"Baby Boom" generacije na pragu penzionisanja

Author(s): Jelena Stojilkovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2010

Sudden increase in the number of live births after the Second World War due to an increase in fertility rates has led to the formation of cohorts with specific characteristics or baby boom generation. This generation is unique in the history of the demographic phenomenon that has affected and affects the functioning of many segments of society. The aim of this paper is to assess structure of baby boomers who are few years away from retirement, using demographic data. Impact of baby boomer age structure of current and future retirees is described with a graphical display of current and projected age pyramid of baby boomers. Demographic pattern that women live longer than men is evident in the projected pyramid. In addition, the number of baby boomers will lead to a "younger" old population. The imbalance in the number of men and women pensioners, as well as older cohorts of women and female baby boomers was analysed. As a result, an increasing trend of women's age pensioners who are members of the baby boom generation was clearly observed, which is opposite to the older cohort of women who often were family pensioners. Different circumstances and conditions in which female boomers lived and worked will form a new "pension model" because they will gain their benefits as well as men, for the first time in significant number, unlike their mothers, which gained the right to retire after they become widows. Number of women age pensioners is getting greater compering to men, as the result of changes in the economic activities of women in the last half of the 20th century. When baby boomers retire and exit the working population, this will create a vacuum, because the numerically smaller generations will enter working population, while the sudden and very shortly, the number of population older than 60 or 65 will increase, most of them will likely to acquire the right to a pension. It is undeniable that baby boomers had impact on demographic structure, but also on society as a whole. They have been extremely important factor of development of our country during their working career, they are healthier then previous generation and many of them possess the knowledge and experience gained by the years, so rigid prediction of future changes that will produce the retirement of this generation has no excuses. Retired baby boom generation will perhaps lead to new, better way of life in old age.

1989: Szempontok a rendszerváltás globális politikai gazdaságtanához

Author(s): Márk Áron Éber,Ágnes Gagyi,Tamás Gerocs,Csaba Jelinek,András Pinkasz / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 21/2014

This article rethinks 1989 – the year commonly treated as a milestone of regime change. As contrary to this narrow view, and with the aim of laying out the conceptual foundations of possible future research projects, we give a short overview of the way Hungary became incorporated into the capitalist world system and of the key global, economic, and geopolitical factors that influenced its dependent development. For this we present a historically sensitive, global political economic narrative within which we pay special attention to the way public debt had been accumulated and how this, in turn, shaped Hungary’s position within the world system. After our analysis of the regime change we continue with an overview of the main structural dynamics of the last two decades. Finally, through two short case studies, we show how our perspective can throw new light on the political ideologies and economic policies of the era. The accumulation of state debt was not a Hungarian specificity: instead, we argue that it was rather a result of the global restructuring process and of its concomitant effect of decreasing national state-sovereignty. In the following manner, we also argue that the emergence of debates (which were central in evaluating the regime change, revolving around issues like „democracy” vs. „dictatorship” or „planning” vs. „market”) can be better understood within our global, historical, and political economic analytical framework. In the long run we identify two economic development strategies – namely, the strategy of liberalization and the strategy of protectionism – both structured around the, nonetheless entirely unfulfilled, hope of overcoming Hungary’s semi-peripheral position by „catching up” to its Western neighbors. These strategies then can be analyzed on the base of how they relate to global cycles of accumulation; how their shifts were influenced by changes in the world system; and, in turn, how these strategies organized both various elite projects shaped by global cyclical dynamics and the interpretations about our historically unfolding dependent position.

A CASE STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF CONSOLIDATION WITHIN TRANSPORT, LOGISTICS, AND FREIGHT FORWARDING CLUSTERS IN THE POMERANIAN REGION

Author(s): Jagienka Rzesny-Cieplinska / Language(s): English / Issue: 8/2016

This paper focuses on the advantages of the companies that act in cooperation/clusters, as an approach to prevent the possible gain of interest for competitive products. Companies operating in the forwarding, transportation, and logistics sector are seeking original methods to become competitive. Price has lost its importance when selecting transportation and logistics services providers. Nowadays, it is the quality of service rates that is considered most important, followed by reliability, flexibility, and the product range. We will examine the rest of the factors influencing customers’ choice of freight forwarding, transportation, or logistics operators, in this paper.

A Cheap and Dispensable Tool for Uranium Extraction - “Class enemies” used as forced labor in mines during the Communist regime

Author(s): Tomáš Bursík / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Long-term imprisonment involving forced labor in mines under inhumane and degrading conditions was one way of getting rid of “class enemies” without attracting too much attention to the Czechoslovak Communist regime.

A felsőfokú tanulmányok hatása a munkaerőpiaci reintegrációra

Author(s): Ágnes Engler / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2010

A felsőfokú végzettségűek státus-inkonzisztenciája

Author(s): Péter Tibor Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2010

It is assumed that an average, recently-graduating university student will be satisfied if she/he obtains a carrier position that is usually obtained by university graduates; conversely, the attractiveness of positions occupied en masse by non-graduates will remain low in the eyes of new graduates. In our research, each job position looked at had a value of between 0 and 1 according to the proportion of such positions obtained by graduates. Thus the concept of job position – an originally non-linear category – has been developed into a linear one. This new method can therefore make an average occupation – one linked with the prestige of any social demographic group – quantifiable. We can as a result see that the average occupation prestige of graduates aged around 25 is lower than the average occupation prestige of persons of around 35 years; though the average occupation prestige of graduates aged around 25 is higher than with 45 or 55 year-old graduates. Therefore, although the commonplace that the “inconsistency between job and the level of education has grown” with the new generation is valid, it is only valid in comparison with previous cohorts – not in comparison with the whole “society of elders”. In contrast, in 1970 the average occupation prestige of graduates of around 25 was higher than the average occupation prestige of the graduates of any older generation. Taking on board these two phenomena one could say that the present situation of young graduates is worse than for older ones, or at least is worse than for older ones when they were young; and this “handicap” is more characteristic of young college graduates (BA) than for young university graduates (MA).

A felsőoktatás és a foglalkoztathatóság kapcsolatának értelmezései

Author(s): András Derényi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2010

In his article András Derényi outlines representation and the implementation of employability within higher education. Interpretations of the old idea of educational systems’ having a function of better meeting labor market needs have more complexity and are more confusing in connection with higher education. Not only have concepts of employability been changing – societal functions of higher education have additionally undergone major changes, this going along with a rapid restructuring of the labor market. Research results show that individuals’ successes given transition from the world of learning to the world of labor greatly depend on factors that are outside the higher education domain. Reactions in higher education to employability issues are therefore diverse; and there is no single good solution to the ‘development’ of employability. The main teaching characteristics of higher education require specific approaches whose common features would seem to be involvement with and cooperation among institutions and stakeholders, where cases and relevant experiences show good results for all participants.

A foglalkoztathatóság kérdése az Európai Felsőoktatási Térségben

Author(s): Ildikó Hrubos / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2010

Supporting increases in the economic competitiveness of Europe by putting a highly qualified workforce into the labor market has been one of the emphasised goals of European higher education reform (since 1999). Nevertheless, connecting up with the labor market has been one of the least successful elements of this reform. The reasons for the lack of success are very complex: an unclear definition of the goal itself, not defining properly the functions of different types of training programs and handling them inflexibly, misunderstanding the roles of labor market actors, and ignoring wider social interconnections. Many are searching for different ways out of this problem: a developing of qualification frameworks, the Tuning program, a system for career tracking and alumni, and providing current students with career planning services.

A foglalkoztathatósághoz kötődő hallgatói várakozások

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Veroszta / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2010

In an analysis of expectations related to graduate employment opportunities, the study examines, for the period before persons’ enter the labor market, student expectations related to such entry and successes instead of objective indicators of employment possibilities. The study analyses the individual background variables playing a determining role in study expectations via a multi-dimensional approach to labor market success, focusing on subjective elements. In addition to examining expectations in detail regarding the most important professional field background variable, the analysis – embedded within the framework of relevant technical literature – also focuses on expectation-related differences appearing between genders or social groups; it also looks at how previous professional work experience modifies people’s expectations. The analysis is based on data from a questionnaire survey obtained in relation to approximately 8000 people studying on undergraduate programs.

A globalizáció és migráció magyarországon

Author(s): Attila Melegh / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2011

The study by Attila Melegh (Globalization and migration: the case of Hungary) concentrates on how Hungary has been integrated into migratory processes shaped by the changes occurring in the era of globalization. The study argues that the collapse of state socialism in Hungary was an important consequence of the macro-economic changes in the era of globalization, and the migratory processes since the early 1980s can be explained by these changes. The study also argues that until the early 2000s Hungary was becoming a newly immigrant country with low intensity out-migration, and there was a utilization of some of the comparative advantages here in terms of economic well-being in the country; while, later, this process slowed down and, due to difficult labour market conditions, the country has lost most of its attractive features.

A hazai emberi erőforrások ma és holnap

Author(s): István Polónyi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2016

The paper first describes the current situation of Hungarian human resources, using various well-known indicators (the Human Capital Index, the Human Development Index, the Legatum Prosperity Index). It notes that the development of human resources in Hungary lags behind developed countries. Following this, it describes some forecasts relating to the various elements of human resources in Hungary. The study presents forecasts relating to total fertility, aging, education and employment. It notes that in terms of the future development of human resources, Hungary will be one of the weakest performers in the European Union,

A kompetenciák mint a frissdiplomások bérét befolyásoló tényezők a Pécsi Tudományegyetem példáján

Author(s): Norbert Sipos,Gábor Balogh,Gabriella Kuráth / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2013

A külföldi tőke és munkaerő szerepe

Author(s): István Polónyi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2011

The first article – The effects of foreign capital and labour – by István Polónyi, first analyses the flow of FDI into Hungary – considering, too, the economic theories related to this phenomenon, before illustrating the nature of the incoming capital by source country and the future prospects for inward investment. Following this, the article touches on the most important factors related to international labour migration and then considers the effects of investment flows and inward labour migration on educational policy and the education system. The article also offers a brief introduction to the other articles in the volume.

A munkaerő-piaci tájékozottság és az elvárások területi differenciái

Author(s): Papp Imola Csehné / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2014

A New Function of Prison Industry and Private Prisons in Developed Countries, and the Possibility of their Implementation in the Republic of Serbia

Author(s): Emil Turkovic / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2017

In the 1990s, various countries had a different approach to the problems related to prisoners’ labor. In the United States, the concept of prison labor could survive only in such developed states as New York, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts which could cope with the burden of keeping unproductive prisons. Under the impact of the penal reform and upon the adoption of new penal legislation in these states, the old American tradition of labor prisons gave way to a new standard which implied that convicted offenders had to learn different crafts while in prison but they were excluded from the public labor market when at large. The new industrial program, which was thus engendered, has significantly contributed to spreading the reformist functions of prison labor. Organized prison labor had always been strongly supported by penal reformers in the north of the United States but, in the mid-1980s, as the penal reformers moved away from that part of the United States, the concept of organized prison labor no longer had a significant political and legislative impact. The influence of penal reformers and the idea of instituting convict labor (but without competition in the labor market) had a strong influence on government politicians both at the federal and state government levels. The reformers endeavored to ensure the prisoners’ welfare and enable all prisoners to work and participate in the labor market as competitive workforce, both by leasing their labor and through the sale of final products on the free market.

A PROPOSAL FOR INCORPORATING LABOR UTILIZATION FRAMEWORKS INTO THE FORMAL LABOR FORCE STATISTICS

Author(s): Hee-Young Shin / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

The standard labor force statistics has been widely used as an important indicator of the overall health of an economy, and both economists and economic policy makers in the U.S. have been uncritically relying on the single official unemployment rate whenever they propose and make an important policy decision. The goal of this paper is to revisit some of the limitations in the US formal labor force statistics and propose to incorporate a series of measures for analyzing a certain quality aspect of employment into the government’s formal labor force statistics. The conventional definitions and categories used by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) have many limitations, and are of no use at all in capturing quality aspects of employment. After examining some of these problems, the paper introduces and proposes the International Labor Office (ILO)’s labor (under-)utilization framework to overcome these problems. The labor utilization framework adopted in the ILO’s international conferences emphasizes the importance of capturing quality aspects of labor utilization and introduces the concept of income-, time-, and skill-related labor underutilization. The survey in this paper shows that the ILO’s labor utilization framework is broader in scope and much more consistent in analyzing the labor market performance. The framework also provides better insights into analyzing the labor market dynamics than any other formal labor force statistical frameworks, including the US BLS’s standard labor force statistics. Even though the ILO’s labor utilization framework is in no way a complete solution to the task of analyzing the capitalist labor market dynamics and of constantly improving the government’s labor force statistics, it is far more superior to the conventional unemployment rate and any other narrowly defined labor force statistics. Thus, it is urged that the US BLS should seriously consider incorporating labor utilization framework into its formal labor force statistics.

A QUESTION OF TRUST: COGNITIVE CAPITALISM, DIGITAL REPUTATION ECONOMY, AND ONLINE LABOR MARKETS

Author(s): Elvira Nica,Ana-Madalina Potcovaru,Catalina-Oana Mirica (Dumitrescu) / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2017

We follow Gandini (2016) in clarifying the function of reputation as the essential endowment for digital and freelance knowledge employees, the significance of intangible assets for the corporate realm, and the advance of a financial economy contingent on brand valuation. The article generates insights about the collective role of reputation as the starting place for instituting trust among quasi-strangers, the expanding interference of digital technologies in the creative and administrative regimes, and the capitalization of the latterly mediated professional social connections that occur throughout the online sphere.

A tanári pályaelhagyás szaktárgyi mintáza

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Veroszta / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2012

The aim of this study is to redefine the concept of the “quitting decision” among young graduates. Here, the terms “quitting” or “leaving the profession” offers an approach that can be taken up by scientific research as regards interpretation; and there are no preliminary evaluation factors. The study is based on a career-tracking dataset for young teachers who graduated in 2008 or 2010. According to the study hypothesis, the employability of young, profession-leaving teachers is partially to be determined by their former subject; and differences may be identified – simultaneously – in connection with the employment sector involved, a job’s content, and the level of income and satisfaction. An analysis of these factors shows us several patterns, ones demonstrating that a person’s “quitting/leaving the profession” should be interpreted without prior value judgments being made.

A TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS OF PRECARIOUS WORK IN THE ELEMENTARY PROFESSIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

Author(s): CIARÁN NUGENT / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

In an increasingly interconnected world, labour markets are under constant pressure to adapt to the forces of globalisation and technological change. This is especially the case for small open economies such as Ireland. Across the EU, permanent full-time jobs are declining as a proportion of the labour force and real wages are falling in many sectors. Some argue that the competitive pressures of globalisation are creating a race to the bottom in wages and working conditions and an underclass of precarious workers who barely scrape by and have little or no future prospects. Flexibility is a key word in the mantra of international “competitiveness” and some would argue a source of much of the insecurity associated with modern day labour markets. Considering both the income and employment security aspects of precariousness this paper examines trends in Ireland from 2004 to 2015 in the elementary occupations. While the overall structure of the labour market, specifically the proportion of temporary contracts has hardly changed since 2004 the proportion of those temporary workers who are involuntarily so has grown considerably. The proportion of temporary contracts as a proportion of employment for those under 30 has grown markedly whilst it has actually fallen slightly for older cohorts. Furthermore, the proportion of part-time workers has grown as a proportion of the overall labour market as has the share of workers within that category who would prefer to be in full-time employment. These trends hold across certain groups identified as particularly vulnerable to precariousness in the international literature; women, young people and foreign nationals. The incidence of involuntary part-time and temporary work is higher in all categories for elementary workers. In terms of income insecurity, the deprivation rate for elementary workers rose significantly between 2004 and 2015 (from 13% to 23%) and almost 80% of elementary workers in 2015 had some difficulty in making ends meet as did a similar proportion of temporary workers. Over 1 in 5 temporary workers had been in receipt of some form of welfare assistance in the previous 12 months in 2015.

Absorpcja zasobów pracy przez sektor usług w Polsce w latach 2008-2012

Author(s): Lidia Kuczewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2014

An aim of the article is to identify the importance of the service sector as an employer and its role in formation of the situation in the Polish labour market in the years 2008-2012. The grounds for conclusions were the published CSO’s statistical data presenting the changes occurring in the number of employees, unemployed and newly established jobs in the service sector. The presented considerations concern both the service sector as a whole and individual sections being a part thereof (by PKD 2007). When it was possible (due to the statistical data accessibility), the author considered the territorial differentiation (by province). In effect of the presented analyses, the author showed that even in the period of economic slowdown the service sector contributed to smoothing the difficult situation in the Polish labour market. The article is of the research nature.