“The Gullet” of the War. The Molokans from the District of Yerevan and the Rusk Preparation for the Caucasus Front in 1877

Author(s): Mariyana Piskova,Kristina Popova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

The use of rusks for military needs became more and more important in the logistics of wars in the 19th century. The organization of preparation, preservation and transportation of rusks in 1877 was an “operation” according to the military documents left in the governmental archive. The Russian military command decided that the big part of the rusks needed for the Caucasus front had to be prepared by peasants – Russian settlers in the South Caucasus – especially by the so-called Molokans – as they did it for the first time in the Crimean War 1853 – 1856. The Molokans were one of the many Christian sects who lived in Russia during the 19th century, just like the Dukhobors, Mennonites and others. They rejected the participation in war because of confessional reasons. However, the war activities mobilized much more people than were actually involved in the direct armed clashes between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in 1877 – 1878. Religious minority populations in the Caucasus were mobilized to work night and day in harsh conditions – to dry, bake and transport flour and rusks, to load boots, camels and carts. Their resources were used for war purposes. Although the Molokans were among the sectarians who were against war and violence, their villages took part in the important work for military use.

Bibliography

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Miscellaneous languages Issue: 3/2015

Index

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Miscellaneous languages Issue: 3/2015

АРХИВНИ ДОКУМЕНТИ

Author(s): / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2017

АРХИВНИ ДОКУМЕНТИ ЗА ИСТОРИЯТА НА РОМИТЕ В СИСТЕМАТА НА БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ ДЪРЖАВНИ АРХИВИ

Author(s): Mariyana Piskova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2017

ЖЕНИ ОТВЪД АРХИВА. Невидимите истории на жените в България

Author(s): Nurie Muratova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2021

The monograph “Women beyond the Archive. Invisible Histories of Women in Bulgaria” is focused on researching the archives of and for women in Bulgaria. The proposed model encompasses the chronological framework of the period of the communist regime and considers the historical conditions of the founding of the State Historical Archives in 1951. The object of the study are the archives of women vis a vis the traditional historical archives. I try to outline the presence of the history of women and women’s lifes in the documental heritage. The purpose of the research is to define the models of archive availability in Bulgaria, related to the history of women and more specifically to define the historiographic situation in the sphere of researching gender and the history of women. The archive policies which are part of the general policies of the totalitarian period predetermined the documental presence of history of women. Today we possess a huge ammount of documents – mainly official, about the state activists as well as about the distribution and the manegement of the documentation of the period. It is to be noted that women, who did not fit the ideological narrative of the period are neglected by the archives, because of the well known ideological and institutional standing of the establishment of the State Archives in Bulgaria. Women of diverse minority groups, women who belonged to the political opposition, women workers in the factories, field workers and so on are left out of the collections of the State Archives – or they are present only with especially selected showcase faces. In addition, in the post-socialist archives in Bulgaria once again are absent the a number of groups of women like Gypsy women, Pomak women, Turkish women. Generally speaking, women from the low class – or of diverse ethnic or religious background – are marginalized as well as in the global documental heritage. This situation defines the difficulties which face the researcher of the history of women in Bulgaria. A number of topics and research fields are ignored being unclear and documentary not supported. Still, these obstacles could stimulate the use of non-conventional sources and methods, enriching the research methods. The use of oral history and interdisciplinary methods that unite the approaches of different humanitarian and social sciences gains specific importance. Both the academic discussions and the new research fields, developed after the fall of the Iron Curtain found their place in our scholarly discourse. I have to emphasise that I was not led by the often used practice to adjust the ‘big’ theory to my own research. I have chosen the vice versa method – to let the results of my research found their theoretical justification. Part of my academic inquiries inscribed into the modern theories of the postcolonial studies, minority studies, intersectional theories of accumulation of inequalities and marginalization, and modern identity archive theory. Onether purpose of my research is outline some fields in the archival system which could not be studied by conventional methods. The developing research fields of Gender Studies, History of Women and History of Gender Relations in Bulgaria rarely pay attention to marginalized women. In the first chapter I contemplate the theories which could be applied to the research of the ‘hidden’ women. My aim is not to cover all theoretical recourses but rather to spot possible research horizons. In the first chapter I follow the processes of interaction between historiography and archives as practice of documentation in the framework of socio – philosophical and archive theoretical doctrines. I take into account the postcolonial theories, the theories of intersection of inequalities and marginalization in the context of their relation to the present academic situation in Bulgaria. One of the purposes of the monograph is to outline as a research field the life stories of sometimes double or triple marginalized women.They could be approached by different research methods – and especially via interdisciplinary methods. In the second chapter I present the origin, the history and the development of the archives of women and for women, their variety and specificity in their international context. The geographical framework includes women archives in Europe, the Balkans and the USA. The varieties of archive practices are connected with the enriching the definition of the archive – surpassing the notion of the classical historical archives. The so called ‘identity archives’, part of which are the women’s archives are the best example for this case. In the third chapter I describe the situation in the Bulgarian State Archives in relation to documental heritage of women. For this task I use statistical methods for outlining its size on the background of the official polices towards women. For data searching in the entire archival system of the Bulgarian State Archives I used the informational system of the institution. I analysed the content of all the files (Фонд) in order to define only the archives related to the history of women. Another important documental resource are the personal files of women (including family records) which I researched in details. What is important to note about the personal archives is that they reflect directly the policy of the archival system in preserving the memory of women. The last chapter includes several case studies of women’s archive stories which I have studied in details and which I have already published (some of them in joint works with other colleagues, including published books). In this chapter I consider their stories only from the point of view of their archive presence and in relation to the statement of Mary Beard “No documents, no history”. Through the prism of postcolonial theories and the theories of accumulation and intersection of inequalities and marginalization I have researched the archival presence of Muslim women and Gipsy women during the totalitarian period. There have been many research obstacles related to the reconstruction of life stories of three women who were activists of the Bulgarian Agrarian Union. Two of them (Rajna Lapardova and Nevena Elmazova) have two ‘archives’ – one ‘official’ prepared and delivered by them to the State Archive – and another one fabricated by the repressive apparatus of the State Security. which outlines different biographical trajectory. The third woman who belonged to the Oppositional Agrarian Union (Tsvetana Tsacheva) has spent years in the communist labour camps after 1947, when the political opposition in Bulgaria was eliminated. Tsacheva does not have official archive and her life story could be reconstructed only using the method of oral history. Although there were some traces in the State Security Archive marking the persecution against her, her own experience would have been unknown if the method of field research was not used. The other similar cases of persecuted women because of their Turkish ethnic origin were the lecturers at the Sofia University Mefkure Mollova and Hayrie Memova-Suleymanova. The persecutions against them are well documented in the State Security Archive at the expense of the lack of any traces of their academic and other professional activities. The last case (the writer Zlatka Cholakova) is about the so called ‘drawer’ literature, which was sent to the State Archive by misunderstanding. This personal archive research demonstrates the benefits of the so called ‘archive revolution’ which has happened in the last decades – with the opening of the archives of the State Security and the Communist Party. The opening of the archives which are classified as ‘secret archive’ provided opportunities for different kind of research, including the one related to women, who are often excluded from the common research interest.

Зануляване, или как руско-украинският въпрос битува в България преди век

Author(s): Roman Hadzhikosev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

This article examines the discussion, which took place in Bulgaria shortly after the beginning of the First World War, between the Austrian deputy of Ukrainian origin Longin Tsechelski and Nikola Bobchev and Yaroslav Romanchuk. At the end of 1914, Tsechelsky arrived in Sofia to campaign for the support of the Ukrainian people in the struggle for independence publishing a pamphlet "How Russia "liberates" Ukraine?". It accuses Russia of having provoked the war by deceiving Serbia; of using pan-Slavic propaganda promulgating the idea of a single Slavic race; of denying Ukrainian nation the right to self-determination because it is conceived as being part and parcel of the Russian people; of not accepting Ukrainian language and Ukrainian literature as different from the Russian language and Russian literature but were instead considered to be their adjuncts, and some other similar arguments.Russophile circles in the country were immediately prompted to take action, which resulted in a response to Tsechelski with an article by Nikola Bobchev and a brochure by Romanchuk, a Ukrainian living and working in Bulgaria. Naturally, they try to refute the claims by using well-known arguments, talking about the liberating role that Russia played in fighting against Ottoman „slavery“, the Slav solidarity and the commercial interests of the West and more specifically of Austria during that historical moment. In the following year, a new answer followed in a book of more than a hundred pages by Tsechelski and another one by Romanchuk.

Memories of Joy for a Futureless World: Aesthetic and Political Commitment in Jasieński and Pasolini

Author(s): Krzysztof Rowiński / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Discussions of cultural disappearance are often couched in terms of nostalgia and tragedy. Bruno Jasieński in Bal manekinów and Pier Paolo Pasolini in Ragazzi di vita offer an alternative form of remembering disappearance through memories of joy, understood as a distinctly political practice. Acutely aware of the untenability of what they were celebrating (pockets of liberty from cultural uniformity, in local cultures and aesthetic experimentation, respectively), both writers maintained a sense of political commitment, offering a good broader model for thinking about a world without a future.

ОЧУВАЊЕ НЕПОКРЕТНОГ КУЛТУРНОГ НАСЛЕЂА

Author(s): Duško Kuzović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 189/2024

Review of: Ивана Јаношевић, Непокретно културно наслеђе Палежа и Обреновца: речи, слике и прилике; Библиотека „Влада Акентијевић”, Обреновац 2022; 148 стр

Службата на Йосиф Химнограф за мъченик Мелетий Стратилат и дружината му във византийската и средновековната южнославянска химнографска традиция

Author(s): Dorotei Getov,Mariya Yovcheva / Language(s): Greek, Ancient (to 1453),Bulgarian,Old Slavonic,Old Bulgarian Issue: 69-70/2024

With the present work, we offer the editio princeps of a little-known, 9th c., Byzantine poetic text, based on five Greek witnesses (Atheniensis, EBE 558, Parisinus, BNF gr.1569, Atheniensis, EBE 841, Petropolitanus, РНБ Ф. 906, гр. 528 and Patmiacus 806A). For the first time, too, we print under every Greek hymnographic unit the corresponding texts of two Slavonic translations as witnessed in three manuscripts. The edition itself is preceded by our introductory observations and analysis of the textual history of the Office for Meletios Stratelates and companions. In it, the general characteristics of the works, poetics and the language of its author, Joseph the Hymnographer, are outlined and special attention is paid to the rich hagiographical material, presumably at the disposal of Joseph, for reshaping it into his hymnographic text, as documented also in the critical apparatus. Besides, attention is drawn to the two South Slavic translations of this Office. Unknown till now, they yield data which are indicative of the localization and chronology of their entry into the Slavonic milieu. The first translation, placed on May 24 in the Second Menaion of Dobriyan (codex 1/5 of Odessa National Scientific Library, 2nd half of the 13th c.), appears in the 13th c. during the formation of the Turnovo version of the Office Menaion, centered in or around the capital of Bulgaria. The second translation is registered on June 10 in three Serbian Menaia of the end of the 13th – beginning of the 14th c. (ЦИАИ 501, БРАН 4.5.10. (Сырку 2) and Хлуд. 156, ГИМ in Moscow), dependent on the Euergetis Typikon. Most probably it was made in the 13th c. during the process of liturgical reform by St. Sava of Serbia. When juxtaposed, the two Slavic translations show how well those men of letters manage to render the semantics and poetics in the Greek work, on the one hand, and outline differences in their approaches as translators, on the other. The material under review testifies that the Serbian litteratus reproduces relatively accurately the Greek text and, as a result, he has succeeded in following the Greek original to a greater extent in terms of form and content. The version of ОННБ 1/5 teems with imprecise and vague renderings of words and phrases, and thus not only the poetic and literary value of the text of Joseph the Hymnographer is lost, but also the meaning of a number of troparia is simplified, distorted or rendered difficult to comprehend.With the present work, we offer the editio princeps of a little-known, 9th c., Byzantine poetic text, based on five Greek witnesses (Atheniensis, EBE 558, Parisinus, BNF gr.1569, Atheniensis, EBE 841, Petropolitanus, РНБ Ф. 906, гр. 528 and Patmiacus 806A). For the first time, too, we print under every Greek hymnographic unit the corresponding texts of two Slavonic translations as witnessed in three manuscripts. The edition itself is preceded by our introductory observations and analysis of the textual history of the Office for Meletios Stratelates and companions. In it, the general characteristics of the works, poetics and the language of its author, Joseph the Hymnographer, are outlined and special attention is paid to the rich hagiographical material, presumably at the disposal of Joseph, for reshaping it into his hymnographic text, as documented also in the critical apparatus. Besides, attention is drawn to the two South Slavic translations of this Office. Unknown till now, they yield data which are indicative of the localization and chronology of their entry into the Slavonic milieu. The first translation, placed on May 24 in the Second Menaion of Dobriyan (codex 1/5 of Odessa National Scientific Library, 2nd half of the 13th c.), appears in the 13th c. during the formation of the Turnovo version of the Office Menaion, centered in or around the capital of Bulgaria. The second translation is registered on June 10 in three Serbian Menaia of the end of the 13th – beginning of the 14th c. (ЦИАИ 501, БРАН 4.5.10. (Сырку 2) and Хлуд. 156, ГИМ in Moscow), dependent on the Euergetis Typikon. Most probably it was made in the 13th c. during the process of liturgical reform by St. Sava of Serbia. When juxtaposed, the two Slavic translations show how well those men of letters manage to render the semantics and poetics in the Greek work, on the one hand, and outline differences in their approaches as translators, on the other. The material under review testifies that the Serbian litteratus reproduces relatively accurately the Greek text and, as a result, he has succeeded in following the Greek original to a greater extent in terms of form and content. The version of ОННБ 1/5 teems with imprecise and vague renderings of words and phrases, and thus not only the poetic and literary value of the text of Joseph the Hymnographer is lost, but also the meaning of a number of troparia is simplified, distorted or rendered difficult to comprehend.

Екатерина Дикова. Ритъм и наратив. Календарните двустишия на Христофор Митиленски и техните южнославянски преводи. София: Институт за балканистика с Център по тракология, Българска академия на науките, 2023.

Author(s): Vassya Velinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 69-70/2024

Публикации по старобългарска литература и култура, излезли в България през 2023 г.

Author(s): / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 69-70/2024

Бариери пред стопанското развитие на Източното Средиземноморие според докладите на френския консул Луи-Феликс Огюст Божур

Author(s): Simeon Simeonov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article examines the reconstruction of French trade in the Ottoman Empire following the overthrow of Napoleon Bonaparte and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, focusing on the consular mission of Louis Félix-Auguste Beaujour. Tasked with reviving French interests in the Levant, Beaujour faced challenges and barriers to French commercial expansion such as competition from British and Austrian textiles, inconsistent French trade policies, and Greek merchants allegedly exploiting Ottoman import duties. The article highlights Beaujour’s dirigiste approach, advocating state regulation and tariffs to protect French goods, particularly textiles. His reports highlighted the need for quality control and aligning French commerce with state interests. Despite difficulties, he believed in the potential for restoring France’s commercial presence in the Eastern Mediterranean. The article also explores Beaujour’s tour of the Eastern Mediterranean and embeds his views within a broader French consular system amidst the sweeping transformations of the Bourbon Restoration. Ultimately, Beaujour prioritized French interests over the Ottoman Empire’s development, in a representative critique of the self-imposed as well as foreign barriers to French commercial expansion in the Levant.

Добри възможности и бариери пред зърнената търговия в пристанищата на Западното Черноморие през 40-те години на XIX век, отразени в докладите на европейските консули

Author(s): Ivan Roussev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article presents the good opportunities and the barriers (problems) for the grain trade in the ports of the Western Black Sea coast in the 1840s. The main historical sources of the study are the reports of the European consuls in the biggest of these cities at that time – Varna. Today, these documents are kept in the Diplomatic Archives of France in Paris and in Nantes (Archives diplomatiques du Ministère des Affaires étrangères de la République française à Courneuve, Centre des Archives diplomatiques à Nantes), and only a small part has been used by scholars. The 1840s was an interesting time, as this decade saw the beginning of the great increase in grain exports from the Balkans (then part of the Ottoman Empire) to the markets of Western Europe. Consular reports describe this process in detail. They also present the problems that accompanied it: the poor treatment and non-acceptance of European consuls and merchants in the Ottoman Empire; the return to monopolies prohibiting grain exports, even though these monopolies were officially abolished in the Empire as early as the 1830s.; competition and mistreatment by merchants from the Greek islands, who had settled on the Western Black Sea coast at an earlier date; the different units of measurement and their incorrect use, which disadvantaged both peasant producers and European merchants; the high taxes levied on peasants in the Ottoman Empire; the non-fulfilment of sales contracts by peasants; drought and poor harvests in some years. The article enriches the theme of trade between the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe in the 19th century with new data and analysis.

Из архивното наследство на Райна Кацарова: следи от присъствието на таврийски българи в България. Част втора: една от записаните песни и вариантите й в хронологичен, селищен обреден контекст

Author(s): Galin Georgiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

In previous academic publications, I have already turned my attention to the expedition carried out by the famous Bulgarian folklorist Rayna Katsarova in Dobrudzha in the summer of 1944. This endeavor of hers was also the subject of deeper interest in my text from the last issue of the journal “Bulgarian Ethnology“, the continuation of which is the present article. The specific reason for the research is the fact that some time after finding the file with the reportfrom R. Katsarova’s fieldwork trip in the archive of IEFSEM-BAS, I was able to familiarize myself with her recordings, made in several settlements in North-Eastern Bulgaria. These transcripts are stored in today’s Musical the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The specific reason for the research is the fact that sometime after finding the file with the report from R. Katsarova’s fieldwork trip in the archive of IEFSEM-BAS, I was able to familiarize myself endeavour of hers was also the subject of a deeper interest in my text from the last issue of One of the highlights of R. Katsarova’s expedition to Dobrudzha were the Bulgarians who moved from the Tavria region in 1943 (then in the Ukrainian SSR), bringing with them a specific language, traditions and folklore. Our great folklorist did not know that after a few months these people would not remain in their ancestral homeland and that, unlike the Jews in Bulgaria, the state would not be able to save them. About 2,000 Tavrian Bulgarians were deported back to the USSR, a part of them were killed along the way, others were repressed and thrown into the prisons of Central Asia. There is no way that the Tavrians themselves knew that their meetings with an academic like R. Katsarova were a unique chance to pass on to the next generations, through her, pieces of their cultural memory, of their customs and musical folklore, which will remain as a document for the development of their ethno-cultural traditions and identity and in the conditions of the Second World War. In the present second part of the study, the archival materials of R. Katsarova from1944 will be presented in a more detailed manner, both in terms of their content and type, and in relation to earlier and later records of other researchers among the Bulgarians from the historical and cultural regions of Tavria and Bessarabia.

МОНАШЕСКО, МАНАСТИРСКО И ЕНОРИЙСКО ВРЕМЕ В ПРАВОСЛАВНАТА ХРИСТИЯНСКА КУЛТУРА

Author(s): Olha Olehivna Smolina / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 23/2024

This article analyzes the perception of time in monastic culture and in the context of an Orthodox parish. It decides that the measure of the perception of time in Orthodox monastic culture is the divine eternity; the measure of parish perception of time is the rhythmicity of earthly human life.

ПРЕДСТАВАТА ЗА СВЕЩЕНОТО ВРЕМЕ В ЕВХАРИСТИЙНОТО БОГОСЛУЖЕНИЕ СПОРЕД ДВАТА МИСТАГОГИЧНИ ТРАКТАТА НА СИМЕОН СОЛУНСКИ „Ἑρμηνεία περὶ τοῦ θείου ναοῦ“ И „Περὶ τῆς ἱερᾶς λειτουργίας“ И ТЕХНИТЕ ЮЖНОСЛАВЯНСКИ ПРЕВОДИ

Author(s): Tatyana Ilieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 23/2024

The researcher compares the two works by Simeon of Thessaloniki with their shorter versions, which appeared in the Balkans “Ἑρμηνεία περὶ τοῦ θείου ναοῦ” (“Explanatio de divino templo”) the former on the basis of its 15th-century Southern Slavonic epitome, entitled Протлⷦь луⷮргїи, и црк҃ви, и чи́нꙋ сщ҃енⸯничьскомꙋ (according to the copy in the RGADA 88 manuscript 16th century, and the latter “Περὶ τῆς ἱερᾶς λειτουργίας” (“De sacra liturgia”) on the basis of its partial Church Slavonic translation according to the hagiography of Spiridon of Gabrovo of the early 19th century (No. 1322 at the National Library St. Cyril and Methodius). These texts are compared as regards the interpretation given in them of holy time in the Eucharistic service. The information about every single item in the liturgy in the sources compared is presented with a view to its external (ritual) aspect and its inner meaning (symbolism). As a result, the Southern Slavonic reception of the Greek mystagogic knowledge of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance is reflected in the overall context of the liturgical exegesis of one of the most distinguished late Byzantine mystagogues, seen in his individual intellectual development.

ПУБЛИКИ И ПОСЕТИТЕЛИ В ПОСТКОВИД МУЗЕЙ – ОТ ИДЕНТИФИЦИРАНЕ КЪМ СЪУЧАСТИЕ

Author(s): Silvia Trifonova-Kostadinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 23/2024

The text examines the results of a study on the audiences of the museum in Rousse, Bulgaria. The research helps to understand their attitudes and reactions during their actual stay in a museum environment. The information collected will be used to shape the repertoire policies of the cultural institute and to establish lasting relationships with visitors. During the museum events in 2023, the attitude of the museum audiences to the proposed initiatives was observed – exhibitions, concerts, public lectures and presentations, scientific forums, events with free entry, nights at the museum. Surveys were used to gather user opinion. They aim to define the approaches to interacting with audiences and the activities to be planned in the future to best meet people’s expectations. The current research was undertaken to identify changes in the postcovid situation and to derive workable models to benefit the museum in its future event planning activities. To a large extent, the proposed conclusions are valid for most of the Bulgarian museums, as well as the proposed work models, which include the participation of audiences in the activities of the museums.

ТРАКИЙСКИ ЛЕЧЕБЕН ОЛТАР ОТ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИ МУЗЕЙ – БЕЛОВО – ПРЕДСТАВЯНЕ, РЕСТАВРАЦИОНЕН ПОДХОД, ИСТОРИЧЕСКА СПРАВКА, АНАЛОГИИ

Author(s): Dimcho Radev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 23/2024

The report presents a Thracian ceramic altar of natural healing power, unique in its form. An initial description of the shape and dimensions of the altar is given. A restoration methodology is proposed. Analogous scenes have been found in ancient stone votive tablets and in wall paintings dedicated to healing deities. It is recommended to prepare and implement a project for the restoration and appropriate museum display of the Thracian healing altar in the History museum in the city of Belovo.

АРХЕОЛОШКИ ЛОКАЛИТЕТ „МАЛ КАЈАСИ“ – С. БАНСКО, СТРУМИЧКО (Археолошки истражувања и конзервација на средновековната црква)

Author(s): Dushko Cvetanov,Trajce Nacev / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 23/2024

The archeological site ,,Mal Kayasi“ is located in the area of the village Bansko. It is a Late Antique fortification that was also operational during the Middle Ages. The fortress is located on one of the protruding hills on Mount Belasica, about 0,7 km southwest of the Roman Thermal spa. Some authors, here locates the Termica fortress (Θερμιτζα), which is mentioned in the chronicles of John Skylitzes, as one of the most important fortresses used by Tsar Samuel in the Strumica area. The first archaeological excavations were conducted during 2017, and then during 2019. A small part of the northwestern side of the acropolis was uncovered, where the late Antique fortress is located, as well as a single-nave church, which is located about 70 meters south of the fortress. According to the primary knowledge, this sacral building was built in the 12th–13th century and existed, probably until the Ottoman conquests of this area. It is built of slabs of stone, and lime mortar is used as a binder. The church was covered with frescoes. Two layers of frescoes have been found. A small single-nave church was built for the spiritual needs of the crew in the medieval fortress, or it was part of a small monastery complex.