Afinita laskavosti a humoru v úvahách Louise Cazamiana

Author(s): Miloš Ševčík / Language(s): French,Czech / Issue: 1/2020

Louise Cazamian’s study deals with the validity of the commonly accepted assumption that there is an essential relation between humour and kindness. Cazamian pursues this question on the background of his concept of the mechanism of humour as a particular type of comic language. He shows that this mechanism consists in apparent suspension of the natural reaction to reality and its transposition into the unnatural response. Nevertheless, such an unnatural response suggests the natural reaction as well. This confluence of various types of different or even contradictory reactions usually results in a tolerant view of reality. However Cazamian emphasizes that despite of the fact that this usual tolerant view is close to kindness, there is not necessarily relation between humour and kindness. On the contrary, there is a lot of cases of insensitive or even cruel humour. Further, Cazamian highlights that the kindness of humour is in part a strategy of the humourist, who does not want to be seen as rude, but with respect to the harsh essence of the comic mate¬rial in general, the kindness could not be part of humour itself.

Andrea Iacona (2018): LOGICAL FORM: BETWEEN LOGIC AND NATURAL LANGUAGE

Author(s): Karlo Gardavski / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 12/2019

Review of: Andrea Iacona (2018): LOGICAL FORM: BETWEEN LOGIC AND NATURAL LANGUAGE (Springer International Publishing, 139 str.)

BILJEŠKE O TEORIJI REFERENCIJE

Author(s): Willard Van Orman Quine / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 12/2019

Kad se raskol između značenja i referencije pravilno uzme, problemi koji se široko nazivaju semantikom razdvajaju se u dva područja tako fundamentalno različita da ne zaslužuju uopšte zajednički naziv. Ona se mogu nazvati teorijom značenja i teorijom referencije. ʻSemantikaʼ bi bilo dobro ime za teoriju značenja, da nije činjenice da neka od najboljih djela u tzv. semantici, osobito djela Tarskog, pripadaju teoriji referencije. Glavni pojmovi u teoriji značenja, osim samog značenja, su sinonimija (ili istovjetnost značenja), signifikacija (ili posjedovanje značenja) i analitičnost (ili istina na temelju značenja). Drugi je implikacija ili analitičnost uvjetovanog. Glavni pojmovi u teoriji referencije su imenovanje, istina, denotacija (ili istina-za) i ekstenzija. Drugi je pojam vrijednosti varijabli

CONFUSING SUBJECTIVE WITH OBJECTIVE CRITERIA OF CORRECTNESS: A PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH TO THE “TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE” PHENOMENON

Author(s): José María Ariso / Language(s): English / Issue: 19/2020

One of the most striking features of the so-called “tip-of-the-tongue” phenomenon (TOT) is that the finding of the sought-for word generates a kind of click or a feeling of fit between that word and an alleged mental mould of it. But from a philosophical standpoint, and taking as a reference Ludwig Wittgenstein’s work, I argue that such clicking does not constitute any objective criterion of correctness – or fit – because it does not make it possible to distinguish between a correct click and one that simply seems right to the individual concerned. The click is therefore a merely subjective criterion that leads to an aesthetic reaction characterized by the immediacy and absence of doubt with which the individual accepts as correct the word that satisfies her. This argument is further supported when focus shifts from subjective or spontaneous TOTs to objective TOTs that are elicited in the laboratory, since, in this case, there can be no “correct clicks” because the expression “incorrect click” makes no sense. Lastly, I analyze the extent to which the standard use of the expression that “a word is on the tip of the tongue” and its neuroscientific use could be compatible with each other.

Danilo Pejović – učitelj mišljenja

Author(s): Mladen Živković / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 02/154/2019

Pejović verkörpert in seiner Person das ursprüngliche philosophische Ethos und die Gelehrsamkeit. Die Stärke seines Denkens spiegelt sich in der verfeinerten Analyse des Themas wider. Sein literarisches Talent ist klar und er fühlt sich wie ein Virtuose und ein Künstler von Worten und Stil, der stellenweise poetisch ist. Er spricht leicht über die schwierigsten Themen der Philosophie. Er besitzt einen klaren, lehrreichen und enthusiastisch angemessenen, verfeinerten und raffinierten Ausdruck, der über alle unsere philosophischen Autoren hinausgeht. Dies wird bereits in den Titeln seiner Bücher, Studien, Aufsätze und Artikel sichtbar, die die Tiefe seiner Bedeutung angeben, und als würde die Bedeutung des gesamten Textes in ihnen selbst liegen. Obwohl nicht der Einzige, zeigte Pejović, dass es möglich war, anders zu denken, neue Perspektiven zu öffnen, sich der Zukunft zu öffnen, indem man aus dem marxistischen Regenmantel herauskommt, in den wir fast alle gehüllt waren. Professor Pejović demonstriert, wie sich die Evolution entwickeln kann, um auf Kommendes, Neues und Andersartiges zu treffen. Natürlich ist das Neue und Andersartige allein dadurch nicht schon hier, aber um neue Horizonte zu eröffnen, müssen wir gegen die Strömung vorgehen.

Derrida, Chomsky and Wittgenstein: Grammatologist / Grammarian / Grammatist

Author(s): Prakash Kona / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2011

That there is no fixed point but point(s) of origin is the point of origin of this essay that begins with a play on the word gram. It could be the Derridean gramme or Chomskyean grammar. It could also be “language-game” meant to bring Wittgenstein into the conversation. I used Alfred Hitchcock’s statement on psychoanalysis taken from the 1945 classic “Spellbound” as a point of “origin” for the discussion on grammar. The statement concentrates on the “origins” of the problems of the mind that psychoanalysis hopes to cure. In using Hitchcock, more of artist of language than a language-theorist, I problematize the idea of origin itself; whether it ought to come from a serious-minded philosopher like Freud - the so-called “right” source or a secondary source such as Hitchcock playing with the Freudean idea of psychoanalysis through his narrative. The origin of discussion thus turns out to be a false start. It serves a purpose in showing the apparent nature of the text that psychoanalysis is a construction like any other discourse that dominated Western philosophy from Plato to the present. Yet origin must exist in the literal sense of the term. Freud did off er psychoanalysis as a form of therapy to open the text to meaning - in this case, the text is the human mind itself. In the process, psychoanalysis itself is a multifaceted text that becomes a stage for the entrance of the gram. The idea is to show philosophy as a narrative; the narrative dimension of philosophy and philosophy itself as a form of narration. From a Derridean perspective, the point of origin is a null, which opens the text to diverse readings. It is both the anarchy of the text as well as silence at the heart of language.

Does Sherlock Holmes Exist?

Author(s): Richard Vallée / Language(s): English / Issue: 58/2020

Fictional names have specific, cognitively relevant features, putting them in a category apart from the category of ordinary names. I argue that we should focus on the name or name form itself and refrain from looking for an assignment procedure and an assigned referent. I also argue that we should reject the idea that sentences containing fictional names express singular propositions. These suggestions have important consequences for the intuition that ‘Sherlock Holmes exists’ is either true or false, and they put our intuitions concerning fictional names into perspective. If Millianism is the view that names only have a referent only as their semantic value, then my proposal on fictional names is not Millian in nature.

Epistemic Infinitism, the Reason-Giving Game, and the Regress Skeptic

Author(s): Erhan Demircioğlu / Language(s): English / Issue: 58/2020

Epistemic infinitism is one of the logically possible responses to the epistemic regress problem, claiming that the justification of a given proposition requires an infinite and non-circular structure of reasons. In this paper, I will examine the dialectic between the epistemic infinitist and the regress skeptic, the sort of skeptic that bases his attack to the possibility of justification on the regress of reasons. I aim to show that what makes epistemic infinitism appear as well-equipped to silence the regress skeptic is the very same thing that renders it susceptible to a powerful skeptical assault by the regress skeptic.

EXTERNALIZING INPUTS WITH OSTENSION SCHEMES

Author(s): TOM WERNER / Language(s): English / Issue: 19/2020

In this paper, I explore theoretical foundations for an instrument I have developed for the monolingual elicitation of natural language and for its ostension, allowing me to approach core issues in linguistic and the philosophy of language in practical and concrete terms (Werner and Olesova, 2015; Werner, 2017). Monolingual elicitation of natural language, as well as its ostension, necessarily couples linguistic utterances with information flow, given the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign. The instrument I have been developing for these purposes, the ostension scheme, couples sentences from a target language with information flow along multiple channels. Ostension schemes are matrices, with each row (introduced by a picture) representing a channel of information and each column (headed by an elicited sentence) representing information shared across channels. Each column therefore externalizes the input for the sentence which heads it. Linguistic meaning is what connects forms within the sentence with information in the input, rendering the basic sentence as the unit of information in language. Because ostension schemes externalize the input of an utterance, the meaning of the utterance can be recovered. Similar sentences can be compared, helping to identify individual parts and their meaning. The account of interaction between information and linguistic meaning generalizes to an explanation of veridical sentences and fictitious ones. These sentence varieties will be argued to have similar inputs, the difference in status coming down to the value assigned to a source variable in the input. The source variable is constrained by the linguistic forms. If that variable has an actual value, the sentence is rendered true or false. If the value is virtual, the sentence is merely fictitious. With no value for the source variable at all, the sentence appears under mention. Sentences elicited for ostension schemes are a special case of sentences under mention, made especially transparent given their placement within the scheme. In this way, the practical issues of monolingual elicitation and ostension of natural language offer new perspectives on certain longstanding foundational issues.

Frege’s „reikšmė“

Author(s): Jonas Dagys / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 97/2020

The article raises the question what is the content of Frege’s infamous notion of Bedeutung? It is claimed that the so–called standard interpretation of this notion – Bedeutung as referential relation between a name and an object – was developed and established evaluating Frege’s ideas in philosophy of language in isolation from his logicist ideas. However, precisely his logicist concerns have motivated Frege’s interest in semantic issues. A broader consideration of Frege’s works reveals an internalist and rationalist notion of meaning, that is based on the context principle, and that should not be reduced to mere reference. The question of the meaning of subsentential components, for Frege, is closely related to the question of the meaning of the whole sentence, that is, the meaning of sub–sentential components should be construed as secondary with regard to the meaning of the whole sentence.

HERMENEUTIKA PRIČE

Author(s): Zlatko Kramarić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 279/1982

Lemovu priču - mogli bismo čitati i kao ukrštanje različitih poimanja, odnosno različitih recepcija biografije J. V. Staljina. Za istražitelje biografija J. V. Staljina predstavlja mit, povijesni dokument, vječnu istinu. Za Lema ta ista biografija samo je gola alegorija, mogućnost da se rekne i nešto drugo osim onoga što je zadato. A za nas čitaoce od svega toga ostala je samo tajanstvena ljepota pričanja, umjetnost riječi kao predmet teorijskog diskursa.

Il potere sulla parola

Author(s): Leszek Bednarczuk / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 2/2008

In questo distico, l'autore de La mente prigioniera' aveva assegnato, non per la prima volta nella sua opera, ìl ruolo di strumento di potere del Terzo Romano Impero e di altri Stati ad esso assimilabili al linguaggio che il filosofo ideologo italiano G. Gentile aveva definito nel 1924 con il termine ''totalitario''.

In Medias Res

Frequency: 2 issues / Country: Croatia

We are launching IN MEDIAS RES guided by the idea that the core question, not only of contemporary philosophy, but all humanities, social sciences and scientific disciplines – is the issue of the media and media intermediation.
 

In our approach to history, religion, philosophy, culture, art, science, tradition and modernity, we want to examine what really belongs to the 'substance', and how much of it accounts for 'mouthpieces', 'intermediaries', techniques, the media, and the defining organisations and hierarchies.

In this sense, IN MEDIAS RES is an interdisciplinary scientific journal which will welcome and publish (reviewed) articles from various scientific branches and disciplines, insofar as they scientifically reflect on some of the segments of mediality in their scientific field

ISTINA

Author(s): John Langshaw Austin / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 12/2019

1. ʻŠTA je istina?ʼ – reče podrugljivo Pilat i ne htjede da sačeka odgovor. Pilat je bio ispred svog vremena. Jer, sama ʻistinaʼ je apstraktna imenica, deva [kamila], to jest, logička konstrukcija, koja ne može proći pored oka čak i gramatičara. Prilazimo joj sa kapom i kategorijama u ruci: pitamo se da li je Istina neka supstancija (Istina, Tijelo Znanja), ili neki kvalitet (nešto poput crvene boje, što je inherentno istinama), ili neka relacija (ʻkorespondencijaʼ). Ali filozofi trebaju uzeti nešto što je bliže njihovoj vlastitoj veličini čime će se opteretiti. Ono o čemu treba raspravljati je upotreba, ili određene vrste upotrebe riječi ʻistinitoʼ. In vino, vjerovatno, ʻveritasʼ, ali u trijeznom simpoziju ʻverumʼ.

Julio-César Santoyo y su recepción en la República Checa

Author(s): Petra Vavroušová / Language(s): Spanish / Publication Year: 0

This paper introduces Julio-César Santoyo, the leading Spanish theorist of Translation Studies. It comments he reception of his work in the Czech Republic analyzing critical reviews, articles and academic papers dedicated to his figure. The author’s research on the peninsular Middle Ages is of great importance. Among other topics, he is interested in the occupation of interpreters and the translation metalanguage, available for the Czech readers in the book The Seven Faces of Translation Studies.

JUSTIFICATION OF ATEMPORAL VALUES IN ALEXIUS MEINONG’S THEORY OF OBJECTS

Author(s): Ekatarina Cherepanova / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

In the history of philosophy, Alexius Meinong’s interest in axiology has traditionally been seen as confined to his earlier works. However, if we analyze his writing after 1917, in which Meinong discusses timeless values, it becomes clear that he became increasingly disinterested in psychology. Moreover, since the theory of the object, in Meinong’s view, could not be a part of metaphysics, he had to deal with the additional methodological difficulty of proving that the good exists independently of human subjectivity. The article discusses A. Meinong’s understanding of the object of desire, the object of a value-feeling and the connection between ethical values as objects of consciousness and time. It is shown that, according to Meinong, language is where values actually reside and only through language can their reality be explained.

Kadı Beydâvî Tefsirinde Mecâz

Author(s): Süleyman Gür / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2016

The Quran uses –in general- the Arabic words in its literal meanings. However, in certain cases metaphore becomes the focal point of the Quranic verses depending on the context. Thereof excegesis vary in highlighting the metaphor in their interpretation. Al-Kadi Al-Baydawi for example in his book” Envâru’t-Tenzîl ve Esrâru’t-Te’vîl was one of those who were interested in metaphor. This paper is meant to examine the rhetoric science in his book.

Kur’ân İfadelerindeki Üslûp Değişimine Kadı Beydâvî’nin Yaklaşımı

Author(s): Süleyman Gür / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2014

The Holy Quran has its own methods of various expression. One of them is the change in narrative style during the flow of expression by replacing mutual between personal pronouns, in the verbs of past and future tenses and in the noun and verb sentences, etc. It is also done with some literary purposes which add richness to the statement or meaning. Some exegetes who give importance to Quranic rhetoric, has investigated what may this purpose be. One of these is Kadı Beydâvî. His views about the matter will be examined in this article.

Lūžio žmogaus problema Vytauto Martinkaus romane Simonija: literatūros etikos aspektas

Author(s): Kristina Tutlytė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 37(42)/2020

The author of the thesis uses Literary Ethics as a theoretical instrument and analyses the portrait of human dealing with turning-point in Vytautas Martinkus’s novel Simonija. The novel corresponds to the features of the turning-point literature marked in the dissertation of V. Katinienė: the thematic level emphasizes a change of historical (political) order and its existential problems; in thoughts, dreams, memories characters go back to the period of totalitarianism; the contrast between “homo sovieticus” and individuals of the free world is emphasized. The analysis of ethical conflicts in Simonija is presented, having in mind specific cultural context during the Soviet period and emphasizing the process of writing as a particular ethical situation and a way to reflect human’s experience. Vytautas Martinkus offers appropriate “snoumenizm” notion for summarizing human’s experience during the Soviet periodperiod. In essence, dehumanizing, painful experience of the Soviet era does not abandon human even in the period of freedom and forces him to go back to the past – physical presence in the world of restored independence does not free him from inner stagnation. In this paper, it is shown that Literary Ethics is asuitable theoretical instrument in order to analyze text about human’s experience at turning-point.

O odnosu aspektualnosti i performativnosti glagola

Author(s): Nikolina Palašić,Anastazija Vlastelić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/2020

In this paper we will attempt, on the one hand, to demonstrate how the change of aspect influences the performative traits of verbs in the Croatian language, and on the other, to find the answer to the question why only one aspect, i.e. the imperfective one, is employed in the institutional and even everyday performative use of verbs. From a (linguistic) philosophical perspective, this results in a paradoxical situation: since imperfectivity marks the duration of the action, the only logical conclusion is that, as long as the action is taking place, it is not finished. In other words, if someone says obećavam da ću doći (“I am promising that I will come”), this action cannot be described in such a manner as to say that the speaker has promised to come. Austin, at least in the early version of his theory, claims that only such verbs are true performatives, i.e. that they perform the action that they describe. However, we must ask ourselves when is this action actually performed, and not when it is being performed, i.e. is there a culmination point after which we could say the speaker has actually made a promise, and not that he was just making a promise? In this context, and on concrete examples, we will test the nature of the relationship between telicity, aspect and performativity, i.e. we will try to find out if it is possible to establish any clear co-dependency between these three traits of verbs.