Kathrin Glüer: Sprache und Regeln
Review of: Kathrin Glüer: Sprache und Regeln, Akademie Verlag. Berlin 1999. s. 249.
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Review of: Kathrin Glüer: Sprache und Regeln, Akademie Verlag. Berlin 1999. s. 249.
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Inšpiráciou na napísanie tohto článku bol pre mňa príspevok kolegyne Blaženy Švandovej publikovaný nedávno v Organone (pozri [6]).
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V jednom z předchozích čísel Organonu F byla otištěna stať Karla Berky, v e které se autor pokouší ukázat, že Gottlob Frege nebyl ve svých "logických zkoumáních" zdalek a tak úspěšný, jak se má obvykle za to ('On Frege's Philosophy o f Language - a Linguistic Approach', ORGANON F 6 , 1999, 111-118).
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V prílohe Organonu F, ktorá má názov K filozofii jazyka, vedy a iným problémom (1998), bol publikovaný aj článok môjho dlhoročného priateľa D. Kamhala Toto nie je kniha.
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Wittgenstein´s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus can be regarded as the first attempt to use the concept of possible world in the analysis of language. Since Wittgenstein does not use the expression possible world, the author of this paper draws attention to those parts of Tractatus that presuppose such concept. Then the author concentrates on the relation of Wittgenstein´s conception of possible world to the metaphysics of Tractatus. For Wittgenstein, the possible world is any combination of state of affairs. On the other hand, some combinations of states of affairs are by the metaphysics of Tractatus excluded as illogical. The same is true of all possible distributions of attributes to ordered sets of objects that constitute states of affairs. It seems that Wittgenstein did not recognize these difficulties.
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So slovami sa často narába ako so zaklínadlami. Svedčí to o ich preceňovaní. Preceňujú ich však len tí, ktorí sa nimi dajú ovládať, ktorých možno urieknuť. Čarodejníci, mágovia slov, ovládajúci verbálne techniky, poznajú cenu, ktorú pripisujú slovám ich obete. Ovládajú čarovné formulky, ktoré otvárajú brány do svetov, v ktorých vládne mágia slov. Urieknutý človek sa z tohto sveta veľmi ťažko dostáva. Veď kto by rád opustil svet, v ktorom stačí len hovoriť?
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Back in the Good Old Days of Logical Positivism, theories of meaning were part of a normative project that sought not merely to describe the features of language and its use, but so to speak to separate the wheat from the chaff. In this paper, I side with Herman Cappelen (2013) in thinking that we need to rethink and reintroduce the important distinction between sense and nonsense that was ditched along with other normative aspirations during Logical Positivism’s spectacular demise. Despite this, my delineation of the bounds of sense is different from Cappelen’s. One of my goals in the present paper is to argue that category mistakes are paradigmatic examples of nonsensical sentences. To this end I describe one candidate for what it might be that makes category mistakes nonsensical.
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I suggest that the idea that conversational implicatures express argument can be significant for the notion of communicational responsibility. This underlying argument should be included in the reconstruction of conversational implicatures as a justification for the belief formed by the hearer on the basis of indirect communication. What makes this argument specific is the fact that its only explicit element is the speaker’s utterance taken as its initial premise. In order to reconstruct all the other elements, the hearer has to take into consideration factors such as the context and general knowledge of the shared language and the world. As the reconstruction of conversational implicatures in general, the reconstruction of implicatures as arguments is only potential. It is proposed that we should consider conversational implicatures as reason-giving arguments in which the speaker (arguer) addresses a hearer who does not need to reply. In those cases, the speaker is not trying to convince the hearer to accept his position but is explicitly stating a reason in support of his intended message. I believe that this approach can strengthen the idea of the speaker’s communicational responsibility for an implicated message even in the case when he wants to distance himself from it.
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Na článok [11] J. Viceníka som už reagoval krátkou črtou [1], v ktorej som si spytoval svedomie za napísanie kacírskej odpovede na jeho kacírsku otázku položenú v dialógu Úsilie o exaktnú filozofiu (pozri [lOj, 5458).
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Review of: J. R. Searle: Mysl, mozek, věda, MLADÁ FRONTA, PRAHA 1994, 129 s.
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In this paper, I consider the phenomenon of evaluation reversal for two classes of evaluative terms that have received a great deal of attention in philosophy of language and linguistics: slurs and thick terms. I consider three approaches to analyze evaluation reversal: (i) lexical deflationist account, (ii) ambiguity account and (iii) echoic account. My purpose is mostly negative: my aim is to underline the shortcomings of these three strategies, in order to possibly pave the way for more suitable accounts.
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In a reference theory a distinction can be made between a theory of reference fixing and a theory of reference borrowing. M. Devitt and K. Sterelny, and especially the former, have been relevant figures in the present debate on reference theories. They have supported a descriptive-causal theory of reference fixing for proper names and natural kind terms, but they have held a purely causal theory of their reference borrowing. Once I have put forward the main elements of Devitt’s and Sterelny’s theory of reference fixing I will focus on their reference borrowing theory. In this regard I will examine some of the differences between Devitt’s and Sterelny’s causal theory of reference borrowing and Putnam’s thesis of the division of linguistic labor concerning natural kind terms. After taking into consideration the views of some causal theorists who have not rejected or have even explicitly admitted that there are descriptive requirements in a reference borrowing theory for proper names and natural kind terms, I will allege that a causal theory of reference borrowing for competent speakers should not be a purely causal theory, but a descriptive-causal theory, where the minimum descriptive component is some general categorial term that is true or approximately true of the referent of the term.
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It has become a commonplace to regard Grice’s project in “Meaning” as plagued by circularity, and almost as prevalent to dismiss such charges as unfounded. Much of the controversy surrounding Grice’s presumed circularity revolves around the question whether Grice is committed to a reductionist project of meaning, or whether it is merely meant to elucidate the nature of meaning without pretending to reduce it to something meaningless. Rarely, however, are these views developed as part of a systematic analysis of Grice's original paper, as this paper seeks to do. My paper consists of two parts. In the first part, I try to show how Grice can be defended from John Searle’s criticism relating to the famous American soldier example and argue that Searle’s suggested amendments run counter to Grice’s ambitions. In the second part of my paper, I illustrate – drawing on the first part – why “Meaning” both makes it necessary and seem impossible that the timeless meaning of utterances be fully reducible to individual utterances and thus to individual speakers’ intentions. I argue that this seriously challenges the view that Grice is putting forward a theory of intention-based semantics in “Meaning” which would present a viable alternative to later developments of his theory.
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The aim of this paper is to reformulate in pragmatist and inferentialist terms some of the critical arguments stated by Françoise Thom (1993/1987) and Roger Scruton (2006) against what the former calls „wooden language”, and the latter calls „Eurospeak”. It will be argued that such a reformulation is more helpful in analyzing political discourse, if the use of value judgments – according to the two authors, a distinctive feature of wooden language – is seen as a rhetorical tactic called „persuasive redefinition” in informal logic and argumentation theory.
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U 24. poglavlju Platonovog dijaloga „Sophistes" počinje rasprava s Parmenidovom tvrdnjom da čovjek ne može misliti niti govoriti o onome što nije (o nebiću, rekli bi, pretpostavljam, moderni filozofi). Tuđinac pred kojim čak i Sokrat šuti, gost iz Eleje, „prijatelj Parmenidovih i Zenonovih učenika i istaknuti filozof", dokazuje daje nebiće prepleteno s bićem i da „nebiće na neki način ipak jeste", bar u jeziku. Svoju tvrdnju Tuđinac dokazuje prirodom jezika, u kojem nije moguće povući jasne granice među riječima suprotnog značenja, tako da „pojmovi po svojoj prirodi stoje u vezi jedan s drugim".
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While for laymen the translation process still requires no more than the mastery of two languages because they see the translation process as the replacement of individual linguistic means, the increasing challenges in the field of translations lead to an increasingly complex intercultural transfer. Although cultural boundaries are easier to overcome as technology evolves, the transfer of information from a source language to a target language becomes more complex because of the modern media, which now uses all signs: visual, acoustic and verbal as a whole. They must be translated as such into the target culture. Therefore, the definition of what today can be considered a translation must be extended. The aim of this paper is to provide an insight into the development of this definition in translation science from the perspective of the translation unit and the position of the source text.
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The word is both a thing or a sign and a subject, and the problem of their correlation never loses its sharpness. The amplitude of approaches here is very wide: from absolute naturalism, seeing the word as an exact copy of reality to an absolute conventionalism,giving the language a complete autonomy. These are the extremes. It is well-known that they meet – it is possible to establish an intense and heuristically valuable dialogue (if not complementarity) between two positions, which would exclude the monopoly of any single stance. The author connects the genesis of language with poetry. He relies on the tradition established by Alexander Potebnya and Gustav Shpet, gives his own interpretation of the phenomenon known as the inner form of the word, and emphasizes the major role of an image or a metaphor in word formation. Being aware of the limitations of the onomatopoeia hypothesis, the author nevertheless comes back to it – he tries to bring new meanings into it, and to expand its capacity. Words can be created spontaneously– without rigid connection to the realities they represent. This leads to the existence of synonym clusters. However, since the beginning of time, culture has been telling us about non-randomness of the word, as if it is implicitly contained in the phenomenon!It does not matter whether it is an objective truth – the author values the axiological intention here: he sees the word as aesthetic reality – as a place for games or as a trope. Even if it only seems so. But in the consciousness of culture the word is inseparable from the signified – and their interdependence, even if established a posteriori, makes a poetic impression on us. Accentuating this obviously disputable aspect increases the role of the subjective and the suggestive. But it leads to the enrichment of the language palette.
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The paper investigates the significance of language for the cognition of reality by presenting Bakhtin’s ideas dedicated to the impact of our cognition on the understanding of the architectonics of qualitative research. The research indicates that in order to become familiar with reality one must deeply investigate and analyse language. The analysis of the language is related to action, context, circumstances and intonations. The investigator’s intuition is of no lesser importance, too. Bakhtin suggests searching for the value orientation in the form. He focuses on notional purposes occurring in a word, the problem superimposed on an alien statement and the living of a word in general. Several sub-topics are emphasised while investigating the dialogue-based nature: valorisation of findings; contrasting as a technique; teaching on linguistic centres, meta-linguistic nature of stylistics; and dialogue as a technique. Bakhtin’s ideas on discourse research as a method of cognition of reality not only prove the sense of qualitative research in contemporary society, but also deepen the architectonics of the paradigm.
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