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Razumjeti razgovor strojeva: Heideggerova ontologija prisuća nasuprot Lacanovu antihumanizmu

Author(s): Katarina Peović Vuković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2015

This paper addresses the question of machine intelligence, a cybernetic problem closely related to the questions of subjectivity, human intelligence and the constitution of human communication. The example of chatterbots and their (movie) representations will be used in order to reexamine their similarities and differences, as well as their relation to subjectivity in the broadest sense. Reversing the thesis on the instrumentalisation of the subject by means of a cybernetic framework, which is, as Martin Heidegger claimed, established as a paradigmatic framework of contemporary sciences, the paper will point to the closest relation between the subject and the mechanical or digital quasi-intelligent machine. Jacques Lacan's applied psychoanalysis provides a theoretical framework for this paper since it is in a position to point out the inadequacies of understanding communication as a means of conveying information. Such critique will prove to be fruitful not only for describing communication and the difference between the machinal and the human, but also for indicating the problems of identity politics. Lacan's anti-humanism and ethics of separation appear as tools of contemporary critique of political economy.

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Ars moriendi kao ars vivendi u svjetlu kršć anske vjere

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Ars moriendi kao ars vivendi u svjetlu kršć anske vjere

Author(s): Tomislav Smiljanić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 43/2015

U današnjem postmodernom i postmetafi zičkom vremenu govor o umiranju i smrti, a s njime nužno povezan govor onda i o trpljenju i patnji, ne samo da je nepoželjan i neprimjeren, nego ga se nastoji pod svaku cijenu izbrisati i iz čovjekove misli i govora, iako je smrt sastavni, svakodnevni dio naše svakodnevnice, i ona se događa na svakom koraku, do te mjere da mediji zabilježe i prenesu svaku nesreću bilo kojeg oblika u kojoj se dogodila smrt. Čovjek znanstveno-tehničke civilizacije ježi se od pomisli na smrt i svaki govor o njoj nastoji eliminirati iz svog svakodnevnog življenja. Dok je srednjovjekovni čovjek, pa i onaj renesanse i humanizma usmjeravao svoj život prema načelu ars vivendi kao ars moriendi, i onda u trenutku smrti doživio ars moriendi kao ars vivendi, čovjek 19. i 20. st. više ne prakticira ovu dijalektičku napetost između umijeća življenja i umiranja. Znatan doprinos promijeni ove svijesti i mentaliteta donijela su otkrića i spoznaje prirodnih i tehničkih znanosti, koje su napredovale nezaustavljivim tijekom od 19. st. pa sve do danas. One su obećavale čovječanstvu spasenje i oslobođenje od svih prirodnih ograničenja, materijalni napredak i odgovore na sva pitanja koja su mučila čovječanstvo od postanka. Svojim lažnim sekularnim soteriologijama i eshatologijama osiromašile su čovjekov tubitak i izbacili ga na još veću moralno-etičku pustoš čijoj se krizi ne nazire kraj. U takvoj ispražnjenoj duhovnoj situaciji na poimanje smrti i završetka ljudskog života gleda se na nešto zastrašujuće i utonuće u apsolutno ništavilo. Zato je bolje za današnjeg čovjeka o fenomenu smrti i ne razmišljati prema staroj antičkoj rečenici fi lozofa Epikura: “Smrt, to najstrašnije zlo, nema nikakvog posla s nama; jer dok mi postojimo, smrti nema, a kad ona stigne, onda nas više nema. Tako, dakle, smrt ništa ne znači ni za žive ni za mrtve, jer se živih ne tiče, a mrtvi više ne postoje”.

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Filozofija i tehnika

Author(s): Heda Festini / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/2003

From the beginnings of philosophy, the problem of a method has a double meaning/level- it was every sort of research, and, at the same time, special research. In philosophy, second meaning was prevalent - every research was a proposition for a method, but in science such a method could be, at the same, a new theory. Consequently, the method is a general instruction for some technique. Techne, ars, technology ... are the principles of using the knowledge, i.e. general instructions for directing human activities, and could be divided on rational and magic, i.e. religious technique, the former more distinctively into symbolic, technique of behaviour and technology of production (Abbagnano). The solutions for the critique of science as a stetement of anti-technology are offered as follows: l) the call for a renewal of spiritual life and retum to precedent stages of development; 2) Husserl's call for intelligent behaviour; 3) Heidegger's quietistic reconcilation and waiting for something; 4) Abbagnano's searching for new corrective techniques. The author is pleading for the last solution, by intensifying it with a help of aporetic question: atomic bomb in World War II - yes or no? The answer is included in a fact that scientific research should not, and could not be stopped by any kind of principles. Bioethics too, could function as a corrective technique (Čatić), but it, as well as philosophy, should be directed towards politics and management, and not against science and technology.

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Antiteologija novoga događaja

Author(s): Žarko Paić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 10+12/2015

Jezici u kojima je riječ »novo« sinonimom bezuvjetnoga raskida s tradicijom u metafizičkim su temeljima dovoljno »stari« da bi imali mogućnosti istinskoga kazivanja tog imperativa vremena. Kao da umjesto njih o našem vremenu bolje govori ono neljudsko iz sklopa kibernetičke tehnologije. Programski jezici računalstva zasnovani na binarnome kôdu postali su nadmoćni simboličkoj snazi »prirodnih« jezika. Štoviše, čini se da su u svojoj zastarjelosti osuđeni na ono isto što je suvremeni francuski filozof Alain Badiou namijenio filozofiji. Da je, naime, njezina sudbina postati izložbenim »predmetom« u muzeju ukoliko ne uspije otvoriti mogućnosti nadilaženja ove epohe. A ta epoha od 19. Stoljeća za svoje presudne pojmove ima znanost, politiku i umjetnost.

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«ГЕРАКЛИТ» ХАЙДЕГГЕРА, ALETHEIA И ПАРАДОКС ЛЖЕЦА

Author(s): Vsevolod Ladov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

In this article I analyze Heidegger’s interpretation of the Greek word «aletheia» (truth) from a logical point of view. Heidegger asserts that Greek philosophers considered «aletheia» to be «Die Unverborgenheit» (un-concealed). How the Liar Paradox will look like if we use Heidegger’s «Die Unverborgenheit» instead of «truth» in the logical reasoning? I assert that if Heidegger’s concept of truth is utilized a clear logical formulation of the Liar Paradox will be impossible. This fact casts doubt on Heidegger’s interpretation of the Greek idea of «aletheia», because the Liar Paradox is one of the oldest paradoxes formulated in Greek philosophy.

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ПОСТПОСТМОДЕРНИСТСКАЯ САМОРЕФЛЕКСИЯ В РОМАНЕ ПОЛА ОСТЕРА «СТЕКЛЯННЫЙ ГОРОД»

Author(s): Vera Borisovna Shamina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

This paper addresses one of the most famous and disputable novels of the leading contemporary American author Paul Auster. Our aim is to reveal various forms of the author’s presence in the novel and to describe the aesthetic results of these multiple embodiments. We demonstrates how, using all major strategies of postmodernism, the author actually parodies it creating a metatext, which enables us to speak of a new stage of the development of postmodern fiction.

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Białe kłamstwo w praktyce medycznej z perspektywy wybranych teorii etycznych

Author(s): Krzysztof Sobczak,Agata Janaszczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2015

Does a medical practitioner have a moral obligation to mislead a patient about hiscondition, if he has subjective certainty, that revealing the truth to the patient mayharm him even more? Or, perhaps the practioner is always bound to fully inform thepatient about true state of his health? Idea that pertains to those questions is, in itsnature, achronic. It has accompanied medicine since its birth and has also becomean issue pondered by philosophers. Over the course of centuries, various ethicalfundaments have been created by social and historical contexts. Their purpose wasto evaluate the so called ‘white lie’. The intention of this article is to classify and describemain ethical concepts, within which a solution to this issue has been sought for.

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Teologia jako nauka formalna

Author(s): Łukasz Remisiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2015

Among philosophers of science there are a lot of views about nature of theology in relate to others disciplines. In the article author defends an account according to which theology is a formal science. Firstly he introduces two necessary features of science: semantic exclusivity and practical egalitarianism. Next he examines theological definitions of theology and using Bocheński’s meaning partition he indicates that matter of theology has operative meaning, but not eidetic. In the face of this difficulty, author shows examples of theological researches and exposes its schemes. Furthermore, he presents a final conclusion that theological researches are nothing more than establishing mutual relations between a finite number of terms, in other words the creation of some new conceptual schemes that would be syntactically coherent and logically consistent with other, previously approved, conceptual schemes. Finally he indicates how theology bases on four kinds of rules of sentences’ transformation: rule of syntactic, sources, conclusion-formulating and assigning the truthfulness.

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JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU’NUN İNSAN ANLAYIŞIYLA AYDINLANMA FELSEFESİNİN İNSAN ANLAYIŞININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Author(s): Mehmet Emin Kiliç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 15/2012

Sophists and rationalists that constitute the foundation of enlightenment philosophy, who were named as first age proponents of the enlightenment, must be mentioned before we talk about 18. Century’s “Enlightenment Age” thinkers. Sophists, who are B.C. V. and IV. Century thinkers, placed the human at the center of their philosophic thoughts therefore nature philosophy was brought to second place of importance in Greek philosophy and human philosophy obtained the first place. Sophists, the thinkers of Greek enlightenment, followed the way of filtering everything with their minds against the traditional Greek thinking based on beliefs. Protagoras who said “Man is the measure of all things”, Gorgias who said “Nothing exists; even if something exists, nothing can be known about it; and even if something can be known, knowledge about it can't be communicated and explained to others”, Antiphon who said “Naturally we are all created same in everything” and Thrasymakhos who said “Justice is the advantage of the stronger” and Kallikles who had ideas that remind “Übermensch” doctrine of A.D. 19. Century thinker Nietzsche are the most significant representatives.

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„Bardzo nieliczni czują, że ich życie nie jest życiem, lecz śmiercią”. F. Dostojewski i L. Szestow wobec idei szczęścia i egzystencjalnej satysfakcji

Author(s): Michał Kruszelnicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

In my paper I set the existential interpretation of Dostoevsky’s Notes from the Underground proposed by Lev Shestov against the religious and psychological interpretations of this novel in order to excavate a vital problem in Dostoevsky, which is the inversion of hierarchy in pairs of oppositional categories such as normality-pathology, happiness-unhappiness, harmony- dissonance, omnitude-lack, certainty-uncertainty, joy-despair, faith-doubt. Following Shestov I argue that Dostoevsky embraces those categories that are traditionally mistrusted and negatively valorized and by so doing he rehabilitates the “underground”, accursed and unhappy existence at the expense of regular, “normal” life, easily founding spiritual certainty and every day satisfaction. Such an un-problematic life Dostoevsky’s man from the underground regards as a false, smug and eventually – “dead”. In further part of my study I focus on the religious aspect of Shestov’s later philosophy and try to prove that the perspective of faith gradually introduced to his reading of Dostoevsky in no way cancels Shestov’s early philosophy of the underground, despair and tragedy. On the contrary: if faith “obtained” is likely to become yet another mask of “evidence” and “certainty” and in this way might put stop to existential doubts and spiritual dissatisfaction, then neither Dostoevsky, nor Shestov himself, can easily trust it. In this situation despair and tragedy cannot but hold in Dostoevsky’s and Shestov’s thought and the circle of searching and suffering must remain vicious. I demonstrate the consistency in Shestov’s philosophical thought on Dostoevsky and its constant adequacy for understanding one of the crucial existential dilemmas in the works of the Russian writer.

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De Anima Arystotelesa oczami Franza Brentano. Budowa ludzkiej duszy na podstawie Die Psychologiedes Aristoteles, insbesondere seine Lehre vom nous poietikos oraz w kontekście pozostałych prac ze zbioru Aristotelica

Author(s): Sonia Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

This paper is a part of a project devoted to Brentano’s Aristotelian writings. I concentrate on his habilitation about Aristotle’s psychology, and especially on how he understood Aristotle’s division of mental life into three levels as well as the functions typical for these levels. I analyze two notions that Brentano introduces in his account: Zwischenglieder, meaning intermediary “levels” within the soul enabling smooth passages between the vegetative soul and sensory soul and between the latter and intellectual soul; and Gottverwandtschaft, i.e. human kinship with God, which is possible thanks to the noblest part of the soul. I also introduce two metaphors of the soul: cake-metaphor and fabric-metaphor.

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Logika miejsca i jej zastosowania w analizie niektórych rozumowań prawniczych

Author(s): Anna Kozanecka-Dymek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

The subject of the consideration contained in the article is topological logic interpreted as place logic and its possible applications in a logical analysis of legal reasoning. The first part of the article is about significance of widely understood spatial element in a law and about a role of formal logic in legal sciences (especially in dogmatic of law) and in legal discourse. There are also given conditions imposed on logical systems which can be applied to analyse legal reasoning. In the second part there is characterization of topological logic interpreted as place logic. In the third part there are examples of formalization of sentences of legal language and of legal inferences using symbols occurring in place logic. In the article there is shown that such kind of logic can be applied to logical analysis some reasoning conducted in legal language, specifically such reasoning in which there appear sentences including, in an explicit or a hidden way, phrase “in place”, that is, information about that, where certain events are realized.

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Bertranda Russella koncepcja monizmu neutralnego

Author(s): Jacek Jarocki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

The metaphysical view of Bertrand Russell, called neutral monism, is not widely known today, although its impact on the contemporary debate over mind-body problem is clearly visible. The aim of this paper is to answer the question: what was Russell’s neutral monism? Firstly, I present the views of Russell’s predecessors – Ernst Mach and William James. Then, I discuss Russell’s own thought which can be divided into three phases. The initial phase is the rejection of neutral monism (mainly because of Russell’s commitments to epistemology). The second phase – I call it the first neutral monism – appears in The Analysis of Mind, where he proposes a deflationary theory of the object and the subject. The last, third phase – called the second neutral monism, initiated in 1927 in The Analysis of Matter and An Outline of Philosophy – introduces the notions of intrinsic and extrinsic properties. Finally, I suggest that the agnostic metaphysics of Russell is too reductive for a dualist and too mysterious for a materialist. However, it might be also true that Russell’s view is more epistemological than metaphysical, and the frames of (misleading) Cartesian dictionary of mind/matter may be too narrow for neutral monism to be pertinently interpreted.

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Korzenie myśli libertariańskiej

Author(s): Hubert Staśkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

In this article I discuss the roots of libertarian thought. First I draw a little-known late-scholastic philosophy of the Renaissance period. Then, the theoretical basis for the libertarian direction created: Anglo-Saxon philosophers the Age of Enlightenment and French anti-statists nineteenth century. A fundamental contribution to the popularization this philosophy played in turn: Austrian economics, which created such outstanding figures as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises and Chicago school of economics under the direction of Milton Friedman.

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Człowiek w imperium czasu, sens w imperium znaków. Hermeneutyka a sens historii

Author(s): Katarzyna Szkaradnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2016

The linguistic turn has emphasized the linguistic aspect of history as a kind of a tale, unveiling its ideological foundations and rhetorical structure. This article’s aim is, however, to prove how seeing history as a collection of texts enables us to regain its subjective sense. The authoress considers the fears of historians’ manipulations as well as the validity of »the sense of history«’s question and shows that hermeneutics restores that validity in the epoch after metanarratives’ defeat. Referring to Ricoeur, Gadamer, Marquard, Vattimo and also a sociologist Jan Szczepański, this paper displays that we could be perceived as a product of history, but the interpretation of historical texts, sources and traditions, deepens our “being-in-the-world”. History appears to be the dialectics of being a product and creating, it relies on decision and obligation. Having understood, how the past mediated by texts – historical interpretations – influences our conduct, we could give it new senses.

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PHILOSOPHY, HISTORY, EXISTENCE – INTERSECTIONS IN THE ROMANIAN SPIRITUAL LIFE, FROM DIMITRIE CANTEMIR TO LUCIAN BLAGA

Author(s): Alexandru Ştefănescu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The present paper takes a threefold look inside Dimitrie Cantemir’s destiny as a pivotal Romanian thinker and political figure. Although much has been written about Cantemir’s political, philosophical and cultural activity, my approach here is set on superimposing aspects that pertain to different areas of investigation. Since I am more interested in Cantemir as a whole, I turn to an encomiastic speech delivered by Lucian Blaga, who depicts key aspects of Cantemir’s work and personality. Blaga’s conference is virtually unmentioned in the Romanian research on Cantemir. So, at least in part, my intention here is to reach back to Dimitrie Cantemir through Blaga’s observations and interpretive tools.

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Šta je slobodan čovjek? / Izgubljene slobode

Author(s): Gabriel Marcel / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 13/2025

O problemu kojim se ovdje bavim — šta je slobodan čovjek — ne može se valjano raspravljati isključivo na apstraktan način. O njemu se ne može raspravljati van konteksta istorijskih situacija, shvaćenih u njihovoj konkretnoj punoći: u samoj suštini ljudske sudbine je da se čovjek uvijek nalazi u nekoj situaciji, što previše apstraktni humanizam često zaboravlja. Dakle, ovdje se ne pitamo šta je slobodan čovjek sam po sebi, šta je suštinski pojam slobodnog čovjeka — jer to pitanje vjerovatno nema nikakvog smisla. Mi se pitamo kako se u istorijskoj situaciji kakva je naša, sa kojom se moramo suočiti ovdje i sada, može shvatiti čovjekova sloboda i kako joj možemo svjedočiti.

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Ascesis

Author(s): Nikos Kazantzakis / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2024

We come from a dark abyss, we end in a dark abyss, and we call the luminous interval life. As soon as we are born the return begins, at once the setting forth and the coming back; we die in every moment. Because of this many have cried out: The goal of life is death! But as soon as we are born we begin the struggle to create, to compose, to turn matter into life; we are born in every moment. Because of this many have cried out: The goal of ephemeral life is immortality! In the temporary living organism these two streams collide: (a) the ascent toward composition, toward life, toward immortality; (b) the descent toward decomposition, toward matter, toward death. Both streams well up from the depths of primordial essence. Life startles us at first; it seems somewhat beyond the law, somewhat contrary to nature, somewhat like a transitory counteraction to the dark eternal fountains; but deeper down we feel that Life is itself without beginning, an indestructible force of the Universe. Otherwise, from where did that superhuman strength come which hurls us from the unborn to the born and gives us - plants, animals, men - courage for the struggle? But both opposing forces are holy. It is our duty, therefore, to grasp that vision which can embrace and harmonize these two enormous, timeless, and indestructible forces, and with this vision to modulate our thinking and our action.

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Emmanuelio Levino minties aktualumas šiuolaikiniame filosofiniame diskurse

Author(s): Audronė Žukauskaitė,Danutė Bacevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2024

An interview with Danutė Bacevičiūtė by Audronė Žukauskaitė.

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Facing Mortality: Exploring Existentialist Motif of Death in the Selected Novels by McCarthy, Zhadan, and Müller

Author(s): Iryna Shevchenko / Language(s): English Issue: 46 (51)/2024

This study represents the first scholarly endeavour to investigate the existentialist motif of death within the works of renowned authors from the United States and Europe: Cormac McCarthy’s The Road (2006), Herta Müller’s Atemschaukel (2009), and Serhii Zhadan’s Internat (2017). Employing a multifaceted methodological approach, this research utilises close reading to identify representations of the death experience, an interpretative lens to uncover and categorise imagery, allusions, and symbols related to death, and a comparative analysis based on the point-by-point method to juxtapose the literary representations of death across the selected novels. Through this study, three distinct forms of death emerge: the cessation of life, the moral decay of humanity, and the demise of nature. This study delves into these forms, which are most prominently depicted in each novel, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the nature of death at the dawn of the 21st century. The selection of these novels is predicated on their shared thematic concerns, including survival in hostile environments and extreme experiences such as isolation, alienation, and ultimately, death.

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