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![[rec.] Hans Blumenberg, Paradygmaty dla metaforologii](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2017_55549.jpg)
Review of: Martyna UJMA - [rec.] Hans Blumenberg, Paradygmaty dla metaforologii, przeł. Bogdan Baran, Wydawnictwo Aletheia, Warszawa 2017, ss. 245
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The unusual applicability of mathematics to the description of the physical reality still remains a major investigative task for philosophers, physicists, mathematicians and cognitive scientists. The presented article offers a critical analysis of the philosophical motivations and development of a major attempt to resolve this task put forward by two prominent Polish philosophers: Józef Życiński and Michał Heller. In order to explain this particular property of mathematics Życiński has first introduced the concept of the field of rationality together with the field of potentiality to be followed by Heller’s formal field and the field of categories. It turns out that these concepts are fully intelligible once located within philosophical stances on the relations between mathematics and physical reality. It will be argued that in order to achieve more extended conceptual clarification of the precise meaning of the field of rationality, further advancements in the understanding of the nature of the human mind are required.
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In my paper I wish to prove that the truth of the pictures does not stand in correlation with reality. The picture is not the reflection of everyday things, but a different, truer representation of things. The privilege of pictures stands in their being able to always go beyond themselves. The picture possesses a particular kind of logic, as its delotic logos, that is, its nature of showing the thing itself but from a different perspective as well in the same time, cannot be grasped conceptually or by language translation.
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The aim of this paper is to sketch some of the philosophical and theological guidelines of Augustine’s thinking on the problem of external and inner speech. By the examination of the key works for this topic, scholars identified different meanings of the speech, which seem to show an evolution from the external speech toward the concept of a more interiorized one. In our paper, we intend to discuss the explanation of this movement and to present the main characteristics of its degrees.
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This article builds on C. S. Peirce’s suggestive blueprint for an inclusive outlook that grants reality to his three categories. Moving away from the usual focus on (contentious) cosmological forces, I use a modal principle to partition various ontological layers: regular sign-action (like coded language) subsumes actual signaction (like here-and-now events) which in turn subsumes possible sign-action (like qualities related to whatever would be similar to them). Once we realize that the triadic sign’s components are each answerable to this asymmetric subsumption, we obtain the means to track at which level of complexity semiosis finds itself, in a given case. Since the bulk of such a “trinitarian” metaphysics would be devoted to countenancing uninterpreted phenomena, I argue that current misgivings about sign-based ontologies are largely misplaced.
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In this paper we propose a more explicit framework for definition and evaluation of objectivity and (inter)subjectivity in the modality domain. In the proposed operational framework, we make a basic distinction between the modality notions that serve an ideational function (i.e., dynamic modal notions) and those with an interpersonal function (i.e., deontic and epistemic evaluations). The modality notions with ideational and interpersonal functions are content and person-oriented, respectively. While all dynamic modal notions are characterized by objectivity, deontic and epistemic modal notions may display a degree of (inter)subjectivity depending on their embedding context. Our main claim is that (inter)subjectivity can hardly be argued to be the inherent property of certain modality forms and types, but rather it is essentially a contextual effect. We functionallyoperationally define (inter)subjectivity as the degree of sharedness an evaluator attributes to an epistemic/deontic evaluation and its related evidence/deontic source. (Inter)subjectivity is realized by (at least) one or a combination of three contextual factors, viz. the embedding syntactic pattern, the linguistic context and the extralinguistic context of a modality marker. Since both descriptive and performative modal evaluations involve a degree of (inter)subjectivity, performativity, which refers to speaker’s current commitment to his evaluation, is viewed as an independent dimension within modal evaluations and plays no part in the expression of (inter)subjectivity.
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Within the philosophy of language there is a distinction between the natural language philosophers and the ideal language philosophers. The distinction is drawn based on the way these philosophers reflect on language and the world. Natural language philosophers stress the context-based feature of meaning, while the ideal language philosophers emphasize the context-free feature of meaning. In my study I want to show that even within the formal study of language, in the apparent absence of any context, the notions of valuation and interpretation help us to understand the meaning of sentences.
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As with most theories put forward in sciences, different fields and disciplines affect others in social sciences. In this sense, logical positivism and glossematics are no exceptions. Logical positivism was one of the leading movements in philosophy and proposed ideas for philosophy to be recognized as a true science just like natural sciences. Glossematics was a linguistic school also known as Copenhagen Linguistic Circle, which proposed ideas similar to those of logical positivism for linguistic studies. This comparative study aimed to show the reflection of the ideas of logical positivism on glossematics. After presenting the main ideas of both schools, a comparative analysis was made in this paper. When the general ideas were analyzed, it was seen that, logical positivism proposed verifiability, deduction of structures via scientific methods, and creating unambiguous terms to provide a universal theory for philosophy. Such ideas were also championed in glossematics to yield a universal linguistic theory. As a result, it can be said that logical positivism and glossematics were strongly related in their views although they were in different fields.
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Esej sumarizuje přístup k literární fikci, který vyvinuli představitelé teorie řečových aktů (autor fiktivního vyprávění předstírá autentické vypovídání). Autor eseje teorii předstírání domýšlí a navrhuje ilokuční charakter fikčního diskurzu popsat jako nepřímou deklaraci (vyprávění svou ilokuční silou nepřímo deklaruje stav věcí, o kterém vypovídá).
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In this paper, I shall propose the construction of a three-valued logic of beliefs, which I call: LSB3_1 (short for: Three-valued Logic for a type of Strong Belief). I shall also state and prove the completeness of LSB3_1 with respect to a given semantics. LSB3_1 is based on preformal assumptions and intuitions, which are stated in section 1. Section 2 includes the syntax and division of LSB3_1 statements into internal and external. Section 3 presents the semantics of LSB3_1, as well as a number of tautologies and non-tautological formulae in LSB3_1 with their intuitive interpretation. The axiomatic system for LSB3_1 and its comparison to Kleene’s strong logic are provided in section 4. The completeness theorem for LSB3_1 is presented in section 5. I shall define the term conjunctive normal form and provide lemmas which lead to proving the reduction of the LSB3_1 language formulae before proving the completeness theorem.
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Knowledge is, by definition, reliable and, hence, it can be applied to a variety of different problems. Nevertheless, in practical problem solving, we do not rely on mere truthful knowledge, but also on information which frames the practical acceptability. We are not looking for truthful solution but an optimal solution. Optimal solution is found out by optimizing some given (practical) parameters. The optimization is both theory based and practice based process. That is, practical problem solving is a human deliberation that interconnects theoretical and practical knowledge. So, the philosophical foundation of practical problem solving interconnects theoretical and practical philosophy. Especially ethical deliberation plays – or should play – central role in practical problem solving. The complexity of the advanced scientific knowledge needed in solving present day practical problems separates the people who know, from the people who do (decide). The situation makes immediate that we need some deeper pedagogical conviction: we need ecological education.
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The study focuses on the repeated visits of Russian-born Harvard linguist Roman Jakobson to Slovakia. The author traces Jakobson’s Slovak contacts from the interwar period up to 1968. Based on analysis of secret police documents and memoir literature, the research offers an insight into contemporary academic and cultural life in 20th century Czechoslovakia.Jakobson’s first Slovak contacts in the 1920s were linked to his activities in the Prague Soviet legation and the Charles University. In the 1930s he visited Bratislava more frequently, while teaching at Brno University. During the Stalinist era in Czechoslovakia, a number of his friends and colleagues were politically prosecuted. Only in 1957, was he able to return to Czechoslovakia for Slavonic Studies conferences in Prague and Olomouc, using this occasion to give a lecture also in Bratislava. In the approaching wave of hate-campaign against local “unreliable intellectuals” he was denounced as a “cosmopolitan” and “Western agent”. Subsequent attempts for Jakobson’s academic and public rehabilitation, urged by his Czechoslovak friends, became a reality only during his visit in 1968. The presentation ceremony of the Golden medal of the Slovak Academy of Sciences to Roman Jakobson was scheduled in Bratislava on August 21, 1968, the day of the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact.
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Louise Cazamian’s study deals with the validity of the commonly accepted assumption that there is an essential relation between humour and kindness. Cazamian pursues this question on the background of his concept of the mechanism of humour as a particular type of comic language. He shows that this mechanism consists in apparent suspension of the natural reaction to reality and its transposition into the unnatural response. Nevertheless, such an unnatural response suggests the natural reaction as well. This confluence of various types of different or even contradictory reactions usually results in a tolerant view of reality. However Cazamian emphasizes that despite of the fact that this usual tolerant view is close to kindness, there is not necessarily relation between humour and kindness. On the contrary, there is a lot of cases of insensitive or even cruel humour. Further, Cazamian highlights that the kindness of humour is in part a strategy of the humourist, who does not want to be seen as rude, but with respect to the harsh essence of the comic mate¬rial in general, the kindness could not be part of humour itself.
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The paper explores theoretical foundations of the frame from two semiotic perspectives: that of the Saussurean dyadic sign dominant in the European tradition and that of the triadic sign of the Peircean/American descent. If – within the post- Saussurean agenda – meaning can be fairly easily “framed” and closed in the field of the signified, Peirce’s concepts of interpretant and infinite semiosis implement a mechanism which inherently obliterates the frame. Given this duality of approaches, the contention “No meaning without a frame” is thus true and paradoxical at the same time, and that paradox goes far beyond the Derridean concept of the parergon, which only belongs to both the inside and the outside. The frame, as construed in this paper, is not merely a material or imaginary, inactive partition, but is itself an operational agent which isolates and delineates a text ontologically as the other of the context, and simultaneously subverts that otherness by necessitating further semiosis and its own partial self-erasure. Regarding the interrelations amongst texts and between text and context, the frame is thus envisaged, and investigated in the paper, not so much as a factor of resistance or separation, but as an osmotic boundary facilitating rather than preventing a bi-directional flow of meanings. Putting this in epistemological terms, one may say that interpretation – paradoxically again –requires an enframing of its object, but at the same time it dissolves the stipulated frame and reaches beyond it.
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The Polish philosopher Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz adopted the notion of “conceptual apparatus”, which is very similar to the idea of “conceptual scheme” put forward by Donald Davidson, Willard V. Quine, Nicholas Rescher and others. Ajdukiewicz’s theses are, in this regard, very important although less known, and he treated cognitive processes as inseparably connected with language.
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The present text aims to highlight the contribution of the Romanian scholar Theofil Simenschy to Indian Studies in Romania, who became the first to teach Sanskrit at an institution of higher education – in Iași. The goal of reminding or helping readers discover his legacy in the forms of translations from Sanskrit into Romanian of sacred Hindu texts and several didactic works, full of useful information, was also kept in mind when bringing ideas together.
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The article examines the distinctive features of philosophical discourse, such as clarity and intersubjectivity in philosophical communication. The possible reasons for the obscurity of philosophical texts and the complexity in communicating meanings are analysed. It is claimed that the obscurity of philosophical texts and eventual incomplete understanding is not a sign of their inferiority but the fruitfulness of philosophical discourse, which can generate new meanings.
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<p>The journal appeared in 1976 with the title Annals of the University of Craiova. Philosophy, Sociology, History, and it held this title until 1994. Between 1995 -1996 it was called Annals of the University of Craiova, Philosophy - Sociology Series. Between 1997-1998 it was called Annals of the University of Craiova, Philosophy, Sociology, Psychology and Pedagogy Series. Between 1999-2005 it was called Annals of the University of Craiova, Philosophy, Sociology, Political Science Series. Since 2005 it is called Annals of the University of Craiova Philosophy Series. The journal is edited by the Department of Philosophy of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Craiova and it is printed at the Universitaria Publishing House, Craiova. The journal is biannual (the first issue appears in June, the second in December), and it publishes articles written in Romanian, English, French, German, Spanish, Italian. The journal publishes philosophical articles. It cultivates the traditional lines of philosophical research (history of philosophy, ontology and metaphysics, social and moral-political philosophy, ethics, aesthetics and philosophy of art, logic, theory of knowledge, epistemology, philosophy of science, philosophy of history, philosophy of culture, philosophy of religion, philosophy of language, philosophical anthropology) but is also open to newer trends (applied ethics, philosophy of communication, philosophy of mind and cognitive sciences, argumentation theory, critical thinking, gender studies, philosophy of imaginary, philosophy of education, philosophy of economics, philosophy of law, applied philosophy, theory of social responsibility). In the pages of the journal publish authors from Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary,India, Italy, Japan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, USA. The journal is indexed in SCOPUS, Philosopher’s Index, European Reference Index for the Humanities (ERIH Plus, Philosophy), Regesta Imperii - Akademie der Wissenschaften und der literatur Mainz, ICI World of Journal, EBSCO and Central and Eastern European Online Library - CEEOL.</p>
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The performative character of linguistic norms and social institutions is considered in this paper through comparison of selected theses of the “late” Ludwig Wittgenstein and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (a Polish analytic philosopher of renown), especially theses of the latter’s conception of language in the thirties of the 20th century. The philosophical ideas of both of them are interpreted as paradigmatic patterns of the so-called „directive theories of meaning”. The directive theories of meaning stipulate that linguistic meanings are constructed on the basis of definite normative rules. Such rules in the natural languages can be defined as conventions upheld by a respective linguistic community. Its collective decision supports the normative force of these rules. An impossibility of communication defines the sanction. The functioning of a respective linguistic community as a normative authority defines the performative character of the language-rules. The problem of the genesis of public meanings is the bottom-line problem of the directive theories of meaning. How could one overcome antirealism at this level? The arbitrary nature of signs and their accidental correlation with objects are arguments favouring conventionalism and antirealism. Personal meanings are determined by rules applied by a linguistic community and by accepted meanings of words and sentences. A natural language is closely intertwined with varied human activities; a linguistic community’s traditions are determined by a complex totality of objective and subjective factors.
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