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POISTORĖ VIETOJ POSTMODERNYBĖS: J. BAUDRILLARD’AS

Author(s): Jovilė Kotryna Barevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2007

This article represents a reflection on J. Baudrillard’s conception of posthistory – essentially different from nowadays so widespread conception of the end of history as a diagnosis of postmodernity. What is a difference between a posthistory and a postmodernity? The authoress asserts that an interpretation of history given by J. Baudrillard defines contemporary social and ontological existence in a much more precise way than theories of the end of modernity or postmodernity. Why is this so? It is so because of the fundamental category which organizes an interpretation of history by this thinker – the nihilism. The authoress of this article defines J. Baudrillard’s historical nihilism as a “transparent” one basing herself on the fact that the thinker applies a diagnosis of posthistory to media which has destroyed a reality rather than to reality itself. It is on the ground of above-mentioned category of “transparent” nihilism that problems of J. Baudrillard’s posthistory are being analysed. On the first part of the article an authoress reflects a role of media in contemporary world under an ontological point of view stressing a decay of binary opositions – a decay so pernicious for reality. In the second part conceptions of postmodernity and posthistory are compared stressing the fact that postmodernity treats contemporary epocha s a continuation of history whereas posthistory treats it as a situation outside the history. It is shown in the end that although a diagnosis of postmodernity regarding a contemporary epoch is particularly widespread it is not precise nevertheless. This is why it is proposed to substitute it for conception of posthistory arguing that times are fundamentally different from the rest of historical periods.

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IANO HACKINGO ISTORINĖS ONTOLOGIJOS IR MICHELIO FOUCAULT GENEALOGIJOS SĄSAJOS

Author(s): Marius Markuckas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 89/2016

In the article, the social research method of historical ontology developed by Ian Hacking is presented alongside with the overview of the key conceptual sources of this method. My main focus is on the discussion of the relation between Hacking’s historical ontology and Foucault’s genealogy. It is shown that despite the fact of Foucault’s significant theoretical influence upon Hacking’s thinking, there are differences between the approaches to history that base the historical ontology and genealogy as the construction field of social reality and its modus of being. It is concluded that in the historical ontology the acknowledgement of “language games”, but not as a constitutive mechanism of social reality as in the case of genealogy “power games”, enabled Hacking to radicalize the antiessentialist concept of this sort of reality as “non-existent entity”, or quasi-reality, i.e. “marked out” as purely linguistic entity. It is also stated that, on the one hand, for Hacking the fundamental “languagability” of social reality has opened up the possibility to identify and explicate constructivist and nihilistic nature of (post)modern ethics, but, on the other hand, it contained “neutralization” and ethical “aestheticization” tendency of the modern social engineering, as an external coercion applied in respect of individuals.

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FAMILY RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN CONTEMPORARY POST-SUBJECTIVIST PHILOSOPHY AND ANIMISTIC RELIGIONS

Author(s): Argo Moor,Leo Luks / Language(s): English Issue: 89/2016

Criticism of the Cartesian subject and attempts at establishing a post-subjectivist philosophy are prevalent in contemporary continental philosophy. People living in modern Western cultures are frequently characterized as residing in a permanent state of identity crisis. The question “who comes after the subject?” is topical both in philosophy and in the daily life of Western people. In this interdisciplinary study, we argue that that there are considerable family resemblances between the aims of post-subjectivist philosophy and animistic religions. We will first provide the requisite background for understanding the animistic treatment of subjectivity by describing three principles: the Principle of Unity, the Principle of Balance, and Complementary Polar Thinking. These principles further develop our treatment of the concept of network thinking, as outlined in our previous joint paper, “Networks and Hierarchies: Two Ways of Thinking”. We will then compare the animistic treatment of subjectivity with current critiques of the subject. Although we will not express a normative request for the resurrection of animism, we nonetheless cannot exclude the possibility that the study of animistic principles may provide local solutions to the postmodern crisis of the subject.

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Razgovor s Jean- Luc Nancyjem

Author(s): Obrad Savić,Jean-Luc Nancy / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2017

Interview with Jean-Luc Nancy

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The philosophical discourse on animals, and the philosophical animals themselves

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The philosophical discourse on animals, and the philosophical animals themselves

Author(s): Silver Rattasepp / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2016

Today, animal studies and related fields, such as posthumanism, multispecies ethnography and the like, are blooming. It is often said that we are now undergoing an “animal turn” or perhaps even a “species turn”, as suggested by Kirksey and Helmreich (2010). This latter “turn” was coined in order to accommodate newer and more encompassing works that are not limited to animals only (e.g. Kohn 2013; Cohen 2012; Marder 2013). Analyses of animals proliferate in any number of fields in the humanities and social sciences, and in interdisciplinary works and journals. However, philosophy has, in general and in broad strokes but admittedly with a few notable exceptions, not followed this new trend. In fact, as argued below, philosophy has seldom had much of interest to say about living beings other than humans, and even there it steadfastly avoids anything that would smack of the biological, of the animal. Ever since Socrates declared that it is the men who dwell in the city who are his teachers and not the trees in the countryside, animals have been thought of, at best, as poor in world. What follows is not, however, a survey of philosophical tracts and their commentary on animals. Such work is well underway elsewhere (e.g. Oliver 2009; Lippitt 2000; Calarco 2008; Lurz 2009; etc.). Instead, the chapter is divided into two parts: the first lays down the basic structure by which animals are expelled from philosophy, and the second part tells certain admittedly fanciful stories about what an “animal gaze” at human theorisers would look like.

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Semiotics of threats: Discourse on the vulnerability of the Estonian identity card

Author(s): Aimar Ventsel,Mari-Liis Madisson / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2019

This article analyses various e-threats that were expressed in media texts that focused on e-threat discourses concerning the Estonian identity card’s security risk in 2017. The discourse of cyberthreats contains strong and controversial meanings because the peculiarities of cyberspace remain intangible for average readers who do not possess expert knowledge regarding ICT. The wider aim of the paper is to suggest how the topic of e-threats could be given public coverage without fuelling irrational anxiety and unwarranted threat scenarios. Our theoretical basis combines the frameworks of the Copenhagen School of security studies and ideas of cultural semiotics. We explain the semiotic logic of phobophobia (i.e. the abstract concern with the devastating impacts of the collective feeling of fear) and the discourse of fear that is characterized by a significant reliance on analogies, drawing vague demarcation line between reference objects and the dominance of negative emotional tonality. Our study demonstrates that the main actors of threat and the consequences of the identity card’s security problems were associated with unknown hackers and the damaging of the reputation of Estonia as an e-state.

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Discourses and Semantic Tropes of the Philosophical Explication of Video Games

Author(s): Dmitry Anatolyevich Belyaev,Ulyana Pavlovna Belyaeva / Language(s): English Issue: 96/2019

The article explores one of the most remarkable and dynamic phenomena of modern technoculture – video games. It reconstructs the genesis of the philosophical discourse on video games, exposing the main difficulties arising in making the definitions. Special importance is attached to the critical comparative analysis of the major strategies for the philosophical explication of video games. With the aid of the method of comparative-historical reconstruction and a structuralist approach, the essential correlations between the essential definition of a video game and the ontological systems of Plato, the Gnostics, G. Berkeley, E. Kant, as well as post-modern philosophy was established. The research results in formulating a model-integrative definition of a video game.

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Pokus o teoretickou reflexi prostoru v literárním díle s ohledem k vybraným filozofickým a literárněteoretickým koncepcím (I. Kant, M. Heidegger, strukturální stanovisko)

Author(s): Richard Změlík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2011

The article focuses on three different conceptions of space: Kant’s philosophical system presented in his Critique of Pure Reason, Heidegger’s conception of poetic space from his essay Poetically Man Dwells, and the general structural conception of space understood in its basic theoretical conditions. The aim of the paper is to show the change of the theoretical paradigm which refuses the idea of holistic and universalistic space, and, at the same time, to challenge Kant’s theory of space from the structural point of view. In this case we can talk about a turn, which emphasizes reference qualities instead of a priori qualities. The structural conception of space is further demonstrated on selected studies and texts.

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“Trace” in Narration

Author(s): Aleksandra V. Jovanović / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2012

The Derridean concept of “trace” or supplement is set at the core of his studies of the unconscious meaning of a text. Further, the textual unconscious is crucial to the deferral of meaning along the axis of difference / différance. In view of Derrida’s ideas, Kazuo Ishigoro’s novels, The Pale View of Hills and When We Were Orphans are analyzed as a narrative attempt to deconstruct the construction of reality that is grounded in conventional discourse. The article is based on the assumption that in Ishiguro’s novels the narrative process offers an insight into how the mind deals with experience. In this vein, the complex narration in Ishiguro’s novels is viewed as a parallel to the processes in the human mind. The analysis of Ishiguro’s narration is based on Beckett’s and Proust’s ideas about the issue of memory. Proust sees the dynamics of memory as a game of voluntary and involuntary memory, in which the former is a product of the conscious and the latter of the unconscious memory. On the other hand, Proust’s meditations on the nature of memory may be linked with Freud’s studies of repressed emotions and Samuel Beckett’s conception of the process of forgetting as essential to recollection.

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Što još može fenomenologija?

Author(s): Predrag Finci / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/163/2021

Our time has seen the end of the “big narrative”, the era in which there are no reliable criteria, making it difficult to establish what can and cannot be considered art. Phenomenology has conveyed very clear views on this matter. Its most prominent representatives draw attention even nowadays. Can philosophies that use the phenomenological method offer answers on the nature of the arts, what art is, and its essence? The author claims that this is still possible, but with the realisation regarding different aesthetic experiences and the new historical and social situation.

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Etnocentryzm: Czy Tylko Jeden? Krytyczna Analiza Teorii „Renesansów” Jacka Goody’ego

Author(s): Konrad Bielecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

The text is a critical analysis of Jack Goody’s theory of renaissances, which takes a closer look at how the author understood the renaissance and related phenomena. The deconstruction of the author’s statements, set in a broader critique of structuralist global history, reveals the shortcomings of this approach and its ineffectiveness in more detailed case studies.

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Nihilizam i povijest. Što je preostalo od postmoderne?

Author(s): Žarko Paić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/163/2021

The paper establishes a correlation between nihilism and history from the premise of the end of metaphysics in the age of the technosphere. In presenting the genealogy of the postmodern turn in contemporary philosophical thinking, the author critically deals with Vattimo’s thesis that Heidegger’s notion of overcoming metaphysics (Verwindung) is the key to understanding postmodernity. Despite its close proximity to Nietzsche and Heidegger, it is undeniable that the main notion must be derived from late Wittgenstein’s thinking, as Lyotard did in his analysis of the “postmodern condition”. It is a notion of “language games” that introduces into consideration the relationship between the pragmatics of knowledge, the performativity of language and the event horizon. In this way, it will be shown that postmodernity cannot be any “new” epoch but rather a re-actualization of the condition determined by the rule of technoscience, cybernetics and plural patterns of culture in post-industrial society. Based on his previous analyses of this problem, collected in the books The Postmodern Game of the World, Identity Politics, The Posthuman Condition, and Technosphere I–V, the author believes that only extensive analysis and interpretation of Lyotard’s premises allows one to reach the right philosophical path to the answer to the question of the essence of nihilism in the face of Being, and the technosphere as computation, planning, and construction of the inhuman. In contemporary times, what is left of postmodernity is neither “telling stories” about the stylistic tendencies of the modern and neomodern, the avant-garde and the neo-avant-garde, nor, more so, the conflict of the universality and particularity of society and culture. All that remains is the feature of the unwavering “fate” of this nihilism of the technosphere: from the postmodern condition to the posthuman condition, thought is confronted with the challenge of an event that goes beyond anything seen in the history of Western metaphysics. When the image precedes the language and the writing to speaking, we find ourselves in a closed circle of turns and reversals of metaphysics. It is time to step out of this “vicious circle” in which the living becomes non-living, the Being becomes the information, the system of objects replaces society, and the human-too-human with inhuman as such.

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The Materiality of Poiesis

Author(s): Joanna Orska / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2019

This article attempts to explain the reason behind a secondary division within the Spinozian immanence principle - a principle that occurs, or is construed, within what could be seen (after Deleuze) as the level of practice, and that remains crucial to the so-called posthumanist turn. Posthumanism seems to ascribe an important role to claims and theses that are oriented towards the abolishment of all dichotomies that rupture the existing substance (dichotomies such as form- -matter, but also internal-external, subject-object, soul-body, reflection-truth/experience). Interestingly, embracing such a performative perspective - one in which philosophy or theory is something that is „performed” - is only possible when the division between the „immanence of practice” and the „poststructuralist” ideas of literariness or textuality is maintained and emphasised. The reason for this is that the latter has been strongly associated with the centrality of the human being, their language and their intellectual creations (see e.g. Braidotti, Barad). But, as I would like to point out, referring to Deleuze and Guattari themselves, this allegedly poststructuralist framework has been successfully transcended by poststructuralists themselves. Nonetheless, this did not lead them to exclude the art of language - including literature which, seen here as a type of social practice, was among the chief interests of these French philosophers.

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Philosophical Origins of Methodological Nomothetism of F. de Saussure’s Concept

Author(s): Alla Luchyk,Oksana Prosianyk,Ivan Stepanchenko / Language(s): English Issue: 40 (45)/2021

The article raises the problem of philosophical principles and origins of Ferdinand de Saussure’s views. The editors of “Course in General Linguistics”, C. Bally and A. Sechehaye, contributed to the emergence of stereotypes about Saussure as the founder of structuralism, who for the first time conceptually distinguished language and speech based on dichotomy, established the systemic nature of language as an abstract entity, developed a bilateral psychological theory of sign and divided linguistics into the synchronous and the diachronic. This prevented the synthesis of Saussure’s concept as a holistic and internally consistent anthropocentric system of views. The conceptual analysis of the fundamental theses of Saussure’s concept, given in Saussure’s autographed materials, which appeared in 2002, showed that its most important feature is that it was an anthropocentric nomothetic proposition aimed at creating the foundations for the study of human language activity as such, language as such and speech as such. The Kantian idea of anthropocentric transcendentalism can be considered the principal philosophical source of Saussure’s nomothetic project.

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Постмодернистский авангардизм в языкознании ХХI века

Author(s): Aleksander Kiklewicz / Language(s): Russian Issue: 167/2019

The author considers the impact of postmodernism on the contemporary humanities, especially on the theoretical linguistics. The main thesis of the paper can be formulated as follows: postmodernism contributes to the fact that in linguistics increasingly there are such tendencies, like mudding the subject of research, dispense with the ‘directives of language’, i.e. the disuse of conventional scientific language, violations of the requirement of statements verifiability, breaking the rules of communication. The author examines the elements of postmodern science on example of several directions of modern linguistics: cultural linguistics (linguoculturology), ethnolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, cognitive linguistics, and discourse linguistics.

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Post-feminism and Specialized media: A Content Analysis of Cosmopolitan Headlines

Author(s): Oana Crusmac / Language(s): English Issue: 1 (15)/2013

The perspectives on contemporary forms of feminism are often diffuse and lead to various controversies. In the present paper I will approach the differences between the third wave of feminism and post-feminism (and their relation with other ‘post’ concepts like postmodernism and post-structuralism), also taking into account the first and second wave. The main focus of the article is to identify the trends that post-feminist media promotes as the new values of today’s women. In doing so I chose to analyze the contingency of the terms found on the covers of Cosmopolitan magazine, the best-selling women's magazine in the world. The selected units were the issues dating from January 2008 until March 2013 and I have deepened the analysis of two main elements promoted by post-feminism (also found in a significant amount in the magazine according to the data obtained): the beauty and fashion complex and the independent woman. Both come from the postmodern tendency regarding individualization as a primary objective for the individual. This construction of the self is made through economic freedom and this also correlates with the choice to shape one’s self through looks and body. On the basis of the two elements mentioned above, the study will try to see in what amount the two hypotheses confirm: 1. the magazine over-promotes beauty and 2. Cosmpolitan magazine also promotes the independent woman (the career woman) and thereby puts on a second place the traditional roles of women (of mothers and wives). Also, two other elements tend to intersect with beauty and independence: pop culture and sex life.

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Nasljedni jezik i identitet

Author(s): Martina Podboj / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2016

For the past two decades, identity has been recognised as one of the key constructs in applied linguistics, and has taken a central role in different second language learning contexts (Block 2007). Following the poststructuralist paradigm, in contrast to essentialist and structuralist perspectives, identity is seen as a dynamic process, constructed discursively in language use (De Fina et al. 2006). Since identity and language are inseparable (Tabouret-Keller 2000), studying speakers’ identity in second language learning is of great significance, especially in the case of heritage language. Not only does knowing another language change the speakers’ view of the world (Burck 2008), in case of heritage language it also has a specific influence on constructing individual and group identity/ies. In this paper I will discuss the relationship between language competence and identity construction of heritage learners and speakers of Croatian. Heritage language learners differ greatly from other language learners in terms of their language needs and motivation (Cvikić et al. 2010). Hence studying the fragmented, complex, and dynamic quality of identity is crucial for understanding the process of language learning and identity construction of heritage language learners, as well as understanding the fluidity of personal and group identity/ies, positioning, and belonging.

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“DEĞERSİZLEŞME” VE “SERMAYENİN ORGANİK BİLEŞİMİ” KAVRAMLARI ÜZERİNDEN ERKEN DÖNEM POULANTZAS’IN SINIF ANALİZİNİN ELEŞTİRİSİ

Author(s): Turgay KAHVECİ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2022

It can be said that the emergence of class theories has a parallel history with the development of the Industrial Revolution and the establishment of capitalist production relations. However, this development adventure does not deny the existence of classes before capitalism from a factual point of view, does not fix them on the established order of capitalism. The essence of Marxist class theory is the idea that the dynamics of the historical process are class struggles. In this study, first of all, the class definitions of the Marxist tradition from early Marxism to Neo-Marxism and the social historiography of labor are discussed in a general framework. Traditional Marxism and the trends in the literature that followed it were examined. Then, with the book “Political Power and Social Classes”, a special title was opened for the early period Poulantzas, and his approach to the state, social formation and classes was conveyed. In the class analysis Poulantzas put forward in his early texts, the inclusivity of the notions of productive labor/unproductive labor was discussed, and the classifications of the working class, traditional and new petty bourgeoisie were examined. The main argument of this research is the claim that Poulantzas's class analysis during his early period, excluding his late period from structuralist-functionalism to relational state theory, could not respond to economic notions such as devaluation and the organic composition of capital.

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Rolul vitalismului în depăşirea liricii simboliste

Author(s): Corneliu Barborică / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2014

Autor stručne poukazuje na charakteristiky 20.storočia z hľadiska literárnych smerov a literárnych výbojov, ktoré zachvátili celú Európu. Posledným literárnym hnutím širšieho rozsahu bol symbolizmus, pričom v ďalšom literárnom vývine pri prekonávaní tohto smeru a jeho poetiky sa uplatnil vitalizmus, v každom kontexte inak, ale možno zaznamenať aj spoločné črty. Oproti metafyzickému smútku, asketizmu a introvertnosti symbolistickej poézie, zrodila sa poézia extrovertná, plná eufórie, bezpochyby poznačená bergsonovskou optimistickou filozofiou. Posuny básnickej senzibility v 20.storočí autor naznačuje na príkladoch z diela spisovateľov, ako Jiří Wolker, Stanislav Kostka Neumann, Fráňa Šrámek, Gumiliov, Vladimir Maiakovski, Mendelştam, Aron Cotruş, József Attila, Rázus, Ján Smrek, Lisaveta Bagriana, Julian Tuwim.

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Modern Postmodernity and Discursive Power: Part I

Author(s): Algis Mickunas / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The essay is designed to investigate the foundations of the conjunction of modern/postmodern premises that the world is a construct of discourses and their power. Such premises require the exclusion of the world of perception, including the lived world, and the appearance of the modern subject and its specific interpretation of reality. The question is as follows: how must the modern subject access such reality when it is assumed that such reality is not accessible to direct, perceptual intuition? Here we encounter the way how the subject must construct methodological and theoretical discourses which do not represent, but ‘make’ modern reality.

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