yugoslav and Bulgarian-Serbian relations. The author tries to examine whether Bulgarian cartoons after 1948 used the older Bulgarian stereotypes regarding Serbs and Yugoslavs and whether there were new messages which under the influence of communist ideology departed from traditional images attached to the Bulgaria’s western neighbors.

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Tito’s Cult: Chronological Borders and Intensity

Author(s): Nikita Bondarev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Tito's cult was created during the partisan days and broken in 1989. It was „alive and kicking" during all the days of the socialist Yugoslavia and every attack on the image of Tito was oppressed by the police.

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„I posle Tita – Tito”. Održavanje i rušenje Titovog kulta u Srbiji 1980-1990.

Author(s): Kosta Nikolić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The Yugoslav political system was an attempt to create a new reality in virtue of the principles of „communist philosophy of history" (scientific socialism), shaping it and managing it The one-party power of CPY/UCY was the result, but also Tito’s personal power. His cult in Serbia was part of the political identity and no-one questioned itutil mid 1980s when political processes that would lead to the break-up of Yugoslavia started. A historical phenomenon occurred in Serbia at that time where the ruling political oligarchy still respected the „person and the work" of Josip Broz, but transformed it in keeping with its political tenets, using only those elements of the cult that were useful at a given moment. At the end of that process, Tito’s cult in Serbia was completely abandoned but Serbia still remained a typical ideocratic state, because the ideology of class was substituted for the ideology of nation.

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Titov kult u Jugoslovenskoj narodnoj armiji

Author(s): Mihajlo Basara / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses the ideological obstacles to the research of Tito's era, characteristics of the cult in the self-managing socialism and its special features in the Army, as well as characteristics and manifestations in the Yugoslav People's Army (YPA). The author concludes that Tito's course towards liberalization of socialism in the form of self-management, as well as the results achieved in the modernization of the country, reduced the leeway for a broader use of the cult as an ideological instrument, especially in comparison with the countries of the former Eastern Block. Simultaneously with that, the historical science was rearranged and Tito became the creator of the theory and practice of socialism in Yugoslavia. With the YPA personnel loyalty was secured through selection (participation in WWW, social background, ideological background of parents), Party control and planned and systematic indoctrination. Having been coupled with the process of training, including the Army into peacekeeping operations and military-industrial activities and also having been to a larger degree under the influence of self-management due to the concept of General People's Defense, the cult in YPA hadn't the typical traits of a rigid personality cult. The break-up of Yugoslavia proved that Tito's cult wasn't of long duration. It was replaced by the cult of the nation and its new leaders.

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Jugoslovenska armija - oslonac Titovog kulta ličnosti u prvim posleratnim godinama

Author(s): Bojan B. Dimitrijević / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the creation and shaping of the personality cult of Marshal Tito in the Yugoslav Army during the first post-war decade. The author points out to the characteristics and the genesis of the myth, making a parallel with Stalin’s cult. It is pointed out that the Tito cult was very similar to Stalin’s one in the 1945-1948 period, but that many special features of Tito’s cult appeared after their split in 1948, that were particularly promoted by the Army. Tito’s cult was shaped and fortified through his visits to Army units and vice versa, through slogans, oaths and other manifestations, among which the ceremony of carrying the relay baton was specially emphasized. All in all, the military environment was very important for the development of his cult in the society, but his appearances in public attierd in Army uniform was a kind of demonstration of mutual relation between Tito and the Army, particularly in critical moments when military component of Tito’s power was stressed and a signal sent to domestic and foreign policy and public.

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Светостта - опит за дефиниция

Author(s): Maria Schnitter / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper attempts to define the term “holiness” from the point of view of anthropology. It traces the transformations of the understanding for “what/who is holy?” starting from the Old Testament term „ קדוש – kadosh” (meaning ‘separate, different’). The analysis of the ancient Slavic root *svęt- < *k’ṷen-to- leads to the Orthodox understanding of holiness as the ultimate level of spiritual bliss, an upper limit for the rise of humans in their humanity. Also observed is the problem of the “historical accuracy” of the hagiographical works. A series of examples are given for the social distinction of the saints’ behaviour, which places them not just ABOVE, but obviously fully OUTSIDE the social norms.

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La maiolica di Castelli (TE) nell’Adriatico Orientale fra XVI e XVIII secolo. Attuali conoscenze e prospettive di ricerca

Author(s): Van Verrocchio / Language(s): Italian Publication Year: 0

The Adriatic Sea has been for centuries a crossroads where different from each communities to ethnic, cultural and religious orientation have found an opportunity to meet, creating a dense set of relationships and cultural connections.The study of the evolution of dietary practices and convivial habits is an interesting observatory to deepen the knowledge on the interactions between these communities over the time. In this perspective the role of ceramics, as material well directly related to the consumption of food, acquires great significance beyond the mere value of commercial traffic indicator.Specifically the function of maiolica, pottery mainly linked to the tables, lends itself to shed light on the dietary practices and convivial table habits, where the socio-cultural identities are subject to numerous forms of contamination. The study of the diffusion of Italian maiolica on the east Adriatic coast is therefore a way to enhance our understanding of cultural influences between East and West in the early centuries of the Modern Age.This paper analyzes the phenomenon of the spread of Italian maiolica and in particular of that produced in Castelli (Teramo, Abruzzo) in the Eastern Adriatic in the Early Modern Age (c. 1550—1700). The recent interest of scholars on the circulation of post-medieval ceramics in the Eastern Mediterranean has highlighted new archaeological contexts that also returned maiolica from Castelli. The analysis of the state of knowledge firstly allows us to outline the contours of the phenomenon and then draw future research developments.

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Byzantine Glazed Pottery Finds from Aigai (Aiolis) Excavations

Author(s): Lale Doğer,Muhsine Eda Armağan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Glazed pottery finds from Aigai (Aiolis) excavations during 2004—2014 seasons are important finds from Byzantine settlements of Aigai ancient city. While doing studies to uncover Bouleuterion, Agora region and the road system of the ancient city, cisterns (nos. I—II) located in the acropolis of the city and near the agora, the church and the cistern in the northwest of the church have been discovered. Most of them are fragmentary. They are not contextual finds. Still, they are worthwhile in that they present a relative chronology. Late Roman/Early Byzantine period is represented with few finds for now. This period is followed by Middle Byzantine period which have again few finds. Probably these red fabric groups might have come from distant regions. Some of the finds known as Middle Byzantine groups are distinguished because of their similarity to Khalkis production in terms of their form and ornament. We need further information to evaluate white fabric finds. Other distinctive groups in terms of their quality and quantity are from Late Byzantine period of Western Anatolia. These are very similar to the finds from Pergamon, Sardis, Nif (Olympus-Başpınar Church) and The Agora of Smyrna located nearby Aigai. Aigai was on the list of bishopric till the early 13th century. Finds uncovered in Aigai are the first archeological data regarding Aigai ancient city during Byzantine period. Glazed ceramics must be dated to the mid-12th century — early 14th century.

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Immured Vessels in the Church of Panagia Eleousa, Kitharida, Crete

Author(s): Anastasia G. Yangaki / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper focuses on the detailed presentation of the numerous vessels which are immured in the main wall of the narthex of the church of Panagia Eleousa. The church is located to the north of the village of Kitharida, southwest of Herakleion (Crete). Given their number, their state of preservation, the various categories of pottery to which they belong which were imported from regions of the western and eastern Mediterranean, the particular interest in their disposition and possible hidden symbolic meanings behind their decoration, the vessels constitute one of the most representative groups of bacini immured in Cretan churches. This is corroborated by comparison with the immured vessels from other sites in the Herakleion prefecture and based on the data collected by the research programme focused on bacini in Greece implemented by the National Hellenic Research Foundation in collaboration with the local Ephorates of Antiquities from other Cretan churches.Their detailed study contributes to the history of the church and to the presentation of the types of pottery that were in circulation on the island in the 15th c. AD. Some of these bacini were produced in Byzantine workshops, while most belong to glazed categories imported from the Iberian and Italian peninsulas or the Near East. Special reference is made to their seemingly careful disposition, which would have required specific planning. This observation, combined with the particular decoration on some vessels, which seems to incorporate symbolic meanings, leads to suggestions as to the possible donor who played the leading role in this decoration.

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Vaisselier de santé dans le monde arabe (VIIIe—XVe siècles) : une restitution possible des usages grâce au croissement des sources

Author(s): Ibrahim Shaddoud / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The cross disciplinary comparison of sources enables us to ask questions about objects and practices by analysing and describing the functions, often lost, of certain types of pottery. This article is dedicated to pottery used by Islamic physicians — pots and pans, different types of jars. The texts, general medical manuals and dictionary written in Iraq, Syria, Arabia and Iran between the 8th and 15th centuries are an extremely valuable source of information on medicinal substances, recipes for compound remedies and utensils. A number of illustrations in Islamic manuscript depicting physician activities reflect contemporaneous medical practises. They could sometimes help us to understand the use of objects found in excavations. The archaeological material of my corpus comes from a range of sites in Syria, Lebanon and Iraq. By comparing the data, I present various pottery used in curative medicine in the Islamic world.

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Малоазийская поливная керамика XV—XVIII вв. из раскопок в турецкой крепости Азак

Author(s): Irina R. Gusach / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In autumn 2004 archaeological expedition of Azov Museum-Reserve carried out excavations in the territory of the former Turkish fortress Azak in Azov (Rostov region). According to the maps, the boarders of the excavations in the street Genuezskaya 3 went along the North-Western outskirts of Venetian Tana and the Turkish part that was called (“Frank fortress”) by Evliya Çelebi in his famous “Travelogue”. It was the first time when archaeologists had an opportunity to research this old but unknown district of the town. During the archaeological work, which were stopped due to high level of underground waters, only three upper cultural layers of the late 17th—20th c. were studied. The special interest presents so-called “Turkish” layer of the late 17th — beginning of 18th c., connected with the existence of Turkish fortress of Azak. A great amount of glazed and unglazed ceramics, brought to the fortress from different corners of the Ottoman Empire, were found there. It is necessary to highlight glazed painted ware, produced in big ceramic centers of Asia Minor — Iznik and Kütahya. Among the earliest findings, there are fragments of red-clay glazed Iznik ceramics decorated with paintings in the style of “Milet”, dated back to the end of 15th — beginning of 16th c. Later objects from Iznik are represented by fragments of faience vessels of 16th—17th c. decorated with blue-and-white and polychrome underglazed painting. Faience coffee cups from Kütahya decorated with cobalt and polychrome underglazed painting are dated back to the 17th — beginning of 18th c.

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Средневековая керамика из фондов Национального музея Татарстана (предварительное сообщение)

Author(s): Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article considers the collection of medieval ceramics of the National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan. It includes finds from archaeological sites of Volga Bulgaria and Golden Horde sites in the Volga region. The author traces the history of this collection back to the second half of the 19th century. Findings from F. Ballod’s digs in the Golden Horde’s capital cities, so far little known to the researchers, are of special interest. The author examines main approaches to studying medieval ceramics by Kazan archaeologists in the 20th century and defines various groups of ceramics, mainly from Bolgar hillfort.

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Импортная глазурованная керамика Московского Кремля (по раскопкам 2007 г.)

Author(s): Vladimir Yu. Koval / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The archaeological excavations in the Moscow Kremlin carried out in 2007 uncovered a collection of imported glazed ceramics (146 samples). This is the most numerous collection of all previous finds of such ceramics in the Kremlin over more than 100 years.Sherds of vessels produced in the middle — second half of the 14th century in the Golden Horde towns in the Lower Volga region make almost half of this collection. Most of them are made of soft white Qashan (quartz-frits) decorated with polychrome (black-and-blue, black/green-and-blue-and-turquoise) painting, often with addition of white engobe. A very small group (about 5%) are sherds of red-clay ceramics with green transparent lead glaze without any decoration; these were manufactured in towns of the South-Eastern Crimea. Chinese celadons and blue-and-white faience make an unusually big group (1/5 of all finds), yet these vessels were represented only by small fragments found in 16th — 17th centuries layers. The Turkish faience (from Iznik) of the first half of the 16th century, which is a very rare find in Russia, make 13% of all finds. Including, sherds of vessels with red background, which are the first finds of this kind in Moscow and in Russia as a whole. The most enigmatic groups include sherds of imported plates without any decoration and bowls with brown decoration. These were likely produced in Asia Minor or in the Caucasus. Another type of vessels decorated by white engobe were probably imported from North-Western Europe — Holland or Germany (a tripod vessel).

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Города в кочевых империях Внутренней Азии

Author(s): Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The urbanization processes on the Inner Asia during periods of the nomadic empires were studied. Xiongnu had rural settlements and towns, populated mostly by farmers. The Uighur Khaganate had a few fortresses and one imperial trading mega-city. The Liao Empire opened a new stage in the steppe urbanization. The annexation of a growing number of significant agricultural territories to the empire required creation of a more sophisticated mechanism of government. The Khitans built large cities with gorgeous temples and palaces to house the imperial court and the emperor’s officials. There were about fifty known Khitan towns. The excavations of towns show that their population was international. In the beginning of Genghis Khan nomadic empire, the Mongols quite soon felt the deficit of trained specialists in various trades. During the first decades of the existence of their empire, they organized a large scale mobilization of human resources. By means of the forced relocation of large masses of people, or through involving into this process a vast number of adventurers, profiteers and gentlemen of fortune, the Mongols set up the conditions for an unprecedented intercultural exchange and integration of cultures, religions and civilizations. Thus, the Mongol imperial cities appeared.

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О некоторых предметах декорировки костюма и украшениях конца XIII — начала XV вв., связанных с золотоордынской традицией

Author(s): Svetlana S. Ryabtseva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The items of costume decoration and adornments, produced in conformity with the Golden Horde traditions were spread quite widely, from the Volga region to the Balkans. They were worn by both the elite and the plain people. In some cases, local imitations are presented. Some of them (for example, metal tops of caps, earrings in the form of a question mark, a number of plaques for clothes, belt and bag) could be worn by the Adygei, Polovtsi, Early Russians, Lithuanians, East Romance and mixed Balkan population (up to Bulgaria and Macedonia).

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Сарматское завоевание Северного Причерноморья (современное состояние проблемы)

Author(s): Sergey V. Polin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author addresses the problem of decline of the Great Scythia and the Sarmatian conquest of the Northern Black Sea region. The archaeological data suggest that there is no link between these events, because there is more than one hundred years between them. This idea, advanced twenty-five years ago, has been supported by new arguments over the past years. Nevertheless, new publications appear from time to time with different speculations on this issue based on obsolete arguments. These publications disregard modern condition of sources in the Northern Black Sea region. And they are relentless: the disintegration and disappearance of the Great Scythia and appearance of the Sarmatians in the Northern Black Sea region are not related and are separated by time.

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