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Organizarea bisericească în Moesia Secunda în secolele V-VII p.Chr.

Organizarea bisericească în Moesia Secunda în secolele V-VII p.Chr.

Author(s): Ionuţ Holubeanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2017

The subject of the present paper is the ecclesiastical organization in Moesia Secunda during the V-VII centuries A.D. The start point is represented by Encyclia (457/8) of the Emperor Leo I (457-474). It is on the basis of this document that the author determined the structure of the church in Moesia Secunda in 457/8, i.e. Marcianopolis (metropolis), Abritus, Appiaria, Durostorum, Nicopolis and Novae (suffragan sees) (ACO II.5, 24.15, 32.26-30; HOLUBEANU 2016, p. 24-33). Encyclia (457/8) also evidenced that the see of Odessos had a special status at that time (ACOII.5, 32.26-30: Dizza episcopus ciuitatis Odissae Scythiae). Accordingly, although Odessos was a city of the civil Roman province of Moesia Secunda, its bishopric was subordinated to the metropolitan see of Tomis, in Scythia. This special status of the see of Odessos lasted from 381 to 536 (see HOLUBEANU 2015-2016, p. 37-41). It is very likely that the same ecclesiastical organization was in existence in 527, too. This can be inferred from Hierocles' Synecdemus (c. 527) and the Emperor Zeno's law in 480. The latter stipulated that every city (πόλις/civitas) of the Empire must have his own bishopric (CJC 2, I.3.35(36), (KRÜGER 1884, p. 23-24)). On the other hand, Synecdemus evidenced that there were seven cities, i.e. Marcianopolis, Odessos (ecclesiastically still subordinated to Tomis in 527), Abritus, Appiaria, Durostorum,Nicopolis and Novae, in the civil Moesia Secunda around 527 (HONIGMANN 1939,636 (2-8), p. 13). On the provisions of Zeno's law, it is to be inferred that, excepting Odessos, these cities were also the bishoprics of the ecclesiastical eparchy of MoesiaSecunda at that time. Assessing the evidence in the historical sources, the author argues that the ecclesiastical structure in Encyclia and that in Synecdemus-Zeno uninterruptedly lasted from 457/8 until 527. He also emphasizes that the structure has not been attested in any of the preserved Notitiae episcopatuum, neither in a complete, nor in an incomplete form. In fact, the metropolitan see of Marcianopolis is attested with Durostorum, Transmarisca, Novae, Zekedepa (=Tsarevets?) and Scaria as its subjects in Notitiae 1-2 and 4 (DARROUZÈS 1981, 1, 32, 444-449, p. 213; 2, 32, 512-517, p. 227; 4, 31, 462-467, p. 260), and with Transmarisca, Novae, Zekedepa and Scaria in Notitia 3 (DARROUZÈS 1981, 3, 44, 727-731, p. 244). It is very likely that these two lists in Notitiae 1-4 were just corrupt copies of an archetype drew up under the patriarch Epiphanius of Constantinople (520-535). The archetype had listed Marcianopolisas metropolis, and Durostorum, Transmarisca, Appiaria, Novae, Zekedepa, Scaria(?), Nicopolis and Abritus as its suffragan sees. It is a structure that succeeded that of Encyclia and Synecdemus-Zeno, lasting approximately from 527 until May 536. It is also possible that Palaistene (=Palmatae?) was organized as a new bishopric in Moesia Secunda by the end of this time span. Its existence is attested in Notitia 3, among the suffragan sees of Odessos (DARROUZÈS 1981, 3, 36, 610, p. 241). In May 536, Odessos became the new ecclesiastical metropolis in Moesia Secunda(see HOLUBEANU 2015-2016, p. 37-41). It is very likely that the new structure of the eparchy was displayed at that time – c. 536 – in an archetype list drew up under the patriarch Menas (536-552). A corrupt copy of this archetype is to be found in Notitia 3 (DARROUZÈS 1981, 3, 36, 603-610, p. 241). The author concludes that Odessos, as metropolis, and Novae, Appiaria, Transmarisca, Durostorum, Marcianopolis, Scaria(?), Abritus, Zekedepa, Nicopolis and Palaistene, as suffragan sees, was mentioned in the archetype list from c. 536. In fact, this was the ecclesiastical structure in Moesia Secunda in that year.A new bishopric, i.e. Asemus-Osamsko kale (Cherkovitsa, Pleven Province,Bulgaria), was organized under Justin II (565-578). Another one, i.e. Cape Sveti Atanas(near Byala, Varna Province, Bulgaria), was organized sometime between 536 and586/87. It is possible that other bishoprics were organized at Sucidava (Izvoarele,Constanța County, Romania), Theodoropolis (unknown, Bulgaria), Iatrus (Krivina,Ruse Province, Bulgaria), Shumenska krepost (Shumen Province, Bulgaria), Krumovokale (near Targovishte, Targovishte Province, Bulgaria), Gradishteto-Gabrovo (GabrovoProvince, Bulgaria), Kilifarevo (Veliko Tarnovo Province, Bulgaria), Storgosia (Kaylaka,Pleven Province, Bulgaria), Gradishteto-Vojvoda (Shumen Province, Bulgaria), Obzor(Burgas Region, Bulgaria) or Ekrensko kale (near Kranevo, Dobrich Region, Bulgaria) sometime between 536 and 586/87, too. Their existence draws support from archaeological evidence and/or literary sources (Procopius of Caesarea, Theophylact Simocatta). However, neither Cape Sveti Atanas and Asemus, nor the hypothetical sees were mentioned in Notitiae. In fact, none of the ecclesiastical structure of Moesia Secunda subsequent to that in May 536 and preceding that in around 614 was displayed in any of the preserved Notitiae.The last ecclesiastical structure in Moesia Secunda displayed in Notitiae is that around 614. It seems that all the ordinary bishoprics of the province were abolished during the Slavo-Avar invasion. Only the metropolitan see of Odessos managed to survive. However, losing its suffragans, the see of Odessos was reduced to the rank of anautocephalous archbishopric, i.e. a titular metropolis, at that time. This data is preserved in Notitiae 1-2, 4-5 (DARROUZÈS 1981, 1, 39, p. 205; 2, 42, p. 217; 4, 40, p. 250; 5,44, p. 265). It is very likely that the information originated in an archetype list that was drawn up under the patriarch Sergius I (610-638). At the end of the paper, the author exposes few remarks on the preserved Notitiaeepiscopatuum and he concludes that none of these is a clean document. In fact, all Notitiae combined two different historical stages in regard to Moesia Secunda. Notitiae1-2, 4-5 combined that between 527 and 536 with that after the Slavo-Avar invasion,while Notitia 3 combined that between 527 and 536 with that starting in May 536.Finally, the author examines the outcome of a possible early dating of Synecdemus,i.e. c. 500. If such a dating is correct, it is possible for Transmarisca, Zekedepa and Scaria (?) to have been organized as episcopal sees even between 500 and 527.

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Câteva considerații privind ordinea semnăturilor episcopilor din Moesia Secunda în Encyclia (457/8 p.Chr.)

Câteva considerații privind ordinea semnăturilor episcopilor din Moesia Secunda în Encyclia (457/8 p.Chr.)

Author(s): Ionuţ Holubeanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2017

The subject of this paper is an investigation on the sequence of signatures at the end of the letter dispatched by the bishops of Moesia Secunda to Emperor Leo I (457-474) in AD 457/8 (Encyclia). There are six signatures in this letter, namely Marcianus of Abritus᾽, Martialis ofAppiaria᾽s, Minofilus of Durostorum᾽s, Marcellus of Nicopolis ad Istrum᾽s, Petrus of Novae᾽s and Dizza of Odessos᾽. The first five were suffragan bishops of the metropolitan of Marcianopolis in the ecclesiastical province of Moesia Secunda. The sixth was a suffragan of the metropolitan of Tomis, in the ecclesiastical province of Scythia (see HOLUBEANU2015-2016, p. 37-41). The author mainly confirmed T. Schnitzler᾽s thesis (SCHNITZLER 1938, p. 39, cun. 29) that the bishops of Moesia Secunda signed the letter according to seniority. Actually, Marcianus of Abritus attended the Council of Ephesus (431) (see ACO I.1.5,124.1; ACO I.4, p. 38, n. 38; ACO I.4, 46, n. 39; ACO I.4, 67.18), being a bishop for at least twenty eight years in 457/8, while Petrus of Novae for at most nine years, having been preceded by Secundinus (-448-449-) (see ACO II.1.1, 149.4, 150.23; ACO II.2.1,20.13; ACO II.3.1, 133.1, 134.17). Also, during the Council of Ephesus (431), Iacobus, not Minophilus, was bishop of Durostorum (ACO I.1.5, 123.38; ACO I.4., p. 38, n. 37; p .45, n. 31; 67.26; 28.35). As far as Martialis of Appiaria and Marcellus of Nicopolis are concerned, it is unlikely that they were bishops in 431.In the second part of the study, examining the lists of signatures from Ephesus (431)and the data in Notitiae episcopatuum Constantinopolitanae, the author tried to detect any evidence concerning a possible hierarchy of the sees within Moesia Secunda in the second part of the 5th and the first half of the 6th centuries. It seems that none of the sees had any precedence among the others at the middle of the 5th century. Actually, as it is apparent in the letter of Moesian bishops in Encyclia, when the metropolitan bishop of Marcianopolis was not able to perform his duties then the senior bishop of the province took them over. However, there is a possibility that at the beginning of the 6th century Durostorum became the protothronos in Moesia Secunda (see DARROUZÈS 1981, 1, 32,444-449, p. 213), while in 536 the see of Novae was raised to this rank (see DARROUZÈS1981, 3, 36, 603-610, p. 241).

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VICTOR COJOCARU, Bibliographia classica orae septentrionalis Ponti Euxini. Vol. III. Ars, res sacrae & mythologica,  Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2019

VICTOR COJOCARU, Bibliographia classica orae septentrionalis Ponti Euxini. Vol. III. Ars, res sacrae & mythologica, Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2019

Author(s): Livia Buzoianu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 53/2020

In 2019, the third appeared in the prestigious Mega publishing house in Cluj-Napocavolume from the series Bibliographia classica orae septentrionalis Ponti Euxini (abbreviatedBCOSPE) having as fields of reference Ars, res sacrae & mythologica. Volume,with Victor Cojocaru as author and Lavinia Grumeza as contributors, Lucian Munteanu, Annamária-Izabella Pázsint, Dan Ruscu and Ligia Ruscu, aappeared as the ninth volume of the Pontica et Mediterranea series.

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Nie tylko „zaczarowana dorożka” – koń w przestrzeni miejskiej XIX-wiecznego Krakowa

Nie tylko „zaczarowana dorożka” – koń w przestrzeni miejskiej XIX-wiecznego Krakowa

Author(s): Joanna Gellner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2021

The main goal of this article is to ponder the presence of horses in the urban space of Kraków. Due to their common presence on the streets, horses constitute an integral part of Kraków’s cityscape. Joanna Gellner treats the issue of using horses as draft force in urban transport, by fire brigades and order services. She discusses the situation of horses in the context of the emerging animal welfare movement, which dates to the nineteenth century. The large scale of using horses caused a similarly large scale of abuse against them.

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ВПЛИВ ІСТОРИЧНИХ ПОДІЙ НА ФОРМУВАННЯ РОМСЬКОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ В КОНТЕКСТІ СОЦІОКУЛЬТУРНОГО ПРОСТОРУ УКРАЇНИ ХХІ СТОЛІТТЯ

ВПЛИВ ІСТОРИЧНИХ ПОДІЙ НА ФОРМУВАННЯ РОМСЬКОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ В КОНТЕКСТІ СОЦІОКУЛЬТУРНОГО ПРОСТОРУ УКРАЇНИ ХХІ СТОЛІТТЯ

Author(s): Оlexandra Rudnitska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2020

The purpose of the article is to determine and explore the relationship and interaction of historical events (Russian Revolution of 1917 and its consequences; World War II (1939-1945); anti-Roma policy of Nazism and the Holocaust; the collapse of the USSR) on the formation of Roma culture in the context of socio-cultural space of Ukraine XXI century. The methodology is based on the use of historical, socio-cultural methods to reveal the historical truth in the formation of Roma culture in different chronological periods. The scientific novelty is that for the first time in chronological order the relationship and interaction of historical events of the ХХ century (the Russian Revolution of 1917 and its consequences; World War II (1939-1945); anti-Roma policy of Nazism and the Holocaust; the collapse of the USSR) and the formation of Roma culture in the context of the socio-cultural space of Ukraine in the XXI century, determines the origin, formation, current state, and influence of Roma art on the development of Ukrainian culture of the XXI century. Conclusions. Historical events, from ancient times to the present, including the Russian Revolution of 1917 and its consequences, World War II (1939-1945), anti-Roma policies of Nazism, the Holocaust, the collapse of the USSR, had a relationship and decisive influence on the formation of Roma culture in the context of the socio-cultural space of Ukraine of the XXI century. The first Holodomor became a motive for strengthening the Ukrainian national consciousness, the settlement of Roma on the territory of Ukraine, and uniting the joint efforts of Ukrainians to resist the Soviet government. During the Second World War, the Roma did not lose their optimism and thirst for creativity, raised the fighting spirit with military songs, dances, and amateur front-line concerts. It was emphasized that a significant number of Roma were killed in the punitive actions of the Nazi occupation regime in Ukraine. In the middle of the twentieth century, no book in the Romani language (neither artistic nor scientific) was published in the USSR, and Romani schools were closed. The development of Roma culture was formal. After the collapse of the USSR, Roma artists were able to tour freely around the world and integrate their culture without any fear of oppression of their creative activities, continuing their development in the socio-cultural space of Ukraine in the XXI century.

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Poziţii ale publicisticii româneşti în timpul războiului de independenţă

Poziţii ale publicisticii româneşti în timpul războiului de independenţă

Author(s): Paul Grigoriu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/1978

La biographie de la presse. Le journal d'information et instrument politique a défini son profil en se séparant des périodiques de culture et satire. Les organes de presse édités par les groupes politiques s'y sont définis avec précision. Les libéraux éditaient les journaux : „Românul" (le Roumain), „Telegraful" (le ..Télégraphe") et „Dorobanţul" (le soldat d'infanterie); tandis que les conservateurs avaient comme organes de la presse „Timpul" (le Temps), „România liberă" (La Roumanie libre), „Presa" (la Presse) et „Războiul" (La Guerre). Dans les chefs-lieux de départements paraissaient : „Ialomiţa", „Gazeta de Bacău", „Curierul de laşi", „Vocea Covurluiului" et d'autres. Dans les territoires subjugués paraissaient „Albina Carpaţilor", „Observatorul", „Transilvania", „Familia" et d'autres. Les publicistes et leurs horizons. Vus dans leur époque, les publicistes de la période 1877—1878, se présentent sous une structure de grande mobilité; leur formation multilatérale était axée sur une solide base humaniste. Beaucoup d'entre eaux étaient des personnalités culturelles et moins politiques. G. Dem. Teodorescu était licencié en lettres de la Sorbonne, professeur secondaire de latin et de roumain, ministre de l'instruction publique et des cultes. Il a écrit des travaux de folklore et de philosophie étant le premier biographe et bibliographe d'Anton Pann. Avec le folkloriste I. Gh. Bibicescu il a édité en 1477 le renommé quotidien „Dorobanţul". Grigore H. Grandea, ancien diplômé, professeur, inspecteur des écoles élémentaires et poète. Il a édité „Războiul" journal de large popularité ă l'époque. Dimitrie August Laurian, fils d'Auguste Treboniu Laurian, était docteur en philosophie de Bruxelles professeur secondaire, auteur de manuels scolaires et membre correspondant de l'Académie Roumaine. Pendant l'été de l'année 1877 il a édité la publication „Romdnia liberă". Ion Al. Lapedatu, fils de paysans pauvres près de Sibiu, a passé son doctorat en lettres et philosophie. Professeur au gymnase roumain de Braşov, il a écrit des nouvelles, des poésies et des études de littérature. Il a édité à Sibiu l'hebdomadaire „Albina Carpaţilor". Dans l'histoire de la presse roumaine beaucoup de journalistes patriotes ont passé dans l'anonymat. Les journalistes, indépendamment de leur appartenance politique, ont renoncé temporairement à toute polémique et ont déclanché une véritable campagne de soutien du front, tout en demeurant sur cette position jusqu'à la fin de la guerre. La presse annonçait les événements militaires, les ordres du jour des commandements, ainsi que les spectacles, les donations et d'autres formes d'aides destinées au front, aux blessés et aux familles sans soutien. Les périodiques d'information quotidienne. Les annonces de réclame commerciale, outre leur aspect hétérogène, publiaient aussi les éditions des cartes dédiées ă la guerre d'indépendance, des brochures sur la nécessité de l'indépendance, des manuels d'histoire de la patrie et d'autres matériaux de propagande. C'est dans le même but qu'on a imprimé sur des feuille volantes des billets de spectacles donnés pour aider les blessés, des poésies patriotiques et des manifestes adressés à la population par le prince régnant Charles et le prince Nicolas. L'organisation du front commun, dépassant les divergences sociales politiques pour appuyer par tous les moyens l'effort général de conquérir l'indépendance, c'est une compréhension profonde des publiclstes du desideratum national. De ce point de vue ils se sont situés sur les positions du vrai patriotisme.

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Pictorii participanţi oficiali la războiul de independenţă, martori ai istoriei

Pictorii participanţi oficiali la războiul de independenţă, martori ai istoriei

Author(s): Elena Iosefide,Adrian Adamache / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/1978

Après avoir passé en revue les relations entre réalité et art et les conditions internes et externes qui ont favorisé la gravure journalistique est suivi le groupement officiel des peintres participants à la guerre de l'indépendance, leur statut officiel et les déplacements sur le théâtre de guerre. Par la suite on souligne spécialement un trait qui unit quatre tempéraments artistiques très différents dans un groupement unitaire, leur état d'esprit qui se caractérise par des constructions qui sont les témoins en temps d'un événement d'une importance particulière pour l'histoire du peuple roumain, d'où un spécifique thématique et une manière artistique avec une prégnance réaliste.

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VISUAL CULTURE AND CONTRIBUTION: A TRADER FROM PIROT – KOCA STEFANOVIĆ
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VISUAL CULTURE AND CONTRIBUTION: A TRADER FROM PIROT – KOCA STEFANOVIĆ

Author(s): Tijana Zebić-Bjelica / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The aim of the research is to present the effect of a prosperous trader from Pirot onto the visual culture in the second half of the 19th century. After the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire according to which the non-Muslim vassals gained certain freedoms under the Gilhana hatt-i sharif in 1839, a new middle class was formed. In Pirot, specifically into its less populated part Tijabara, the residents from the nearby villages came and settled there. This migrating process resulted in trade development in the town itself, and contributed to a rapid enrichment of the newly-formed middle class. The assumption is that one of these settlers was the trader Koca Stefanović, who has been often mentioned throughout the available documentation. This trader was a socially responsible, devout Orthodox Christian and a distinguished citizen. This paper aims at reconstructing the activities and the importance of this trader in the visual culture and cultural history of Pirot.

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TWO GRAFFITI DRAWINGS FROM THE OTTOMAN PERIOD OF AYASOFYA
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TWO GRAFFITI DRAWINGS FROM THE OTTOMAN PERIOD OF AYASOFYA

Author(s): Christina Savova,Thomas Thomov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The paper deals with two graffiti drawing in the south gallery in the former Christian church Hagia Sophia converted after 1453 into mosque Ayasofya. In view of the posture, clothing and headgear of the figure, most likely the author of the first drawing intended to present a whirling dervish. The attempt to date non-epigraphic graffiti with any degree of accuracy is often extremely difficult, but a terminus post quem of this graffito drawing can be the 15th century suggested on the basis of the established clothing standard for all members of the Mevlevi Order. The second drawing presents three weapons defined as “saber” and most likely they correspond to the well-known types of sabers in the Near East Zulfikar, kilij and Shamshir. The hypothetical time span for creating the drawing with the three sabers is between the 17th and the end of the 18th century.

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Mexican and Brazilian Machismo: Cultural Tolerance

Mexican and Brazilian Machismo: Cultural Tolerance

Author(s): Nubia Nieto / Language(s): English Issue: 13(42)/2020

Thousands of Latin American women disappear on daily basis. The United Nations through the Women Unit classifies Mexico as an emergency State, and Brazil as an alarming country in terms of violence and murder against women and little girls. However, the key question is to analyse the tolerance toward violence and subjugation of women in Mexico and Brazil. The hypothesis of this work is based on the idea that violence against women in Mexico and Brazil is due to prevalent machismo in those countries, which is influenced by the political, social, economic and cultural structure. The present text aims to understand how machismo is embodied into Mexican and Brazilian culture, reflected into family and social structures and values, as well as inside the political establishment, which contributes not only to subjugating women, but also to increasing gender violence in these countries, where corruption and impunity are also critical. The text is based on an interdisciplinary perspective, with ethnographic data extracted by direct interviews conducted in the communities of Xochimilco, South of Mexico City, Mexico. The article exposes the main perspectives about machismo, offers a cultural description of family values and social tolerance towards machismo, provides a general picture about the levels of gender violence in Mexico and Brazil, and presents the role of political establishment in the development of machismo, and finally it offers some conclusive comments.

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Cechy dialektyczne "Szczytu dusznego" z 1528 r. (modlitewnik Olbrachta Gasztołda)

Cechy dialektyczne "Szczytu dusznego" z 1528 r. (modlitewnik Olbrachta Gasztołda)

Author(s): Marek Osiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2020

The aim of the article is to establish the dialectal provenance of Szczyt duszny (‘Spiritual shield’), a Polish translation of a collection of Latin prayers (Clipeus spiritualis) that was included in the handwritten prayer book of Olbracht Gasztołd from 1528. The analysis shows that the language of the text contains features of the Lesser Polish dialect. It should also be noted that the language of Szczyt duszny is very orderly, and does not contain flagrantly vernacular features of Lesser Poland (mazurzenie, forms such as tkory, szwytko, na nogak). These features are probably due to the copyist of the text and the purpose of the prayer book (the owner of the prayer book was the Great Lithuanian Chancellor).

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ДРЕВНОТРАКИЙСКИТЕ ЗЕМИ В ЮГОИЗТОЧНОЕВРОПЕЙСКИ ДИСКУРС

ДРЕВНОТРАКИЙСКИТЕ ЗЕМИ В ЮГОИЗТОЧНОЕВРОПЕЙСКИ ДИСКУРС

Author(s): Valeria Fol / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The paper outlines the path of research on the Thracian Antiquity from the first studies in the first half of the 18th century until Thracology became an autonomous academic domain. The most important publications and academic forums illustrating its emergence from the shadow of Ancient Greece and Rome are indicated, as well as the most important achievements in the research on the ancient Thracian lands in the context of Southeastern Europe and the new perspectives that would lead to reinterpretation not only of finds and sites, but also of the overall socio-economic life, foreign policy and economic relations. The political history of the Thracian kingdoms is usually examined from the viewpoint of military and political clashes. The stereotype of opposing Greeks and Thracians was gradually surmounted, which led to the elaboration of the expressed idea on the ancient Thracian lands as contact zone of economic, cultural and trade interactions.

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ГРЪЦКА? РЕВОЛЮЦИЯ? ИСТОРИОГРАФСКИ РАЗНОВИДНОСТИ ЗА ЕДНО ИСТОРИЧЕСКО СЪБИТИЕ

ГРЪЦКА? РЕВОЛЮЦИЯ? ИСТОРИОГРАФСКИ РАЗНОВИДНОСТИ ЗА ЕДНО ИСТОРИЧЕСКО СЪБИТИЕ

Author(s): Maria Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

This article is taking account of the different historiographical clusters or frameworks in which the 1821 Greek Revolution has (or not) found its place. The clusters identified reflect the ways in which Greek history and by extension the Greek Revolution, itself a function of the overall reception of Greek history, are globalized. They show their prevalence in some rubrics and relative absence in others, depending on the epoch. Among the rubrics, foremost is the question whether, when and by whom the events of 1821 were represented as a revolution and why some historiographical traditions withhold this characterization. Other clusters, analyzed comparatively and in the context of modernity, are nationalism studies, international relations, especially the Eastern Question, the issue of violence, as well as women studies. Finally, addressed is the issue why the Greek Revolution, without doubt global in its imagination, connections and ramifications, is sorely missing from the big narratives of world history.

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Father and Academic Professor Niculae M. Popescu - Contributions to the Research of the History of the Romanian Orthodox  Church and Byzantine Music

Father and Academic Professor Niculae M. Popescu - Contributions to the Research of the History of the Romanian Orthodox Church and Byzantine Music

Author(s): Zaharia Matei / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The great priest and academic professor Niculae M. Popescu was one of the most emblematic figures within the Romanian Orthodox Church and within the Theological section of the University of Bucharest in the first half of the XX century. Raised in the Orthodox spirit, Niculae M. Popescu studied in the Theological School “Nifon Mitropolitul” and in the Faculty of Theology in Bucharest, while his PhD studies were completed in Vienna. Because of his critical and rigorous spirit, but also due to his high level theological qualifications, he became distinguishable to the clerical authorities in Bucharest who gave him the title of main editor of a few magazines of the Church. He was highly appreciated for his historical and documentative nature reflected in his studies and researches. For this reason, the teaching body of the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Bucharest named him University Professor of the History Section. He was praised and appreciated by scholar Nicolae Iorga and thus, became a member of the Romanian Academy and vice-president of the highest academic forum in Romania. Alongside his pastoral and universitary vocations, he was also an accomplished musician. Niculae M. Popescu elaborated his first creations of Romanian musicology dedicated to the Romanian precentor, Macarie Ieromonahul. Due to his bass vocal tone, composer D. G. Kiriac recruited him as a member of the well-known Romanian choir, “Carmen”, which he also conducted for a long time, as the head of the choral association. His historical and musicological published creations, as well as his ecclesiastical and academic stance, made father professor Niculae M. Popescu one of the most enlightening figures within the history of the Romanian Orthodox Church and of the Romanian people.

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Angelika Modlińska-Piekarz , Łacińska poezja biblijna na Śląsku w XVI i XVII wieku

Angelika Modlińska-Piekarz , Łacińska poezja biblijna na Śląsku w XVI i XVII wieku

Author(s): Piotr Urbański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Review of: Piotr Urbański - Angelika Modlińska-Piekarz , Łacińska poezja biblijna na Śląsku w XVI i XVII wieku, Lublin 2018, Wydawnictwo KUL, ss. 800

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The Settlement Ethnicity Structure and the Convents of the Rila Monastery (the Example of Gabrovo and Nevrokop)
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The Settlement Ethnicity Structure and the Convents of the Rila Monastery (the Example of Gabrovo and Nevrokop)

Author(s): Zhana Pencheva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The paper analyses the impact ethnicity structure of on the process of refusal to accept monks of the Rila Monastery and the closure of its convents in the Bulgarian settlements. Two urban centres are under consideration, Gabrovo and Nevrokop, characterised by a different ethnicity structure. While Gabrovo is a purely Bulgarian settlement, Nevrokop has a mixed population. The author analyses the intensity of the processes and the influence of the different ethnic groups with their economic and political possibilities to achieve the desired results.

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John Gallagher, Learning Languages in Early Modern England

John Gallagher, Learning Languages in Early Modern England

Author(s): Jekaterina Merkuljewa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

Review of: Jekaterina Merkuljewa - John Gallagher, Learning Languages in Early Modern England, Oxford 2019, Oxford University Press, ss. 288

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Moj prijatelj Šnajder

Moj prijatelj Šnajder

Author(s): Velimir Visković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01+06/2021

Jesen je 1969. godine, tek sam došao na studij iz Splita u Zagreb; pasionirano obilazim zagrebačka kazališta, najčešće sam jer nitko od mojih prijatelja, koje tih dana upoznajem, ne može podnijeti toliku količinu teatra u tako kratkom vremenu. U Zagrebačkome dramskom, koje se još ne zove po Gavelli, gledam Minigolf, čitao sam već o mladom autoru te drame u novinama, znam da je samo tri godine stariji od mene, bio je jedan od glavnih zagrebačkih šezdesetosmaša, iako tek dvadesetogodišnjak; u Minigolfu bavi se zbivanjima u jednom omladinskom listu šezdesetih godina (na način koji dosta podsjeća na »predigru « Krležina Vučjaka, koja se odigrava u redakciji novina Narodna sloga, neposredno nakon 1. svjetskog rata).

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Making of Modernity in the Vernacular: On the Grassroots Variations of Finnish Socialism in the Early Twentieth Century

Making of Modernity in the Vernacular: On the Grassroots Variations of Finnish Socialism in the Early Twentieth Century

Author(s): Risto Turunen / Language(s): English Issue: 39/2021

The article scrutinises the concept of socialism at the grassroots of the Finnish labour movement during the early twentieth history. Primary sources consist of three handwritten newspapers, produced by industrial workers, housemaids and the rural proletariat. While factory workers could adopt the orthodox formulation of socialism from The Communist Manifesto, the socialism of the housemaids had a more existential function for it gave them a political voice to articulate a greater meaning in life that stood in sharp contrast to the silent servility demanded by their mistresses. The concept of socialism gained most explanatory breadth among the rural proletariat in north-eastern Finland, where it was used as an indicator of inequality locally, as a weapon in national elections and as a direct linkage to the international labour movement. The examples demonstrate that vernacular socialism was more multidimensional than what the contemporary critics and later researchers have suggested. The concept of socialism was one of the main tools in the making of proletarian modernity: it was used to claim political subjectivity in the public sphere, to imagine a gap between the old world left behind and the new coming world, and to extend their spatial horizons beyond the local community.

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Mälutööst elulooliste mälu-uuringuteni. Märkusi biograafilise kultuuriuurimise ja nõukogudejärgse Eesti mälu-uuringute seoste kohta

Author(s): Ene Kõresaar,Kirsti Jõesalu / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 2/2021

This article provides an analysis of the intersection of memory studies and biographical research in the study of Estonian post-Soviet memory processes and memories. Both lines of research emerged during the postcommunist turn, albeit with different dynamics and different possibilities to build on existing research traditions. Both are multidisciplinary in nature. This article focuses on the points of contact between biographical research and memory studies in social and scientific methodological processes. The authors show that biographical research, which played a significant role in documenting and disclosing the long-silenced past throughout Eastern Europe during the collapse of communist regimes, has shifted from memory activism to critical examination of memory contexts, mnemonic actors, power relations, and contradictions. To this end, first, the impact of the cultural institutions dealing with collecting oral histories and life stories is analysed as contributors to the Estonian post-communist turn. Second, an overview is provided of post-communist biographical research in Estonia from a memory studies perspective, focusing both on influential theories and methods and pointing to contributions to international memory debates. In addition, gaps in biographical memory work and research are highlighted. Biographical memory studies in Estonia grew out of anticommunist memory work in the late 1980s and early 1990s, being part of a symbolic process of truth and remembrance, actively shaping interpretations of the past, evoking and slowing down collective ‘memory shifts’.

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