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(M)any Questions? A Comparison of the Use of Questions in Wittgenstein’s first 37 paragraphs of Philosophical Investigations with Austin’s essay “The Meaning of a Word”

Author(s): Blahoslav Fajmon / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2014

Wittgenstein’s approach to philosophy is closely related not only to the content but also to the form of his investigations. The following paper presents the uniqueness of Wittgenstein’s writing style, namely his use of questions, by comparing part of his work with Austin’s essay. For this purpose a typology of questions with regard to their function in the text is established and applied. The difference between Wittgenstein’s and Austin’s writing style is then documented by the frequency of certain types of questions, and omission of others, and related to some of Wittgenstein’s remarks about his approach to philosophical inquiry. The difference is then summarized tentatively as one between “pedagogical” and “academic” writing style, which poses questions concerning the translation of Wittgenstein’s investigations into academic prose.

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Andrea Iacona (2018): LOGICAL FORM: BETWEEN LOGIC AND NATURAL LANGUAGE

Author(s): Karlo Gardavski / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 12/2019

Review of: Andrea Iacona (2018): LOGICAL FORM: BETWEEN LOGIC AND NATURAL LANGUAGE (Springer International Publishing, 139 str.)

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BILJEŠKE O TEORIJI REFERENCIJE

Author(s): Willard Van Orman Quine / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 12/2019

Kad se raskol između značenja i referencije pravilno uzme, problemi koji se široko nazivaju semantikom razdvajaju se u dva područja tako fundamentalno različita da ne zaslužuju uopšte zajednički naziv. Ona se mogu nazvati teorijom značenja i teorijom referencije. ʻSemantikaʼ bi bilo dobro ime za teoriju značenja, da nije činjenice da neka od najboljih djela u tzv. semantici, osobito djela Tarskog, pripadaju teoriji referencije. Glavni pojmovi u teoriji značenja, osim samog značenja, su sinonimija (ili istovjetnost značenja), signifikacija (ili posjedovanje značenja) i analitičnost (ili istina na temelju značenja). Drugi je implikacija ili analitičnost uvjetovanog. Glavni pojmovi u teoriji referencije su imenovanje, istina, denotacija (ili istina-za) i ekstenzija. Drugi je pojam vrijednosti varijabli

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Čovjek, ali najbolji: Romi u žrvnju radne, jezične i biološke teorije rase

Author(s): Borislav Mikulić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2019

Starting with the paradox that the Roma, as traditional Central European itinerant people, seldom appear in recent European debates on the “Migration Crisis”, this paper addresses the notion of labour associated with the negative figure of the “lazy nomad”, which, from the beginnings of academic reflection about the Roma in the 18th century, determines both their public image and their ethnic, racial, and linguistic origin. Within this framework, special attention is paid to the fact that the Roma generally appear in art and culture as carriers of the “orientalist” syndrome of ‘gypsiness’ consisting of idealized and sexualized otherness and libertinage although the fictional narratives they appear in often provide evidences of a different self-understanding of the Roma opposing the stereotypes and prejudices concerning labour. Contrary to the literature, the rather sporadic presence of the Roma in the theoretical discourse of philosophy is characterized by a tacit recycling of their history for the conceptual apparatus of contemporary philosophy. Their anonymous presence can be illustrated by the postmodern inversion of Kant’s negative simile of sceptics in philosophy as nomads for the positive concept of ‘nomadic thought’. This figure can be traced back to its origin in Kant’s texts and submitted to a more detailed analysis of Kant’s relationship to the first known “Gypsy-Project” by his friend Christian Kraus. In the second part, the paper tackles the “rediscovery” of the Roma by the mid- 20th century Indian cultural and national politics based on the ideological assumptions of the late 19th century neo-Hinduist movement Arya Samaj, aiming at “Making the Universe Aryan”; it is confronted with the pre-war national-socialist movement, established and directed by H. Himmler, for the “Aryanization” (Arisierung) of the “entire cultural world” under the name Ancestors’ Heritage (Ahnenerbe). In the final part, the total symbolic deprivation of the Roma-People by the National Socialist misappropriation of “Aryanness” is interpreted as the most radical form of dehumanisation, which—in contrast to the annihilation of European Jews and Slavs—was carried out without any justification. On this basis, it is contrasted with the paradigmatic human self-understanding by the Roma themselves implied in their very name.

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Danilo Pejović – učitelj mišljenja

Author(s): Mladen Živković / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 02/154/2019

Pejović verkörpert in seiner Person das ursprüngliche philosophische Ethos und die Gelehrsamkeit. Die Stärke seines Denkens spiegelt sich in der verfeinerten Analyse des Themas wider. Sein literarisches Talent ist klar und er fühlt sich wie ein Virtuose und ein Künstler von Worten und Stil, der stellenweise poetisch ist. Er spricht leicht über die schwierigsten Themen der Philosophie. Er besitzt einen klaren, lehrreichen und enthusiastisch angemessenen, verfeinerten und raffinierten Ausdruck, der über alle unsere philosophischen Autoren hinausgeht. Dies wird bereits in den Titeln seiner Bücher, Studien, Aufsätze und Artikel sichtbar, die die Tiefe seiner Bedeutung angeben, und als würde die Bedeutung des gesamten Textes in ihnen selbst liegen. Obwohl nicht der Einzige, zeigte Pejović, dass es möglich war, anders zu denken, neue Perspektiven zu öffnen, sich der Zukunft zu öffnen, indem man aus dem marxistischen Regenmantel herauskommt, in den wir fast alle gehüllt waren. Professor Pejović demonstriert, wie sich die Evolution entwickeln kann, um auf Kommendes, Neues und Andersartiges zu treffen. Natürlich ist das Neue und Andersartige allein dadurch nicht schon hier, aber um neue Horizonte zu eröffnen, müssen wir gegen die Strömung vorgehen.

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HERMENEUTIKA PRIČE

Author(s): Zlatko Kramarić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 279/1982

Lemovu priču - mogli bismo čitati i kao ukrštanje različitih poimanja, odnosno različitih recepcija biografije J. V. Staljina. Za istražitelje biografija J. V. Staljina predstavlja mit, povijesni dokument, vječnu istinu. Za Lema ta ista biografija samo je gola alegorija, mogućnost da se rekne i nešto drugo osim onoga što je zadato. A za nas čitaoce od svega toga ostala je samo tajanstvena ljepota pričanja, umjetnost riječi kao predmet teorijskog diskursa.

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Il potere sulla parola

Author(s): Leszek Bednarczuk / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 2/2008

In questo distico, l'autore de La mente prigioniera' aveva assegnato, non per la prima volta nella sua opera, ìl ruolo di strumento di potere del Terzo Romano Impero e di altri Stati ad esso assimilabili al linguaggio che il filosofo ideologo italiano G. Gentile aveva definito nel 1924 con il termine ''totalitario''.

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ISTINA

Author(s): John Langshaw Austin / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 12/2019

1. ʻŠTA je istina?ʼ – reče podrugljivo Pilat i ne htjede da sačeka odgovor. Pilat je bio ispred svog vremena. Jer, sama ʻistinaʼ je apstraktna imenica, deva [kamila], to jest, logička konstrukcija, koja ne može proći pored oka čak i gramatičara. Prilazimo joj sa kapom i kategorijama u ruci: pitamo se da li je Istina neka supstancija (Istina, Tijelo Znanja), ili neki kvalitet (nešto poput crvene boje, što je inherentno istinama), ili neka relacija (ʻkorespondencijaʼ). Ali filozofi trebaju uzeti nešto što je bliže njihovoj vlastitoj veličini čime će se opteretiti. Ono o čemu treba raspravljati je upotreba, ili određene vrste upotrebe riječi ʻistinitoʼ. In vino, vjerovatno, ʻveritasʼ, ali u trijeznom simpoziju ʻverumʼ.

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Julio-César Santoyo y su recepción en la República Checa

Author(s): Petra Vavroušová / Language(s): Spanish / Publication Year: 0

This paper introduces Julio-César Santoyo, the leading Spanish theorist of Translation Studies. It comments he reception of his work in the Czech Republic analyzing critical reviews, articles and academic papers dedicated to his figure. The author’s research on the peninsular Middle Ages is of great importance. Among other topics, he is interested in the occupation of interpreters and the translation metalanguage, available for the Czech readers in the book The Seven Faces of Translation Studies.

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JUSTIFICATION OF ATEMPORAL VALUES IN ALEXIUS MEINONG’S THEORY OF OBJECTS

Author(s): Ekatarina Cherepanova / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

In the history of philosophy, Alexius Meinong’s interest in axiology has traditionally been seen as confined to his earlier works. However, if we analyze his writing after 1917, in which Meinong discusses timeless values, it becomes clear that he became increasingly disinterested in psychology. Moreover, since the theory of the object, in Meinong’s view, could not be a part of metaphysics, he had to deal with the additional methodological difficulty of proving that the good exists independently of human subjectivity. The article discusses A. Meinong’s understanding of the object of desire, the object of a value-feeling and the connection between ethical values as objects of consciousness and time. It is shown that, according to Meinong, language is where values actually reside and only through language can their reality be explained.

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Kadı Beydâvî Tefsirinde Mecâz

Author(s): Süleyman Gür / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2016

The Quran uses –in general- the Arabic words in its literal meanings. However, in certain cases metaphore becomes the focal point of the Quranic verses depending on the context. Thereof excegesis vary in highlighting the metaphor in their interpretation. Al-Kadi Al-Baydawi for example in his book” Envâru’t-Tenzîl ve Esrâru’t-Te’vîl was one of those who were interested in metaphor. This paper is meant to examine the rhetoric science in his book.

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Kur’ân İfadelerindeki Üslûp Değişimine Kadı Beydâvî’nin Yaklaşımı

Author(s): Süleyman Gür / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2014

The Holy Quran has its own methods of various expression. One of them is the change in narrative style during the flow of expression by replacing mutual between personal pronouns, in the verbs of past and future tenses and in the noun and verb sentences, etc. It is also done with some literary purposes which add richness to the statement or meaning. Some exegetes who give importance to Quranic rhetoric, has investigated what may this purpose be. One of these is Kadı Beydâvî. His views about the matter will be examined in this article.

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PHILOSOPHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MORRIS’ SEMIOTIC THEORY

Author(s): Miloš Bogdanović / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

The subject of this paper is Charles Morris’ semiotic theory that has as one of its major projects the unification of all sciences of signs. However, since the above project has proven to be unsuccessful, we will try to examine here the reasons that led to this. Accordingly, we will argue that to transcend the particularities of individual disciplines that he wanted to unify, Morris had to make certain ontological assumptions, instead of theoretical and methodological ones, that they could share. However, because the ‘sign’ as an ontological category could in our view only be established if we follow the principles of the pragmatic philosophical tradition, we will try to show that the reasons for this failure should be primarily sought in different effects that consistent application of the pragmatic principles has in each of them (primarily in linguistics and the philosophy of language). On the other hand, this should enable us to draw several important conclusions regarding Morris’ project: namely, that his failure does not have to mean giving up semiotics as a potentially key discipline in approaching some fundamental philosophical problems, but also that it would demand return to the original semiotics developed in Peirce’s works.

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Sprachenvielfalt, Erkenntnisfreiheit und Politik: Ein spannungsgeladenes Wechselspiel

Author(s): Hermann H. Dieter / Language(s): German / Issue: 28/2019

Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten lässt sich nur international betreiben. Dazu bedarf es jedoch einer universellen Publikations- und Kongresssprache, deren Funktion zurzeit dem Englischen zukommt. Dessen hoher Wert für diesen Zweck ist kaum bestreitbar. Allerdings wird selbst dort, wo es nicht nur um die weltweite Verbreitung fertiger Erkenntnisse geht, sondern auch schon dort, wo solche erst gewonnen werden, bedenkenlos auf das Englische gesetzt. Es ist jedoch ein (Selbst-) Betrug des Wissenschaftsbetriebs, wenn die Sprache der internationalen Kommunikation als die universelle Wissenschaftssprache gehandhabt wird. Eine solche kann es nicht geben, sondern nur natürliche Sprachen, deren Lexik für Zwecke wissenschaftlichen Sprechens mehr oder weniger umfänglich ausgebaut wurde.

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Sprachzwangslage der Wissenschaft. Exkurs zum Weltkongress für Philosophie

Author(s): Pavo Barišić / Language(s): German / Issue: 28/2019

Der Aufsatz beginnt mit Überlegungen zur Einsprachigkeit der Wissenschaft. Anschließend wird auf Hegels Argumente zugunsten der Mehrsprachigkeit von Wissenschaft und Bildung am Vorbild von Christian Wolff hingewiesen, worauf ein Exkurs zur Stellung der deutschen Sprache auf dem Weltkongress für Philosophie folgt. Die Analyse zeigt, dass sich der Gebrauch des Deutschen auf der XXIII. Einberufung in Athen 2013 stark verringert hat. In Bezug auf die im Titel genannte Zwangslage, verbunden mit der Frage, ob eine universale Sprache oder aber sprachliche Vielfalt der Natur der Wissenschaft besser entgegenkommt, sprechen mehr Argumente zugunsten der Mehrsprachigkeit.

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STVARI I NJIHOVO MJESTO U TEORIJAMA

Author(s): Willard Van Orman Quine / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 12/2019

Naš govor o vanjskim stvarima, naše istinsko poimanje stvari, samo je konceptualni aparat koji nam pomaže da predvidimo i kontroliramo okidanje naših čulnih receptora u svjetlu prethodnog okidanja naših čulnih receptora. Okidanje, prvo i posljednje, je sve što moramo nastaviti da činimo. Govoreći o tome, govorim također o vanjskim stvarima, naime o ljudima i njihovim nervnim završecima. Dakle, ono što govorim odnosi se posebno na ono što govorim, i nije zamišljeno kao skeptično. Ne postoji ništa u šta bismo mogli biti sigurniji od vanjskih stvari - nekih od njih, svakako - drugih ljudi, štapova, kamenja. No ostaje činjenica - činjenica sâme znanosti - da je znanost konceptualni most našeg vlastitog stvaranja, koji povezuje čulnu stimulaciju sa čulnom stimulacijom; nema ekstračulne percepcije.

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The Art of Understanding and the Testing Cosmological Models

Author(s): Vira Dubinina / Language(s): English / Issue: 24/2020

In the proposed study, the author explored the modern meanings of the term “art of understanding”. The conducted research allowed: a) to explain the relevance of creating a “universal language”; b)to explore the art of understanding as an ontological orientation towards understanding the Other.It has been proven that understanding the Other is an innate quality inherent in man; c) to prove that understanding the Other as an innate quality needs to be developed. Education and educational technologies are a society-created environment in which “understanding of the Other” passes into a new qualitative state of “the art of understanding of the otherness of the Other”; d) prove that the“art of understanding” can be used as an indicator of the correspondence of cosmological models with criterion of falsifiability. The proposed study extends the existing boundaries of the use of art of understanding and opens up the additional possibility of testing cosmological models. As an example,the author tested the model “Evolving Matter”.

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VIĐENJE KROZ JEZIK

Author(s): Donald Davidson / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 12/2019

Vidimo svijet kroz jezik; ali kako bismo trebali razumjeti ovu metaforu? Je li jezik medij koji jednostavno reproducira za um, ili tačno zapisuje što je tamo vani? Ili je toliko gust da se ne može reći šta je svijet zapravo? Možda je jezik negdje između, jedan prozirni materijal, tako da svijet nosi nijansu i fokus određenog jezika kojim govorimo.

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Warum auch die Sprachenfrage die Zukunft unserer Demokratien bedroht. Eine Polemik

Author(s): Uwe Koreik / Language(s): German / Issue: 28/2019

Die bedeutende Rolle des Englischen als weltweite Wissenschaftssprache ist unbestritten. Vor einer stetig voranschreitenden Ausweitung der englischsprachigen Lehre an Hochschulen in nicht-englischsprachigen Ländern muss jedoch ausdrücklich gewarnt werden. Und das gilt erst recht, wenn die Lehre auch noch ersatzlos auf Studiengänge im BA-Studium ausgeweitet werden soll. Und da muss auch Polemik erlaubt sein.

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Žak Derida, Robert Muzil: putevi s one strane stvarnog

Author(s): Aleksandra Kostić / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

Author initially attempts to differentiate ‘modern’ and ‘postmodern’ stance by emphasizing the subtle distinction between Derrida’s notion of peut-ętre (maybe) and Robert Musil’s concept of Möglichkeit (possible). These two notions are similar but nevertheless they can exemplify two different approaches to the realm beyond Reality: derridian ‘maybe’ refers to the openness of things, to surprise and ‘event’, whereas ‘possibility’ remains, by means of causality, motivation, utopism, etc., tied to existing reality. In the conclusion author suggests that ‘contemporary times’ – illustrated by Sloterdijk’s pictoresque portrait of polyvalent logics – demand ‘maybeness’ that encompass and surpass musilian contemplation on unreal, but possible things.

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