"Baby Boom" generacije na pragu penzionisanja

Author(s): Jelena Stojilkovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2010

Sudden increase in the number of live births after the Second World War due to an increase in fertility rates has led to the formation of cohorts with specific characteristics or baby boom generation. This generation is unique in the history of the demographic phenomenon that has affected and affects the functioning of many segments of society. The aim of this paper is to assess structure of baby boomers who are few years away from retirement, using demographic data. Impact of baby boomer age structure of current and future retirees is described with a graphical display of current and projected age pyramid of baby boomers. Demographic pattern that women live longer than men is evident in the projected pyramid. In addition, the number of baby boomers will lead to a "younger" old population. The imbalance in the number of men and women pensioners, as well as older cohorts of women and female baby boomers was analysed. As a result, an increasing trend of women's age pensioners who are members of the baby boom generation was clearly observed, which is opposite to the older cohort of women who often were family pensioners. Different circumstances and conditions in which female boomers lived and worked will form a new "pension model" because they will gain their benefits as well as men, for the first time in significant number, unlike their mothers, which gained the right to retire after they become widows. Number of women age pensioners is getting greater compering to men, as the result of changes in the economic activities of women in the last half of the 20th century. When baby boomers retire and exit the working population, this will create a vacuum, because the numerically smaller generations will enter working population, while the sudden and very shortly, the number of population older than 60 or 65 will increase, most of them will likely to acquire the right to a pension. It is undeniable that baby boomers had impact on demographic structure, but also on society as a whole. They have been extremely important factor of development of our country during their working career, they are healthier then previous generation and many of them possess the knowledge and experience gained by the years, so rigid prediction of future changes that will produce the retirement of this generation has no excuses. Retired baby boom generation will perhaps lead to new, better way of life in old age.

1833 SİVAS NÜFUS DEFTERLERİ KAYITLARINA GÖRE KALİFİYE İŞGÜCÜ GÖÇÜ VE BUNLARIN MESLEKİ, YAŞ ve GİDİLEN YER ÖZELLİKLERİ

Author(s): Üyesi Sezgin Zabun / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 39/2018

The source of this work is the 2400 population book of Sivas. In this book, information such as occupations, ages, which groups pay taxes, housing property, rent, who is going to work, whether or not they went to work, and so on. We can have information about the economic situation from which revenue group the people give the Cizye tax and whether it is the property of the house. Moving from the places where the workers went to work, it is possible to get an idea about the centers of attraction, employment-generating zones that have been labor-migrating. The records taken from the Ottoman archives of the Prime Ministry were read and classified.

1989: Szempontok a rendszerváltás globális politikai gazdaságtanához

Author(s): Márk Áron Éber,Ágnes Gagyi,Tamás Gerocs,Csaba Jelinek,András Pinkasz / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 21/2014

This article rethinks 1989 – the year commonly treated as a milestone of regime change. As contrary to this narrow view, and with the aim of laying out the conceptual foundations of possible future research projects, we give a short overview of the way Hungary became incorporated into the capitalist world system and of the key global, economic, and geopolitical factors that influenced its dependent development. For this we present a historically sensitive, global political economic narrative within which we pay special attention to the way public debt had been accumulated and how this, in turn, shaped Hungary’s position within the world system. After our analysis of the regime change we continue with an overview of the main structural dynamics of the last two decades. Finally, through two short case studies, we show how our perspective can throw new light on the political ideologies and economic policies of the era. The accumulation of state debt was not a Hungarian specificity: instead, we argue that it was rather a result of the global restructuring process and of its concomitant effect of decreasing national state-sovereignty. In the following manner, we also argue that the emergence of debates (which were central in evaluating the regime change, revolving around issues like „democracy” vs. „dictatorship” or „planning” vs. „market”) can be better understood within our global, historical, and political economic analytical framework. In the long run we identify two economic development strategies – namely, the strategy of liberalization and the strategy of protectionism – both structured around the, nonetheless entirely unfulfilled, hope of overcoming Hungary’s semi-peripheral position by „catching up” to its Western neighbors. These strategies then can be analyzed on the base of how they relate to global cycles of accumulation; how their shifts were influenced by changes in the world system; and, in turn, how these strategies organized both various elite projects shaped by global cyclical dynamics and the interpretations about our historically unfolding dependent position.

A Call for Establishing a Public Policy for Mitigating the Effects of Dementia on Modern Workplaces

Author(s): Yoram Braw,Erez Cohen,Yael Brender-Ilan,Idit Sohlberg / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

The rise in life expectancy leads to a steady increase in the number employees with neurodegenerative disorders (i.e., dementia) and progressively declining vocational functioning. In the current paper, we describe these changes at the labor market and the challenges they entail. We point towards the key issues that should be taken into consideration when establishing policies for the aging labor market. These include implementing procedures for the early diagnosis of employees with dementias, educating employers regarding dementia and assisting employees already diagnosed with this and other disorders. These solutions will benefit both employees and the workplace overall, as well as decrease misconceptions about aging and dementia. These solutions are thereby to transform the work environment to be more responsive to the needs of employees with declining vocational functioning.

A CASE STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF CONSOLIDATION WITHIN TRANSPORT, LOGISTICS, AND FREIGHT FORWARDING CLUSTERS IN THE POMERANIAN REGION

Author(s): Jagienka Rzesny-Cieplinska / Language(s): English / Issue: 8/2016

This paper focuses on the advantages of the companies that act in cooperation/clusters, as an approach to prevent the possible gain of interest for competitive products. Companies operating in the forwarding, transportation, and logistics sector are seeking original methods to become competitive. Price has lost its importance when selecting transportation and logistics services providers. Nowadays, it is the quality of service rates that is considered most important, followed by reliability, flexibility, and the product range. We will examine the rest of the factors influencing customers’ choice of freight forwarding, transportation, or logistics operators, in this paper.

A Cheap and Dispensable Tool for Uranium Extraction - “Class enemies” used as forced labor in mines during the Communist regime

Author(s): Tomáš Bursík / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Long-term imprisonment involving forced labor in mines under inhumane and degrading conditions was one way of getting rid of “class enemies” without attracting too much attention to the Czechoslovak Communist regime.

A felsőfokú tanulmányok hatása a munkaerőpiaci reintegrációra

Author(s): Ágnes Engler / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2010

A felsőfokú végzettségűek státus-inkonzisztenciája

Author(s): Péter Tibor Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2010

It is assumed that an average, recently-graduating university student will be satisfied if she/he obtains a carrier position that is usually obtained by university graduates; conversely, the attractiveness of positions occupied en masse by non-graduates will remain low in the eyes of new graduates. In our research, each job position looked at had a value of between 0 and 1 according to the proportion of such positions obtained by graduates. Thus the concept of job position – an originally non-linear category – has been developed into a linear one. This new method can therefore make an average occupation – one linked with the prestige of any social demographic group – quantifiable. We can as a result see that the average occupation prestige of graduates aged around 25 is lower than the average occupation prestige of persons of around 35 years; though the average occupation prestige of graduates aged around 25 is higher than with 45 or 55 year-old graduates. Therefore, although the commonplace that the “inconsistency between job and the level of education has grown” with the new generation is valid, it is only valid in comparison with previous cohorts – not in comparison with the whole “society of elders”. In contrast, in 1970 the average occupation prestige of graduates of around 25 was higher than the average occupation prestige of the graduates of any older generation. Taking on board these two phenomena one could say that the present situation of young graduates is worse than for older ones, or at least is worse than for older ones when they were young; and this “handicap” is more characteristic of young college graduates (BA) than for young university graduates (MA).

A felsőoktatás és a foglalkoztathatóság kapcsolatának értelmezései

Author(s): András Derényi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2010

In his article András Derényi outlines representation and the implementation of employability within higher education. Interpretations of the old idea of educational systems’ having a function of better meeting labor market needs have more complexity and are more confusing in connection with higher education. Not only have concepts of employability been changing – societal functions of higher education have additionally undergone major changes, this going along with a rapid restructuring of the labor market. Research results show that individuals’ successes given transition from the world of learning to the world of labor greatly depend on factors that are outside the higher education domain. Reactions in higher education to employability issues are therefore diverse; and there is no single good solution to the ‘development’ of employability. The main teaching characteristics of higher education require specific approaches whose common features would seem to be involvement with and cooperation among institutions and stakeholders, where cases and relevant experiences show good results for all participants.

A foglalkoztathatóság kérdése az Európai Felsőoktatási Térségben

Author(s): Ildikó Hrubos / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2010

Supporting increases in the economic competitiveness of Europe by putting a highly qualified workforce into the labor market has been one of the emphasised goals of European higher education reform (since 1999). Nevertheless, connecting up with the labor market has been one of the least successful elements of this reform. The reasons for the lack of success are very complex: an unclear definition of the goal itself, not defining properly the functions of different types of training programs and handling them inflexibly, misunderstanding the roles of labor market actors, and ignoring wider social interconnections. Many are searching for different ways out of this problem: a developing of qualification frameworks, the Tuning program, a system for career tracking and alumni, and providing current students with career planning services.

A foglalkoztathatósághoz kötődő hallgatói várakozások

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Veroszta / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2010

In an analysis of expectations related to graduate employment opportunities, the study examines, for the period before persons’ enter the labor market, student expectations related to such entry and successes instead of objective indicators of employment possibilities. The study analyses the individual background variables playing a determining role in study expectations via a multi-dimensional approach to labor market success, focusing on subjective elements. In addition to examining expectations in detail regarding the most important professional field background variable, the analysis – embedded within the framework of relevant technical literature – also focuses on expectation-related differences appearing between genders or social groups; it also looks at how previous professional work experience modifies people’s expectations. The analysis is based on data from a questionnaire survey obtained in relation to approximately 8000 people studying on undergraduate programs.

A globalizáció és migráció magyarországon

Author(s): Attila Melegh / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2011

The study by Attila Melegh (Globalization and migration: the case of Hungary) concentrates on how Hungary has been integrated into migratory processes shaped by the changes occurring in the era of globalization. The study argues that the collapse of state socialism in Hungary was an important consequence of the macro-economic changes in the era of globalization, and the migratory processes since the early 1980s can be explained by these changes. The study also argues that until the early 2000s Hungary was becoming a newly immigrant country with low intensity out-migration, and there was a utilization of some of the comparative advantages here in terms of economic well-being in the country; while, later, this process slowed down and, due to difficult labour market conditions, the country has lost most of its attractive features.

A hazai emberi erőforrások ma és holnap

Author(s): István Polónyi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2016

The paper first describes the current situation of Hungarian human resources, using various well-known indicators (the Human Capital Index, the Human Development Index, the Legatum Prosperity Index). It notes that the development of human resources in Hungary lags behind developed countries. Following this, it describes some forecasts relating to the various elements of human resources in Hungary. The study presents forecasts relating to total fertility, aging, education and employment. It notes that in terms of the future development of human resources, Hungary will be one of the weakest performers in the European Union,

A kompetenciák mint a frissdiplomások bérét befolyásoló tényezők a Pécsi Tudományegyetem példáján

Author(s): Norbert Sipos,Gábor Balogh,Gabriella Kuráth / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2013

A külföldi tőke és munkaerő szerepe

Author(s): István Polónyi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2011

The first article – The effects of foreign capital and labour – by István Polónyi, first analyses the flow of FDI into Hungary – considering, too, the economic theories related to this phenomenon, before illustrating the nature of the incoming capital by source country and the future prospects for inward investment. Following this, the article touches on the most important factors related to international labour migration and then considers the effects of investment flows and inward labour migration on educational policy and the education system. The article also offers a brief introduction to the other articles in the volume.

A LABORLESS SOCIETY? HOW HIGHLY AUTOMATED ENVIRONMENTS AND BREAKTHROUGHS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BRING ABOUT INNOVATIVE KINDS OF SKILLS AND EMPLOYMENT DISRUPTIONS, ALTERING THE NATURE OF BUSINESS PROCESS AND AFFECTING THE PATH OF ECONOMIC GROWTH

Author(s): Elvira Nica,Cristina Manole,CRISTIAN IONU? STAN / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2018

Following recent research on technology-driven economic growth, we have identified and provided empirical evidence on how highly automated environments and breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) bring about innovative kinds of skills and employment disruptions. Using and replicating data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, CEA calculations, Frey and Osborne (2013), Gartner, National Post, OECD, Pew Research Center, Statista, and YouGov, we performed analyses and made estimates regarding percentage of jobs with high potential for automation or significant change in task, probability of automation by an occupation’s median hourly wage, the impact of AI automation on jobs, and percentage of U.S. workers worried they might lose their job to advancing technology, and who say they would (strongly) oppose/(strongly) favor certain policies in the event that robots and computers are capable of doing many human jobs.

A labour market without boundaries? Integration paths for young journalists in French-speaking Belgium

Author(s): Olivier Standaert / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2018

This study aims to describe the growing influence of flexibility rationales on the early careers of young, francophone Belgian journalists. The study on the integration of new journalists enables us to grasp how the destandardisation of the beginnings of a career creates new identity forms in part distanced from the traditional values that had managed to make journalism a job that was distinct, recognised and more or less solidly positioned in the social sphere. At its most extreme, flexible rationale acts as a key factor in the increasingly frequent divide between a job and work. After having established these observations through a longitudinal study of a body of young journalists, the study analyses the impact of flexible rationales in the identity forms and the theoretical issue of boundaries between journalism and others business sectors.

A Long Term Analysis of Two Undeniable Realities of the XXI Century - Global Economic Crisis and Demographic Aging

Author(s): Alina ?tefania Chenic Cre?u,Alin Ioan Cre?u,Lauren?iu Te?can / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The article highlights idea which said that, in actual socio-economics conditions, will appear inherently lethal mixture between two undeniable realities of the century, namely, on the one hand, economic and financial crisis, with immediate effects of restricting economic activities and thus drastically reducing job remuneration for work and, on the other hand, the trend of demographic aging in most civilized geopolitical zones, strong or medium economic developed. Mankind has lived a long time with the phobia of population explosion, as well as the phobia of premature death due to incurable medical conditions characteristic of the twentieth century but human medicine and the pharmaceutical industry have made remarkable progress. Life expectancy has increased continuously and spectacularly, especially in economically developed areas in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia. Along with this joyful reality, the civilized world has adopted an unexpected demographic trend, namely a massive reduction in the birth rate. Therefore, along with the trend at the beginning of this millennium - in which the civilized people marry and procreate a maximum of 1-2 children up to the age of 35 - after 2008, the global economic crisis appeared. What will happen in the XXI century? Will the world's median age increase, dramatically reducing the ratio of people of working age and the total population? But the worst thing, in this context, seems to be the strangely inadequate reaction of human society regarding the use of available workforce. Many people of working age - often quite competent people- remain outside the labor market! Thus, this scientific approach constitutes a warning on the urgent and effective implementation necessity of new employment policies. On the contrary, we must accept that human civilization has finally found the brilliant and absolutely ridiculous model of self-destruction precisely because of the scientific and technical progress of medicine regarding the increase in life expectancy? Evolution involves regression?!

A misinterpretation of Keynes’s concept of involuntary unemployment

Author(s): Roy H. Grieve / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

One of the principal contributions of Maynard Keynes’s General Theory was identification of the phenomenon of involuntary unemployment, due (on account of adverse expectations and confidence on the part of potential buyers) to a want of demand for the quantity of output which a fully-employed labor force was capable of producing. Such unemployment, he insisted — contrary to conventional opinion — was not due to workers pricing themselves out of work by demanding wages higher than employers could afford. Far from unemployed workers being themselves responsible for their plight, they were, in reality, victims of circumstances beyond their control. Keynes’s understanding was, for many years, widely accepted by academics, policy-makers and the general public. In recent times, however, mainstream macroeconomic theory has shown a regrettable tendency to return to old modes of thinking. Blame for unemployment is again put on the workforce, whose alleged misunderstanding or slow response to change are said to imply seeking employment on unrealistic terms. A more extreme view is that worklessness may reflect a deliberate choice of leisure. To anyone skeptical of the validity of such analyses there is a clear need to recover the Keynesian understanding of the possibility not just of frictional or voluntary, but also of involuntary unemployment. Purpose of the article: Ezra Davar, recognizing that it is important not to lose sight of the idea of involuntary unemployment, has recently attempted in this Journal to explain Keynes’s concept. Unfortunately, however, he fails to recognize that Keynes accounted for involuntary unemployment as resulting from deficiency of aggregate demand for output, not as the consequence of any supply-side factor. In attributing involuntary unemployment a peculiarity in the labor supply function Davar quite misses Keynes’s point, and in fact identifies as involuntary unemployment a situation of what Keynes would have described as “voluntary” employment. The objective of the present note is to clear up this misunderstanding.

A munkaerő-piaci tájékozottság és az elvárások területi differenciái

Author(s): Papp Imola Csehné / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2014