Herderova filozofija jezika

Author(s): Milenko A. Perović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 26/2016

This article is concerned with Herder’s Treatise on the Origin of Language. The author defines Herder’s place in the history of philosophy of language. Contrary to the majority of the authors who have studied reception and criticisms of Herder’s philosophy of language, the author of this paper concludes that Herder is the first thinker who finds the origin of language in man’s free spiritual essence. From that position Herder criticizes theological, naturalistic and conventionalist understanding of the question concerning the origin of language and establishes his own turn from glottogony to philosophy of language in the genuine sense.

To, co powiedziane

Konferencja na Uniwersytecie Humboldtów w Berlinie

Author(s): Joanna Odrowąż-Sypniewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

On Vít Gvoždiak’s “John Searle’s Theory of Sign”

Author(s): Phila Mfundo Msimang / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Vít Gvoždiak published a reconciliatory analysis of Searle’s social ontology with semiotics in Gvoždiak (2012). Without prior knowledge of his paper, I wrote an analysis of the same subject (Msimang 2014). Even though Searle’s social ontology is a common point of reference in the formulation of semiotics in these papers, it also serves as a point of departure in their understanding of semiotics and its development.

Implicitní pravidla

Author(s): Jaroslav Peregrin / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2014

In his criticism of my book Člověk a pravidla [Man and rules], Michal Ivan scrutinized my notion of implicit rule, concluding that it is flawed. In this contribution, I defend my approach, explaining the notion in greater detail. I state that my talk about the existence of an implicit rule refers to the social setting in which some kinds of social (especially linguistic) actions are governed by normative attitudes of the members of the society. These normative attitudes institute the propriety which make instances of actions of the kinds either correct or incorrect; hence people can follow or violate the rule, the rule can come into being, develop, and fade away – without it being explicitly articulated.

Existencia a mentálnosť intencionálnych indivíduí a predikácia ich vlastností

Author(s): Pavel Cmorej / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2012

Tento článok je reakciou na Sousedíkov (2012b) príspevok do diskusie o jeho chápaní intencionálnych entít, uverejnený v predchádzajúcom čísle Organonu F. Je zameraný najmä na jeho obhajobu východiskového argumentu o existencii intencionálnych indivíduí a na radikálnu modifikáciu jeho tézy II, podľa ktorej „každé intencionální jsoucno má pouze ty vlastnosti (přesněji: atributy), které mu připisujeme a žádné další”. Nová podoba tejto tézy je zrejme odpoveďou na moje pochybnosti o existencii intencionálnych indivíduí v Sousedíkovom zmysle2 načrtnuté v článku Cmorej (2012). Má čeliť najmä námietkám uvedeným na s. 105-106. V tomto príspevku sa ešte vrátim k Sousedíkovmu východiskovému argumentu a potom sa sústredím na jeho modifikovanú tézu II a s ňou späté chápanie predikácie, ktoré predložil vo svojej stati publikovanej v minulom čísle. V poslednej časti sa pokúsim zhrnúť svoje pochybnosti o nementálnosti jeho intencionálnych indivíduí.

Prirodzený, bežný či obyčajný jazyk?

Author(s): Pavel Cmorej / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2006

V minulom čísle Organonu F J. Hvorecký uverejnil recenziu [1] Peregrinovej knihy Kapitoly z analytické filosofie, v ktorej vyjadril svoj nesúhlas s jeho prekladom anglického „ordinary language" výrazom „obyčejný jazyk" a pri tejto príležitosti odmietol aj termín „prirodzený jazyk", ktorý sa vyskytuje v názve i v texte zborníka prekladov M. Oravcovej Filozofia prirodzeného jazyka V tomto zborníku sa totiž nachádzajú state autorov oxfordskej školy, ktorí pestovali a rozvíjali tzv. ordinary language philosophy, zameranú na skúmanie a analýzu filozofických a sémantických problémov jazyka, ktorý sa tu charakterizuje prívlastkom „ordinary".

Gramatická forma, logická forma a neúplné symboly

Author(s): Stephen Neale / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2005

Nie je ťažké nájsť filozofov, ktorí sa odvolávajú na Russellovu teóriu deskripcii, keď sa pokúšajú osvetliť logické formy istých tvrdení, napríklad premís alebo záverov určitých filozofických argumentov.

Co je to soukromý jazyk

Author(s): Petr Glombíček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2003

The article treats the issue of a private language as presented by Ludwig Wittgenstein in his whole work and it interprets the problem of private language as a critique of a concept of language as a calculus contrasting it with a conception of language as universal medium. According to this understanding the private language is not only a language of sense data, not even necessarily a language based purely in a subjectivity of its speaker. The article aims to show the continuity of Wittgenstein’s thought on the matter. In the end it briefly touches the question of so called solitary language as a once so popular version of the problem in the framework presented above.

Dvojí povaha jazyka

Author(s): Blažena Švandová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2000

The paper tries to separate two opposite features of natural languages. Plato was first who had noticed both of them. The one characteristic of languages, well known to the logicians and all scientists consists in the capability of languages to name things and to define meanings and accordingly to communicate positive ideas and unambiguous concepts explicitely. The second characteristic connected with the evolutionary features of natural languages is the problematic one. It is relatively hidden and for us it is not easy to observe its nature. It rests upon the operation of the delimitation of ideas during the process of understandings – the meanings of expressions are established and the expressions of meanings are chosen on the background of others expressions and meanings in the whole matter of language. In this paper the second feature of languages is demonstrated by means of Ferdinand de Saussure´s Cours de linguistique générale. It is claimed that de Saussure´s conception of the ‘value’ is comparable with Quine´s the indeterminacy of translation.

Intuitions: Rijeka Response to Nenad Miščević

Author(s): Michael Devitt / Language(s): English Issue: 53/2018

This paper is a response to Nenad Miščević’s “Reply to Michael Devitt”, the latest in an exchange on the source of linguistic intuitions. Miščević defends a modified version (“MoVoC”) of the received view that these intuitions are the product of a linguistic competence. I have earlier rejected all versions of the received view urging instead that intuitions are, like perceptual judgments, empirical theory-laden central processor responses to phenomena. (1) I emphasize here, against Miščević, that this claim about a speaker’s intuitions about strings is not to be conflated with a claim about her understanding of strings. (2) I develop my claim, addressed by Miščević, that MoVoC is implausible in three ways. But these are not the main problems for MoVoC. For further discussion of those, see Jutronić’s paper in this volume.

INTERPRETACIJA JEZIKA: RIJEČI I POJMOVI

Author(s): Stuart HAMPSHIRE / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2014

Postoji mnogo jezika koji se neprestano mijenjaju i koji su veoma različiti jedan od drugog, i to ne samo po vokabularu, već i po strukturi. Velika greška bi bila misliti o Jeziku, sa velikim J, kao o nekom idealnom Platonovom jeziku kojem aktuelni jezici u različitim stepenima naprosto liče. Različiti jezici imaju već dovoljno toga zajedničkog (npr. činjenicu da su sistemi znakova) i služe približno istim svrhama u socijalnom ponašanju da bismo ih zvali jezicima. No, mi u filozofiji ne trebamo egzaktno utvrditi nužne i dovoljne uslove da bismo jedan znakovni sistem nazvali jezikom; to je zato što nismo posebno zainteresirani da definiramo riječ ‘jezik’. Nas, također, ne zanima ni sistematska klasifikacija različitih gramatičkih formi jezika; zanimanje savremenih filozofa za forme govora nije, ili ne bi trebalo biti, znanstveno ili sistematsko.

PROTIVURJEČNOSTI DEBATE REALIZAM – MODERNIZAM

Author(s): Fredric Jameson / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 7/2013

Realizam. Realističan. Realan. I zašto još ne dodati realnost? Ove gramatičke varijante nijesu zasnovane na bilo kakvom centralnom značenju, već se šire, nudeći u najboljem slučaju neke mogućnosti klasifikacije svih višestrukih i ponekad kontradiktornih načina upotrebe ovog zadivljujućeg termina. One teško da će biti dovoljne, ali će vjerovatno poslužiti kao dobra polazna osnova.

The Art of Understanding and the Testing Cosmological Models

Author(s): Vira Dubinina / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2020

In the proposed study, the author explored the modern meanings of the term “art of understanding”. The conducted research allowed: a) to explain the relevance of creating a “universal language”; b)to explore the art of understanding as an ontological orientation towards understanding the Other.It has been proven that understanding the Other is an innate quality inherent in man; c) to prove that understanding the Other as an innate quality needs to be developed. Education and educational technologies are a society-created environment in which “understanding of the Other” passes into a new qualitative state of “the art of understanding of the otherness of the Other”; d) prove that the“art of understanding” can be used as an indicator of the correspondence of cosmological models with criterion of falsifiability. The proposed study extends the existing boundaries of the use of art of understanding and opens up the additional possibility of testing cosmological models. As an example,the author tested the model “Evolving Matter”.

Afinita laskavosti a humoru v úvahách Louise Cazamiana

Author(s): Miloš Ševčík / Language(s): French,Czech Issue: 1/2020

Louise Cazamian’s study deals with the validity of the commonly accepted assumption that there is an essential relation between humour and kindness. Cazamian pursues this question on the background of his concept of the mechanism of humour as a particular type of comic language. He shows that this mechanism consists in apparent suspension of the natural reaction to reality and its transposition into the unnatural response. Nevertheless, such an unnatural response suggests the natural reaction as well. This confluence of various types of different or even contradictory reactions usually results in a tolerant view of reality. However Cazamian emphasizes that despite of the fact that this usual tolerant view is close to kindness, there is not necessarily relation between humour and kindness. On the contrary, there is a lot of cases of insensitive or even cruel humour. Further, Cazamian highlights that the kindness of humour is in part a strategy of the humourist, who does not want to be seen as rude, but with respect to the harsh essence of the comic mate¬rial in general, the kindness could not be part of humour itself.

NECATİ ÖNER’İN DİL HASSASİYETİ

Author(s): Şerefettin Adsoy / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Issue/2019

Human, who is a creature that does not have the opportunity to live on their own, have to live in society. For this reason, it is defined as a social being. Being socialized in the society, many important factors are functional for it and the society. One of these important factors is language. The realization of communication, which has an important function in ensuring the continuity of the formed society together with unity and solidarity, is ensured through the language as well as the expression of the individual involved in the society by expressing its own existence. In addition, the healthily evaluation both the society and the individual's opportunities is largely based on language. Because all kinds of activities such as intellectual, scientific and cultural issues have to touch the language in some way. Therefore, since the change in one of the parties affects the other in some way, there is a parallelism between the differences. Therefore, it will not be healthy to separate the language, thought, culture and scientific developments completely or to evaluate them independently. Language is considered as the mirror of the mind, and thought with language is like two sides of a paper. One cannot be separated from the other, nor is it possible to treat the two separately. It is not possible to justify the culture that emerges based on language and thought.

Původ jazyka a antropologie. Vliv Herdera a Humboldta na Franze Boase

Author(s): Lara Bonneau / Language(s): Czech Issue: 59/2020

The article deals with the Herdero-Humboldtian legacy of Franz Boas’anthropology. Herder’s theses on the origin of language and the Humboldtian notion of language as an “internal form” accompanying thedevelopment of the mind articulate the universal and the particular,opening up a new way of thinking about humanity in its unity and diversity. As Herder did before him, Humboldt stresses the importance of individual languages for the study of the human mind. This philological path is decisive for the development of the Völkerkunde, as it prescribes a method based on the attention paid to cultural singularity. At the end of the nineteenth century, however, racialist physical anthropology combined with political pan-germanism upset this balance by using the universal as an ethnocentric yardstick against which singularities are tobe assessed and possibly excluded from humanity. The present paper shows that in reaction to that movement, Franz Boas’ anthropology usesthe philological terrain marked out by Herder and Humboldt in order toovercome racialism in physical anthropology. In that sense, his anthropology remains rooted in the German Völkerkunde, even though it wasforged on American soil.

Ecolinguistic Modes: Natural and Social Dominants

Author(s): Igor Korolyov / Language(s): English Issue: 106/2021

The article proposes the new concept of the ecolinguistic mode for the philosophy of language, which is considered from the standpoint of its ontological and epistemological status. Particular attention is paid to the ratio of the natural and social dominants of language and speech as forms of ecolinguistic modes. These dominants function and develop in the European / world multicultural continuum in a multidimensional relationship with the environment (society). They are correlated both with biological (natural) properties, which, as a rule, are universal for mankind / homo sapiens, and with specific social dominants acquired during historical development, which influence the formation, protection and preservation of linguistic and cultural identity and self-identification.

Must Expression Be Instrumental?

Author(s): Stina Bäckström / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This article engages critically with the theory of expression proposed by Mitchell S. Green in his Self-Expression (2007). In this book, Green argues that expressions are signals designed to convey information about mental states. By putting pressure on one of the examples Green uses in his book, I will challenge this thesis. I will then deepen this challenge by developing a contrast between two philosophical perspectives on expression, which I name the 'instrumental' and the 'descriptive'. I take Green’s theory of expression to be an exemplar of the instrumental perspective. Expression, in the instrumental perspective, is a means for transmitting information about mental states from organism to organism. The descriptive perspective I articulate with the help of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Ludwig Wittgenstein. On the descriptive view, expression is (at least a part of) an answer to the question what it is so much as to have mental states and a living body. I suggest at the end of the article that if we remain within the instrumental perspective, we will not be able to use expression to satisfactorily answer this question.

Čovjek i govor

Author(s): Hans-Georg Gadamer / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2021

Postoji klasična definicija biti čovjeka koju je postavio Aristotel, prema kojoj je čovjek živo biće koje ima LOGOS. U tradiciji Zapada ta je definicija postala kanonom u obliku da je čovjek animal rationale, umno živo biće, tj, da se od ostalih životinja razlikuje sposobnošću mišljenja. Grčka se riječ LOGOS dakle prevodila umom, odnosno mišljenjem. No ustvari ta riječ znači također i pretežno: govor [Sprache] . Razliku između čovjeka i životinje Aristotel je jednom (Politika A2, 123a 9 i dalje) razvio na sljedeći način: Životinje posjeduju mogućnost da se među sobom razumiju time što jedna drugoj pokazuju što izaziva njihovu ugodu tako da one to traže, a što im čini bol tako da to izbjegavaju. Priroda je kod njih došla samo dotud. Jedino je ljudima povrh toga dala LOGOS, da jedan drugome čine očitim što je korisno i što štetno, a time također što je pravo i nepravo. Dubokouman stav. Ono što je korisno i što je štetno, nije poželjno ili nepoželjno po samom sebi, nego se želi radi nečeg drugog što još nije dano i za postizanje kojeg će poslužiti. Ovdje je kao obilježje čovjeka markirano razmišljanje o sadašnjem i smisao za budućnost. U istom dahu Aristotel dodaje da je time dan i smisao za pravo i nepravo - sve to međutim zato što jedino čovjek ima LOGOS. On može misliti i govoriti. On može govoriti, tj. on može svoj im govorom učiniti očitim ono što nije sadašnje, tako da to pred sobom također vidi i drugi. Sve što misli on može tako saopćiti [mitteilen] još više: time da on sebe može tako saopćiti samo među ljudima uopće postoji mišljenje onog zajedničkog, to jest zajednički pojmovi, a prije svega oni zajednički pojmovi s pomoću kojih je bez umorstva i ubojstva moguć zajednički život ljudi u obliku društvenog života, u obliku političkog ustava, u obliku privrednog života koji je raščlanjen podjelom rada. Sve to leži u jednostavnoj izjavi: čovjek je živo biće koje ima govor.

Jezik i smrt

Seminar o mjestu negativiteta

Author(s): Giorgio Agamben / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2021

Zaustavimo se na trenutak i osvrnimo se na put koj i smo prešli. Polazeći od iskustva Dasein (biti-ono-tu) u Heideggera i das Diese nehmen (uzeti Ovo) u Hegela, vidjeli smo da se negativitet, u koji oba uvode i »iniciraju« čovjeka, temelji u upućivanju shifter s Da i Diese na čisto zbivanje jezika, različito od onoga što, unutar tog zbivanja, biva formulirano u rečenicama. Ta dimenzija - koja se podudara s onom koju moderna lingvistika određuje pojmom izjavljivanja, no koja u povijesti metafizike sveudilj konstituira sferu značenja riječi bitak - svoj posljednji temelj ima u Glasu. Svaki shifter strukturiran je kao Glas. No Glas koji je ovdje pretpostavljen određen je dvostrukim negativitetom. S jedne strane, pretpostavljen je samo kao odstranjeni glas, kao ono biti-bio prirodnog glasa, i ovo odstranjenje je izvorna artikulacija (ap0pov, ypappa) u kojoj se izvršava prijelaz s ^wvq na Aoyop, sa živoga bića na jezik; s druge strane, taj Glas se ne može izreći u govoru čije izvorno zbivanje pokazuje . Da se izvorna artikulacija jezika može odvijati samo u dvostrukom negativitetu, to znači da govor-jezik je i nije čovjekov glas. Kad bi govor-jezik bio neposredno čovjekov glas, kao što je revanje glas magarca i cvrčanje glas cvrčka, čovjek ne bi mogao biti-ono-tu ni uzet i Ovo , odnosno ne bi nikada mogao iskusiti zbivanje jezika i otvaranje bitka. No ako, s druge strane (kako pokazuju Heideggerova dijalektika Stimmung i Stimme i Hegelova figura Glasa smrti), čovjek uopće ne bi imao glas (čak ni negativni Glas), bio bi i bez svakog shiftera i svake mogućnosti pokazivanja događaja jezika. Glas [Una Voce ] - šutjivi i neizrecivi glas - je najviši shifter koji mišljenju omogućava iskusiti zbivanje jezika i tako utemeljiti dimenziju bitka u njegovoj razlici spram bića.