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Coping with Multitudes

Author(s): Nida Vasiliauskaitė / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This article is an outline of the current issue of Filosofija. Sociologija, thematically divided into four sections. Starting from the most general one, focused on abstract topics of metaphysical kind and big names, proceeding to theorize on practices of human co-existence, then dealing specifically with Marxist paradigm, and finally with problems related to artificial intelligence and digital society. The thought of the 20th century and its socio-political implications up till now unites them all.

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CRITICAL PHENOMENOLOGY AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL CRITIQUE

Author(s): Delia Popa,Iaan Reynolds / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Phenomenological critique attempts to retrieve the lived experience of a human community alienated from its truthful condition and immersed in historical crises brought by processes of objectification and estrangement. This introductory article challenges two methodological assumptions that are largely shared in North American Critical Phenomenology: the definition of phenomenology as a first person approach of experience and the rejection of transcendental eidetics. While reflecting on the importance of otherness and community for phenomenology’s critical orientation, we reconsider the importance of eidetics from the standpoint of Husserl’s genetic phenomenology, highlighting its historical and contingent character. Contrary to the received view of Husserl’s classical phenomenology as an idealistic and rigid undertaking, we show that his genetic phenomenology is interested in the material formation of meaning (Sinnbildung), offering resources for a phenomenological approach to a materialist social theory.

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Likovi zavičaja: Život i dijelo prof. dr. Halima Mulaibrahimovića

Author(s): Izet Mašić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/2000

Povod i motiv da napišem ovaj članak u "Gračaničkom glasniku" o rahmetli profesoru dr. Halimu Mulaibrahimoviću je mudra izreka: Ono što se zapiše to ostaje. Ono što se pamti to bježi.

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WŁASNOŚĆ W UJĘCIU WYBRANYCH KIERUNKÓW MYŚLI EKONOMICZNEJ

Author(s): Urszula Zagóra-Jonszta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2007

This text concerns the different interpretations of ownership categories in the light some chosen directions of economic thought. The extensive time partition of presented approaches (since Aristotle and Plato to modern neoliberalists) let us follow evolution of approach and interpretation of this question. Such is the purpose of elaboration. The analysis of introduced views on ownership allows to come for conclusion, that the views were changed depending on social, political, economical and even religious situations. In the determined majority for economic directions, private ownership was preferred and its superiority was recognised. Fact deserves underlining also, that in one area of history the ownership presented one of the basic economic categories.

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Assen Ignatov: The Theomachist and the God-Seeker

Author(s): Nina Dimitrova / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2020

This article aims to trace the evolution of Assen Ignatov’s attitude towards religion and to outline the main features of this change – from an intellectual whose worldview was initially Marxist to being a dissident philosopher known also for his respect for Christianity. The first part of the study is devoted to the early professional stages of Assen Ignatov’s life (as a lecturer at Sofia University), when he attacked the “Bourgeois” philosophy for its affinity to religion. Gradually, these initial attitudes were seriously shaken, partly because he was one of the very few erudite thinkers in Bulgaria during the “socialist” period who witnessed the dogmatism and narrow interests of the Party philosophers. In addition, his escape to Western Europe was a radical break with the past, specifically with regard to religion. Assen Ignatov interpreted communism as a pseudo-religion from the viewpoint of Christian personalism and existentialism. The author concludes that the radical change of Ignatov’s attitude towards religion shows the measure of his general change of worldview.

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Ideologijos išorė: tarp neomarksizmo ir psichoanalizės

Author(s): Augustas Sireikis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 15/2020

Employing Neo-Marxist philosophy of the XX century and Psychoanalysis, this paper discusses the problem of the external of ideology. The research invokes a dichotomy between epistemology and social ontology as two theoretical perspectives to ideology, which allows to conceptualize the problem of the external in a context where ideology is thought of as a wider phenomenon and is less associated with false consciousness. The paper discusses different concepts of ideology and introduces three options of the external: (i) science, (ii) emancipation as a local exception, (iii) emancipated society. Philosophy of Louis Althusser, Jacques Rancière, Herbert Marcuse lets us to highlight certain tendencies: the materialization of ideology and a shift from such Marxist categories as class and production towards concepts of practice, power and will. The paper also investigates the relationship between theory of ideology and the so-called overpassing of epistemology, which, on the one hand, allows us to transcend the tendency to signify social practices as either good or bad ones, yet on the other hand, poses the risk of the radical disassociation from the question of knowledge.

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Što još može fenomenologija?

Author(s): Predrag Finci / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/163/2021

Our time has seen the end of the “big narrative”, the era in which there are no reliable criteria, making it difficult to establish what can and cannot be considered art. Phenomenology has conveyed very clear views on this matter. Its most prominent representatives draw attention even nowadays. Can philosophies that use the phenomenological method offer answers on the nature of the arts, what art is, and its essence? The author claims that this is still possible, but with the realisation regarding different aesthetic experiences and the new historical and social situation.

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Strategije gledanja. Prilog o političkim elementima postmoderne umjetnosti

Author(s): Katarina Rukavina / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/163/2021

The paper explores the model of sociability, interaction and participation as political elements of postmodern art. The postmodern condition emerged after the failure of the main idea of modernism, which was based on the belief in the progress and emancipation of humanity, namely, after the collapse of large speculative narratives such as idealism, scientism, Marxism or a utopia of changing the world through art. Not surprisingly, therefore, the principal thesis in it is that art no longer has the role attributed to it since the 19th century, the one of political struggle, criticism of society or social engagement, namely, it no longer has the function of criticism, of something that acts as a warning and is avant-gardly opposed to everything that exists. Contrary to this view, this paper seeks to present the critical and political potential of postmodern art, focusing on post-1990s artistic practice and its emphasis on relationships, encounters and interaction with audiences. It is an appropriation of avant-garde strategies, but with a historical distance and in a different context.

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Precarity and Gender: What’s Love Got to Do with it?

Author(s): Ewa Majewska / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2020

This article examines the concept of precarity from a feminist perspective, focused on love and affective labour, critically addressing the gender inequalities of neoliberal capitalism. The romantic, heterosexual model of love, typical for modern Western societies, has been dismantled and criticized in various ways, leading to contradictory solutions, which include its annihilation, sublation and modification, as well as (rather conservative) efforts to preserve it. However, love – in its different versions, both as theory and in practice – still provides models and solutions, not only for the neoliberal labour market and new forms of exploitation and expropriation of care and affective labour, but also for revolutionary ideas and transformations, among both feminists and Marxists. It thus requires a theory focusing on the sublation, rather than annihilation, of love’s past models. In my article I build such a perspective, signalling its potential for resistance and models for revolution in the times of neoliberal capitalism.

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Fake it Till You Make it: The Trouble with the Global East Category

Author(s): Magda Szcześniak / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2020

The article engages in a discussion with Martin Müller’s article In Search of a Global East through the categories of class and class distinction. While recognizing the potential political value of the “Global East” project, the author questions the ideological mechanisms which naturalize the stereotype of “Eastness as forsakenness.” As she points out, one of the effects of the “political and epistemological project” of the North–South divide (as well as stereotypical categorizations of the East) is obscuring the internal class dynamics of Northern, Southern and Eastern societies. In contrast, introducing class analysis – which includes examining such practices as producing and buying counterfeits of original, luxury-brand commodities – allows us to uncover similar patterns of class distinction and reproduction across global capitalist societies of the North, South and East, and perhaps also to forge solidarities amongst classes which are regularly oppressed by the dominant global capitalist order.

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Gleaning on the Shores of Politics. Commoning as the New Philosophy of Praxis

Author(s): Łukasz Moll / Language(s): English Issue: 36/2020

The article joins the recent discussion, led by theorists of the commons, on the meaning of “commoning”. It proposes to recognize as the main feature of the practice of commoning the capacity to reproduce the autonomy of plebeian life- -worlds that could possibly lead to a post-capitalist future. The identification of commoning as the activity of marginal subjectivities is presented here with the example of gleaning. This traditional activity of the poor is re-examined in the article as an ambiguous practice that escapes the binaries of activity and passivity, positivity and negativity, production and reproduction. Gleaning, with its reproductive capacities, serves as a model for commoning, understood as the new philosophy of praxis, which is much needed in the times of ecological catastrophe and the broken connection between labour and care. The history of struggles around gleaning and the commons, and the figures of the poor female harvester (glaneuse) and urban ragpicker (chiffonier) are recalled in the article in order to recognize the much devaluated potential of commoning to interrupt the history of blind productivism and, together with reclaiming the commons, to also reclaim our future.

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Is the Future Soviet? USSR-2061 and the Reality of Utopia

Author(s): Roman Privalov / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2021

USSR-2061 is a Russian futuristic online project that imagines a new USSR a century after Gagarin’s journey into space. This article connects the project to Soviet space utopianism and the nostalgia that followed it, while seeing USSR-2061 and its artefacts in the light of utopian studies. In particular, the project’s hesitation with regard to utopianism and its thirst for realism are situated within a classical utopian problem of how to achieve real, not only imaginary, transformations. Such realism generally coincides with Levitas’ (2013) framework of utopia as a method, and, as the analysis shows, it hinders the construction of “an image of a future” at which the project aims. Instead, the resulting narratives and visions commonly overlap with the official Russian political discourse that makes use of Soviet nostalgia, or fall into retrofuturistic replications of commonly satirized Soviet discourses. However, a different way of constructing utopia is also present in USSR-2061, even if it is never highlighted. To make utopia possible in anti-utopian times, one might need to rethink its place of possibility or topos. Theoretically, such an alternative is presented in connection to Latour’s (2017) Terrestrial, a place with agency that in utopian terms presupposes a transgression of the boundary between the real and imaginary, the political and cultural. In the same line, the paper argues that USSR-2061 might attempt the construction of a new utopia through rethinking space. This might be fostered through the inclusion of cosmist ideas such as those of Vladimir Vernadsky and Alexander Chizhevsky, whose intersections with Latourian framework have previously been observed.

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Ernst Bloch as a Philosopher of Praxis

Author(s): Jan Rehmann / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2020

Contrary to the widespread portrayal of Bloch’s philosophy as “mystical,” “eschatological,” “idealistic” etc., the essay shows that it is best interpreted through the framework of a Marxist philosophy of praxis. Similarly, to Labriola and Gramsci, Bloch develops his concept of materialism from Marx’s Theses on Feuerbach. His concepts of the “highest good” and of an “alliance technique” take up young Marx’s perspective of a reconciliation between humans and nature; his theory of anticipation and hope is centered on the development of collective capacities to act; even his “ontology of the not yet,” which is often criticized for its teleology, is actually based on the concept of “open possibilities” and can thus be interpreted in terms of the “weak teleological force of open possibilities.” However, from a praxis-philosophical perspective, Bloch’s philosophy is also in need of a rethinking that overcomes its essentialist presumptions and pluralizes its teleology.

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Hegelianism and Meta-Religion: Ernst Bloch’s Archetype of the Fall

Author(s): Dritëro Demjaha / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2020

This paper concerns Ernst Bloch’s notion of “meta-religion,” which is an attempt to inherit the religious without inheriting religion, while distinguishing itself from a merely secular atheism. I assert that the key to this meta-religious inheritance is the structural abandonment of the Fall. Focusing chiefly on Bloch’s late work Atheism in Christianity, I provide an account of Bloch’s appraisal of Feuerbach as a progenitor of his meta-religious project, before moving on to what I argue is the key problem for what Bloch terms the “meta- -religious” inheritance of Christianity: the question of the Fall. I argue that as Bloch’s own thinking regularly suggests, the archetype of the Fall is a necessary correlate of the archetype of freedom, and actually grounds an important aspect of Bloch’s meta-religious inheritance of both Christianity and Hegel as part of the same dialectical theorisation of the sources of Marxism.

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Anticipation as Critique: Objective Phantasy from Ernst Bloch to Günther Anders

Author(s): Felipe Catalani / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2020

This paper aims to interpret the role of “objective phantasy” in the utopian tradition of critical theory, with an emphasis on Bloch, but also the evolution of its usage with authors such as Marcuse and Adorno. The main function of phantasy taken into consideration is its capacity to go beyond present facts (what is made possible by an anti-positivist concept of truth in critical theory) and to anticipate. This anticipatory element of phantasy is dependent, as we try to demonstrate, on a reflection of affects around expectation. Ultimately, we oppose two models of anticipatory imagination (while showing their inner relation): a utopian one (primarily conceptualized by Bloch) and its counterpoint, catastrophist anticipation, which assumes its most radical form in Günther Anders’ reflections on the atomic age, and whose actuality and urgency we seek to emphasize.

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“Etwas Fehlt”: Marxian Utopias in Bloch and Adorno

Author(s): Sebastian Truskolaski / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2020

During a radio debate in 1964, Bloch and Adorno clashed over the status of Utopia in Marx’s thinking. In particular, the disagreement concerned the possibilities (or, rather, limitations) of picturing – with Marx and beyond Marx – a condition in which all societal antagonisms have been reconciled. It is telling, then, that their conversation quickly came to turn on a surprising term: the Old Testament interdiction against making images of God. Given both authors’ commitment to an ostensibly secular critique of capitalist modernity, the prominence of this figure, which is emblematic of the decades-long exchange between these authors, invites further questions. What, for instance, are the epistemic and aesthetic conditions under which Bloch and Adorno propose to present their Marxian Utopias? By considering these questions in light of issues arising from their debate, and applying it to their writings more generally, my paper aims to contribute to the on-going exploration of “Utopia” in German Critical Theory.

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ДВА ВЕКА ЖЕНСКОГО ДВИЖЕНИЯ В РОССИИ И ЕГО СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ

Author(s): Irina Mihailovna Pushkareva,Natalia Viktorovna Pushkareva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

Over two centuries of the Russian women‘s movement history are presented as the history of complex acceptance of Western Europe‘s social and intellectual achievements, their integration and reinterpretation, as well as adaptation to the needs of the female population of the vast country. The authors insist on the importance of the "women‘s issue" solving policy during the years of Soviet power, warn against underestimating the achievements and give a brief description of the history of the women‘s movement in the country after the collapse of the USSR and the socialist system. The reasons for the weak influence of the modern women‘s movement on state policy are found precisely in the cultural and historical tradition and the lack of practices of representing different social groups, strata and interests in the structures of government.

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Ленин и интеллигенция

Author(s): Vladimir Valentinovich Fortunatov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

The article in a concise, concentrated form presents the evolution of views of the outstanding Russian marxist revolutionary and founder of the Communist Party Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870—1924) in relation to the intelligentsia for almost thirty years of his social and political activity. Lenin’s understanding of the social nature of the social strata, consisting of persons with higher and secondary special education, engaged in professional intellectual work, served as the basis of the policy of the Bolshevik party, the Soviet government in relation to the old (bourgeois and petty bourgeois) intelligentsia not only in the first post-October years during the life of V. I. Lenin, but also in the following decades, is the main point in the debate about the fate of the country’s intellectuals. The purpose of the article is to characterize the contradictions, factors, features that influenced the formation, adjustment of the pragmatic, differentiated, rigid class approach of the founder and leader of the Soviet state V. I. Lenin to bourgeois specialists, to the old, most qualified part of the intelligentsia. The application of problem-chronological, systemic, comparative-comparative methods of studying the vast theoretical heritage of the Bolshevik leader, policy documents of the governing state and party bodies, statistics, biographies, memories of many prominent representatives of different intellectual groups allows to dispel the plume of pre-suction, conjunctural speculations and to make reasonable conclusions that have a basic, fundamental value. The article argues that Lenin played a decisive role in the fact that the absolute majority in the main social-professional groups of the old intelligentsia (teachers, doctors, engineers, scientists, literary and art figures) remained at home, adopted new conditions of life and activities and joined the process of creating a new society together with millions of workers and peasants.

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Восприятие свободы в китайской языковой картине мира: традиция и современность

Author(s): Ksenia Mikhailovna Naumova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4-5/2021

This article examines the changes in the linguistic and cultural concepts of freedom (自由zìyóu) in the Chinese linguistic worldview, which have occurred as a result of extralinguistic and socio-cultural transformations brought by globalization processes between the 20th and 21st centuries. The starting point of the research is the traditional ideas about freedom, rooted in Confucianism and the Taoist worldview, according to which disobedience and self-will of the individual can lead society and the country to chaos, so freedom should be limited by norms and prohibitions. By studying empirical data with the help of definitional, quantitative, interpretative, and contextual analysis, a total of more than 1000 phrases with the lexical unit of interest were gathered. Thus, the idea of freedom in modern Chinese society was described in great detail. The results obtained were accompanied with the data of the quantitative analysis of the most frequent collocations based on the materials of the Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese in Peking University. The article provides many examples that prove that the lexeme 自由 zìyóu occurs in phrases that describe numerous and diverse spheres of human activity. The conclusion was made that it has expanded its combinability capabilities as a result of the semantic shift that took place with the penetration of liberal ideas into China from the West. The research is of great importance and benefit for Chinese philologists, as well as for anyone interested in studying globalization processes and their impact on the traditional cultures of the East.

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Эволюция структур несобственно-прямой речи в английской, американской и русской литературе

Author(s): Anastasia Dmitrievna Alimova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

Changes that free indirect speech underwent in English, American, and Russian literature during the 20th century were investigated. Both general and more specific (qualitative and quantitative) trends in the free indirect speech development were discussed. Free indirect speech was considered from a diachronic point of view, i.e., the study aims to identify a correlation between the patterns that could be relevant for literary translation from English into Russian and vice versa. Based on the results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis of free indirect speech contexts, it was demonstrated that free indirect speech has evolved. A notable increase in the degree of textual interference and in the variety of models employed was observed. Interestingly, the frequency of occurrence of free indirect speech structures in literary texts varies from decade to decade. Although there are some common trends in free indirect speech usage following the global tendencies in literature, its evolution depends on particular national literary traditions as well. The data obtained show that the most intense usage of free indirect speech segments is typical for the English literature. From the translation perspective, it is important that the general frequency and functional models of indirect speech usage can slightly differ even in texts of the same period or among the writers.

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