Monastic buildings: Questions of function and design from an Anglo-French perspective

Author(s): Eric Fernie / Language(s): English Issue: Special/2015

The paper will begin with an examination of the meanings of the words ‘function’ and ‘design’ and in particular their application to the practical and presentational aspects of buildings. They will be applied first to the monastic church, concentrating on those characteristics which distinguish it from churches for the laity. In this context the English eccentricity of the monastic cathedral will be examined. The pair of opposites will then be used to explore aspects of the claustral buildings. These include the relationship of the chapter house to the main sanctuary of the church and the status and purpose of the sculptural decoration on its façade. The multiple openings on the façades of many chapter houses are assessed for their practical and symbolic value, and the openings are then compared with other entrances in the east walk, namely those into the book-room, the slype, the day stairs, and the parlour, which involves the role of the prior. The round and polygonal chapter houses of Norman England are then introduced, along with their iconography and the question of the extent to which centralised chapter houses are found on the Continent. This part of the investigation will also refer to Villard de Honnecourt’s diagram of a chapter house. With the reredorter, the chief question will concern the large size of some examples, with the refectory it will be its location on the St Gall Plan, while the kitchen will be discussed in terms of the contrast between standard types and the highly sophisticated designs of some examples in western France. In the case of the cloister the arrangement of walkways at Saint-Riquier is considered. The paper concludes with a comparative assessment of the claustral building types and their parallels in secular contexts.

The early phase of cloister architecture in Central Europe

Author(s): Béla Zsolt Szakács / Language(s): English Issue: Special/2015

The topic of medieval cloisters has been the subject of a number of important conferences (see Gesta 1973, Der mittelalterliche Kreuzgang 2004, and The Journal of the British Archaeological Association 2006). The Hungarian materials have been discussed by Ernő Marosi in 2001. However, the problem has not been investigated in the Central European context.Although the idea of the cloister is clearly manifested in the Sant Gallen Plan, the earliest standing cloisters date from the first half of the eleventh century in Western Europe. Opposed to Western Europe, where cloisters were common in the eleventh through twelfth centuries, monasteries in East Central Europe were usually lacking the cloister before the late twelfth century. The early monasteries were often built with wood (especially in Bohemia and Poland), and later stone constructions did not follow a severe regular plan (see e.g. Feldebrő or Pásztó in Hungary). In many cases the full cloister was built only in the thirteenth century (Mogilno in Poland or St. George Monastery in Prague) or even later (Kladruby, Teplice). Cistercian abbeys were among the first abbeys built with a cloister; however, this is not as regular as was previously supposed and many of the early Cistercian foundations did not have cloisters for a period of time. Thus, they probably had less impact on other monastic buildings than was previously suspected. An important wave of cloister building was the activity of the royal Benedictine abbeys in western Hungary between 1210 and 1240. This can probably be connected to reform movements, although the papal letter of 1225 seems to be too late to be the major inspiration source. In other orders (e.g. Premonstratensians) and other territories, such as Bohemia and northern Hungary, cloisters from a somewhat earlier period cannot be excluded. Bizere might have been one of these early examples. The earliest datable cloisters in Bohemia and Hungary were attached to cathedrals and collegiate churches that might have served as prototypes for the monastic cloister as well. This was just the opposite to the practice of Western Europe where cathedral monasteries were built less frequently and often later than was usual among the monastic orders. This phenomenon may shed some light on the difference between the roles monastic and secular churches played in East Central Europe. We should remember that bishops, members of the royal court, were always incomparably more important figures than any of the abbots; and the size of monastic churches was usually much below the Western standard. It would not be surprising, then, if the secular church played a leading role in cloister architecture, too.

A Turn to Fratres Minores. The Franciscans in 13th-century Lesser Poland and the patronage of Duke Boleslaus the Chaste

Author(s): Piotr Pajor / Language(s): English Issue: Special/2015

The time around the middle of the thirteenth century was a period of popularization of the mendicant orders in the whole of Central Europe including Lesser Poland, which was one of the duchies existing after the feudal fragmentation of Poland. The Franciscans in particular, who arrived in Cracow during the apostolic mission led by the Saxon province, were quickly taken under the patronage of Duke Boleslaus the Chaste, who founded a church as his mausoleum in Cracow, although his predecessors were buried in Cracow Cathedral. The duke also founded cloisters in Nowy Korczyn and Zawichost; his sister, Salomea, became the first Polish St. Clara’s nun; his wife, Kunegund of Hungary, as a widow established and joined the convent in Stary Sącz. In this way Franciscans became the most important order, protected by the local ducal family. The same process took place in other Polish provinces and had significant consequences. For instance, in Silesia the local branch of the Piast dynasty was strongly connected with the Cistercians, but Duke Henry the Pious and his heirs of the Wrocław throne were buried in Franciscan churches. This turn to the Mendicants in the Piast dukes’ patronage seems to be much more complex than in, for example, Bohemia. In Lesser Poland this phenomena is even more visible because of some extraordinary examples, such as the central—Greek cross—plan of the Franciscan church in Cracow or the relocation of the first Clarissan cloister from Zawichost to the isolated site near the former castle of Scala. Comparative analysis of the role of the Franciscan cloisters in Boleslaus the Chaste's patronage and propaganda will be the main subject of the paper.

Some remarks on fragmentary capitals from the monastery of Bizere

Author(s): Ernő Marosi / Language(s): English Issue: Special/2015

This paper is the first to deal with a collection of carved fragments discovered during archaeological research at Bizere monastery. It is mainly about fragments of zoomorphic capitals probably originating from the most important area of the monastery: the main church and cloister. The author tries to find European stylistic connections and has dated them to the first half of the thirteenth century.

The decorative heritage of Bizere abbey: fragments of the opus sectile

Author(s): Ileana Burnichioiu / Language(s): English Issue: Special/2015

The Bizere monastery gradually fell into ruin during the sixteenth century and the site became a treasure hunting ground and a quarry for construction material. Consequently, all that was left for scholarship was fragmentary, difficult to patch together, and dependent on the archaeological investigations. This type of research first began in 1981 and carried on between 2001 and 2009, and in 2014, retrieved a notable quantity of mosaic, sculpture, and fresco fragments. This paper is dealing specifically with isolated opus sectile fragments. It analyzes the variety of materials and shapes, technical aspects, and tries to identify some elements of the original design. This study is connected to articles dedicated to mosaics discovered in situ at Bizere as well as to the archaeometric analysis of mosaic tesserae in this volume.

Incintele estice ale Palatului principilor din Alba Iulia. Cercetări de parament din anii 2014-2017

Author(s): Ileana Burnichioiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2017

The so-called “Princely Palace” building complex consists of two-level buildings forming two approximately rectangle-shaped, unequally sized courtyards. However, these buildings make up around two-thirds of what was once the residence of the Princes of Transylvania, built mainly on previous constructions of the Bishopric of Transylvania, the Provostry, and some houses of the Catholic clergy. At its peak in the 17th century, during the rule of Princes Gabriel Bethlen (1613-1629) and George Rákóczi I (1630-1648), the palace had three interconnected courtyards. This extensive shape was partly reflected in Giovanni Morando Visconti’s plans from 1711 and 1714. At the beginning of the 18th century, the Habsburgs changed the function of the palace. The western courtyard and the cathedral were returned to the Catholics, thus becoming the Roman Catholic Episcopal Palace, and the eastern courtyards were passed over to the Arsenal and the Artillery Barracks. The two eastern courtyards had maintained their usage as military headquarters for around 300 years, although the armies occupying it had repeatedly changed during that time (from the Habsburg army to the Austro-Hungarian and Romanian ones (1867-1919). Finally, the most part of this ensemble passed on to the administration of the Alba Iulia Mayor’s Office. Some years later, the new administrator provided the financial support for a number of preliminary studies to yield a primary set of data for a research project and later for a preservation and restoration project to rethink the future of the monument. The first wall investigations in the eastern courtyards of the former princely residence were undertaken at the beginning of 2014 and continued intermittently through 2015 and 2017, depending on the availability of financial resources and the requirements of the preservation and restoration project. As a preamble to detailed reports and surveys on some parts of the wings of the ensemble included in this volume, the paper presents the architecture of the ensemble and the main wall discoveries from 2014-2017, with some working hypotheses and final conclusions on the construction stages (marked on the plans). One of the major findings was that all the interventions made by the armies during the 18th-20th centuries have dramatically altered the coherence of the buildings and decorations in the eastern parts of the former princely palace and has seriously affected the previous heritage of the site rich in valuable Roman, medieval, and Renaissance remains. These changes have raised major problems of identification in the field, even for the main parts of the residence described in 17th-century chronicles and inventories. Primarily, this is the case of the “F” wing (closed to the cathedral), but also the case hall of the Diet and the hall of the Supreme Court (1643), which have completely lost their shape and they can only very vaguely be located in the middle of the first floor of wing E.

Психологическа структура на изобразителната дейност и ролята на познавателните психични процеси като основен елемент на детското творчество

Author(s): Zhivka I. Aneshteva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The report addresses the issues of the psychological structure of visual activities which is at the origin of defining the developmental stages of the visual activities and it‘s correct methodological guidance of preschool age. Emphasis is given to the development of specifical for preschool age cognitive mental processes, the mechanism of their formation and manifestation in the visual creative activities.

Арт-терапевтични възможности на изобразителната дейност при деца с аутизъм

Author(s): Sezel S. Ferad / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

Today, in practice, we increasingly meet children with autism. One way to integrate them, as far as possible, into their environment is through art. Using art as an art-therapeutic approach, we try to support the development of the child's personal potential.

Intertextual Translation: Shakespearean Flavour in Tang Xianzu’s Peony Pavilion

Author(s): Bikang Huan / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2021

This article presents a new mode of translating Tang Xianzu’s Peony Pavilion, the renown Chinese theatrical masterpiece, by referring to Shakespeare’s poetic style. The author of this article compares the two playwrights in terms of their life-views, moral concerns and the view of the other worldliness by identifying some textual affinities. To further explain Tang Xianzu’s humanistic view of life, his transcendental appraisal of intuitive feeling and heterogeneous love, some themes and textual features of The Peony Pavilion are elaborated which are evocative of those of Shakespeare. Based on some close reading of the text, the author is able to demonstrate how an “intertextual grafting” in translation can prove a better means to achieve better acceptability of Tang Xianzu’s play by the English reader/audience.

NFT – Drepturi și iluzii în artă

Author(s): Ana-Georgia Mirea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2022

The reactive nature of the legal field is slower than ever in response to the technological realities and the users’ desire for independence and decentralization and major financial phenomena, such as NFTs, remain vaguely regulated in adhesion contracts which most internet users do not read. The purpose of this article is not to frame these relations into national law concepts, but is driven by the need to draw attention to certain concepts which, along with the cited authors, I consider to be legally inaccurate and delicate.

Tranzacțiile NFT: o nouă provocare fiscală a erei digitale

Author(s): Luisiana Dobrinescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2022

Taxing NFTs generates a series of challenges determined by the nature of this unique digital asset and the possibility to gain control over NFT-related operations. This article explores the taxation regime of NFT operations as well as the risk that substantial money laundering and tax evasion acts lurk behind such fluid interfaces, thus giving way to the financing of illegal enterprises, including terrorism.

Елисавета Мусакова. Корпус на украсените славянски средновековни ръкописи в Националната библиотека „Св. св. Кирил и Методий“. X/ХI – ХІV в. Том I. Част I: Псалтири, Евангелия, Апостоли

Author(s): Vassya Velinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 44/2022

eShadow+: Mixed Reality Storytelling Inspired by Traditional Shadow Theatre

Author(s): Nektarios Moumoutzis,Marios Christoulakis,Chara Xanthaki,Nikos Pappas,Yiannis Maragkoudakis,Stavros Christodoulakis,Desislava Paneva-Marinova / Language(s): English Issue: XII/2022

eShadow is a digital storytelling platform inspired by traditional Shadow Theatre. It enables the creation of digital stories within a project-based ap-proach that may start from scenario development and include the creation of digital puppets and sceneries, the set-up and recording of story scenes and the final assembly of a digital story. This paper presents details about eShad-ow architecture, features and how its use has been enhanced, employing the PerFECt framework, to combine it with immersive technologies such as pro-jection mapping, to create mixed reality installations that offer rich learning experiences to participants in informal learning settings. Two installations are described and compared. The evaluation results demonstrate the effective-ness of the approach towards engaging learning experiences that combine mixed reality approaches with arts such as black light theatre.

Digital Imaging Techniques in Archaeometry: The Case of an Ancient Crucifixion Icon

Author(s): Magdelena Stoyanova,Diego C. Stoyanov,Lilia Pavlova / Language(s): English Issue: XII/2022

An ancient Crucifixion icon has been studied using imaging techniques integrated with appropriated visualizations. Relevant parameters and suitable algorithms have been selected in a proper sequence to segment the studied images into meaningful elements functional to the attribution of the icon through analysis of the employed materials and techniques. The cross-referencing of the results allowed to identify three main phases in the realization of the painting, to describe their extension, character and determine the possible authors as: Cretan/Ionian painters, '500-' 600 (1st phase); Hristofor Žefarović, Western Balkans or Vienna, 1730-1753 (2nd phase); Placido Fabris / Michelangelo Barbini, Venice, mid 19th c. (3rd phase).

I do Believe in Science

Author(s): Nida Vasiliauskaitė / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

This article is an outline of the current issue of Filosofija.Sociologija, thematically divided into five sections. Starting from the most abstract thematically one and going down to reflections on actualities. Here I try to give it a meaningful structure and a flavour of a general Zeitgeist residing now in our contemporary academia.

Cañones del Elector de Sajonia en la plaza fuerte de Rosas (siglos XVI-XVII): El Barzoque y los 36 libras

Author(s): Pablo de la Fuente de Pablo / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 4/2022

This article identifies three pieces of artillery, especially the Barzoque that served in defence of the fortress of Rosas (Spain) during the 16th and 17th centuries. The cannons are part of the spoils of war that Spanish imperial troops took from the protestant princes following the defeat of the Schmalkaldic League at the battle of Mühlberg in 1547. This article is based mainly on primary sources, especially two documents found in the General Archive of Simancas and the unpublished treatise of Captain Diego de Prado y Tovar, who saw the cannons on his visit to Rosas and whose drawings give a clear idea of the Barzoque’s mouldings.

Latin Inscriptions on Fine Art Works of “Allegory” Genre

Author(s): Nataliia Korolova / Language(s): English Issue: 86/2022

The article presents the analysis of the Latin inscriptions on paintings, frescoes and engravings of the allegory genre. The sources of borrowing, functional and semantic load, as well as graphic and linguistic features of Latin inscriptions have been studied. For accompanying inscriptions, artists used phrases from the works of ancient authors, from the Bible, from the works of contemporaries and original phrases, the authorship of which could not be established. Analysis of the linguistic and graphic features of Latin inscriptions on fine art works of allegory genre revealed a number of changes typical of the language practice of the time. The vast majority of them were caused by the processes that took place in late Latin, early medieval Latin and were partly attested by ancient grammars. The inscriptions differ in the form of presentation (poetic and prose) and in the volume (from one word to detailed explanations), which depends on their functional load.

Kritika

Author(s): Branko Vuletić,Jozefina Dautbegović,Jadranka Pintarić,Leo Rafolt,Martina Petranović,Lucija Ljubić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 05+06/2003

Reviews of: Anđeoska i magareća stilistika: Krunoslav Pranjić: O Krležinu stilu & koje o čem još. Zagreb, ArTresor, 2002.; Zadnja pošta - Zagreb. Sibila Petlevski: Koreografija patnje. Konzor, 2002.; Che Guevara u simulakrumu Homo Zapiensa: Viktor Pelevin: Generation ’P’. S ruskoga prevela i priredila Irena Lukšić. DiVič, Zagreb, 2001.; O vrednovanju ili kajkaviana batushiciana: Nikola Batušić: Starija kajkavska drama: studije i rasprave. Disput, Zagreb, 2002.; Metoda »Kanjičine motke« ili o poimanju: Slobodan Prosperov Novak: Zlatno doba. Marulić - Držić - Gundulić. Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, Zagreb, 2002.; Petorka na koju kazalište treba računati: Najmlađi hrvatski dramatičari. Nova Istra, god. VI, br. 4, sv. 19, zima 2001./2002.; Devedesete gledane iz vizure bezimenih godina: Jasen Boko: Nova hrvatska drama. Izbor iz drame devedesetih. Znanje, Zagreb, 2002.

Performans kao oblik komunikacije hrvatske dade i njenih inačica s javnošću

Author(s): Branimir Donat / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 07+08/2004

Prvi dadaistički javni nastup zbio se u Cabaretu Voltaire u zuriškoj Spiegelgasse, tijesnoj uličici smještenoj u starom dijelu grada. Početkom 1972. šetajući njome otkrio sam da se u tom prostoru tada nalazila stolarija. Zbila se pomalo dadaistička preobrazba. Ipak mnogo bolja od one koja je zadesila nedaleko smješten hotelčić u kojem su prije povratka u Rusiju boravili Lenjin i Krupskaja.

Mrtva (živa) priroda

Author(s): Ljerka Schifller / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 07+08/2005

Duga povijest tihog života (»mrtve prirode«, Stilleben) - umjetničkog žanra - traži promišljanje, ne samo umjetničkog izraza, metode, stilskih sredstava, slikarskih teza i iskustava. Više od toga: pjesnik i predmeti, slikar i predmeti, čovjek i svijet stvari kao odnos duhovnog stanja, način viđenja svijeta, spoznaje, doživljaja duše stvari, najposlije sama osobnost i osobitost umjetnika, iznad i izvan medija u kojem se izražava. Onoga što u umjetnosti zadobiva svoj izraz, a umjetnik ima sliku, riječ, ton za svoju filozofiju.