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A BEAUTIFUL LIFE AS AN END OF EDUCATION

Author(s): Christoph Teschers / Language(s): English / Issue: 06/2017

Following the theme of a conference held in Christchurch, New Zealand in 2016, this article explores the notion of “enabling students to live a beautiful life” as a possible end of education. A distinction is made between short-term, contextual aims in education and overarching, encompassing end(s) of education. Following Dewey, educational aims are considered to be manifold and to change over time within a socio-cultural context, whereas a proper end of education, if such a thing exists, could be seen as “the best possible realization of humanity as humanity.” Drawing further on the work of R. S. Peters, who contests the existence of any final end of education other than education itself, it can be seen that proposing such an end can be a challenging undertaking. Nevertheless, this article argues for a possible humanistic end of education, building on Schmid’s philosophical concept of the art of living in conjunction with the German notion of Bildung and Aristotle’s concept of phronesis, consolidating Peter’s and Dewey’s positions. An argument is made that a, if not the end of education would be to support every person as much as reasonably possible to develop their own art of living and live a good and beautiful life. Resulting implications for schooling, curricula and education systems are explored to show how education understood in such way transcends theory into practice.

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A Dialectical Approach to Berleant’s Concept of Engagement

Author(s): Thomas Leddy / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Arnold Berleant shares much in common with John Dewey. His notion of aesthetic engagement, which is central to his philosophy of art, is, like Dewey’s concept of “an experience,” an attack on dualistic notions of aesthetic experience. To the extent that Berleant and I are both Deweyans, we agree that we need to turn from the art object to art experience. Art is what it does in experience. Yet appreciative experience of art cannot happen without, at some point, focusing on the art object as such, and this means bracketing context. Engagement is important, but so too are contemplation, disinterestedness and distance. Contemplation, for example, is a moment both in the creative process and in the process of appreciation. Moreover, following Brand and Gracyk, it will be argued in the present paper that only through toggling between contemplation and engagement can we obtain a full experience of art, nature, or of the everyday.

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A Logical-Pragmatic Theory of Objects

Author(s): Augustín Riška / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2006

There are two fundamental questions concerning the choice and presence of objects in various formal systems: (1) Where do these objects come from? (2) What do (can) we know about them? To answer these questions I introduce the notion of a proto-ontology as the pre-theoretic realm of (unspecified) entities from which the basic objects – individuals – of the formal system S are postulated. The pragmatic aspects of such choices are investigated with regard to first-order logic, both pure and applied, set theory and mereology. It is claimed that the postulated (chosen, constructed) objects enter the formal system S with a package of properties and relationships, the recognition of which depends on the interpretation and application of the available predicates of S. If these properties and relationships are not made explicit, a possible clash may arise between them and the properties and relationships “assigned” to the individuals of S by the interpreted predicates of S. As regards the relationship between logic and metaphysics, I contend that logic can perhaps be viewed as the articulation of the fundamental features of proto-ontological objects without which no discourse or theory would be possible. In this sense logic could also be viewed as a theory and method of the construction of a well-articulated metaphysical theory.

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A Pragmatist Dimension in Georg Henrik von Wright’s Philosophy

Author(s): Sami Pihlström / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2014

This paper reconsiders Georg Henrik von Wright’s theory of causation from the point of view of pragmatism. Given the conceptual link between causation and action, von Wright’s position might be reinterpreted along pragmatist lines, even though he never explicitly developed his views with reference to pragmatism. However, the dichotomy between the ontological and the conceptual presupposed by von Wright may also be criticized from a pragmatist perspective.

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ABOUT PRACTICAL PROBLEM SOLVING

Author(s): Arto Mutanen / Language(s): English / Issue: 89/2016

Knowledge is, by definition, reliable and, hence, it can be applied to a variety of different problems. Nevertheless, in practical problem solving, we do not rely on mere truthful knowledge, but also on information which frames the practical acceptability. We are not looking for truthful solution but an optimal solution. Optimal solution is found out by optimizing some given (practical) parameters. The optimization is both theory based and practice based process. That is, practical problem solving is a human deliberation that interconnects theoretical and practical knowledge. So, the philosophical foundation of practical problem solving interconnects theoretical and practical philosophy. Especially ethical deliberation plays – or should play – central role in practical problem solving. The complexity of the advanced scientific knowledge needed in solving present day practical problems separates the people who know, from the people who do (decide). The situation makes immediate that we need some deeper pedagogical conviction: we need ecological education.

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Against Lepore and Stone’s Sceptic Account of Metaphorical Meaning

Author(s): Esther Romero,Belén Soria / Language(s): English / Issue: 47/2016

In this paper, we discuss Lepore and Stone’s account of metaphor which is based on three of Davidson’s proposals: (i) the rejection of metaphorical meanings; (ii) the rejection of metaphors as conveying metaphorical propositional contents; and (iii) the defence of analogy as the key mechanism for understanding metaphors. Lepore and Stone defend these proposals because the non-sceptic strategy on metaphorical meanings, characterized in general by the negation of (i) and (ii), fails to come to grips with neither the power of metaphor nor the explanatory resources of traditional pragmatic theories. In this paper we show not only how our non-sceptic account of metaphorical meaning as a variety of ad hoc concept eliminates these difficulties but also how it can solve two related difficulties that appear in Lepore and Stone’s account. One of them is that Lepore and Stone’s account involves the possibility of interpreting all metaphorical utterances literally (metaphors only have one meaning, the ordinary meaning) as a criterion of metaphorical identification; the other is that their proposal is not suited for explaining how speakers can agree or disagree when they use metaphorical utterances.

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AIMS AS EXPERIENCE

Author(s): John Freeman-Moir / Language(s): English / Issue: 06/2017

Human action runs thick with aims and means. Without aims, without means, and the interplay between them the very idea of action itself would be unintelligible. Through space and time means are transformed into aims or ends-in-view; and aims simultaneously signal the possibilities of further means, and so ad infinitum. This article represents a keynote address given to the NZARE Conference on Aims and Ends in Education, at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 29 August 2016.

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An Examination of Superluminal Motion

Author(s): Argun Abrek Canbolat / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

In this work, the debate between Yuri Balashov and Hud Hudson is reviewed in terms of the views put forward by Tim Maudlin. It seems that Maudlin’s view can shed light on the debate and may ensure new discussions and perspectives. Hudson, posing an interesting thought experiment, says that superluminal motion is possible whereas Balashov argues to the contrary. If we take into account what Tim Maudlin suggests in the first chapter of his book The Metaphysics within Physics, namely, that “laws of nature ought to be accepted as ontologically primitive,” we can interpret Balashov-Hudson debate from a new perspective. It can be said that Balashov would be taking a step forward if we were to take into account Maudlin perspective.

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Analytische und Integrative Sprachphilosophie

Author(s): Norbert Walz,Damir Smiljanić / Language(s): German / Issue: 24/2015

The authors are proceeding from the one-sided viewpoint as a result of absolutization of the analytic way of thinking in contemporaty philosophy. In four theses they present the weak spots of the official Analytic Philosophy (absolutization of the logical moment, disregard for alternative media, one-dimensionality of the favored ordinary language, »softening« of the rigorous assertive claims). In order to overcome these shortcomings but also acknowledging the achievements of the analytic way of thinking (such as ideal of clarity, unified method, self-criticism by critique of language) at the end of their paper the authors make out a case for an integrative understanding of language which is including new aspects of the phenomenon of language (effective, expressive, creative aspect) not only the aspects figured out by language analysis (logical-semantic and pragmatic aspect of language).

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APPROCHE DES CRIS PHILOSOPHIQUES. FORMES DE PENSÉES SINGULIÈRES DANS LES PRATIQUES PHILOSOPHIQUES AVEC LES ENFANTS

Author(s): Anda Fournel / Language(s): French / Issue: 2/2019

The discursive and reflexive practices falling within “Philosophy for children” (P4C) program aim to enable children to develop autonomous and authentic thinking by transforming the class into a community of philosophical inquiry. The educational program’s initiators put forward the idea that learning to think cannot exclusively follow a rationality model. Considering Deleuze distinction (1984) between "cry of reason" and "cry of unreason" as a starting point, we are interested in cry’s specimens – the concept and the question – as the call’s living forms in philosophical thought, linked to the emotions’ expression. Our investigation explores the folds of children’s thinking, through a qualitative analyze of classroom recordings in primary and middle school, in order to asses children’s ability to provide "philosophical cries". If so, one might wonder what do they shout and how do they do it?

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ASPECTS OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION IN JOHN DEWEY’S VIEW

Author(s): Gabriela Pohoaţă,Mihaela Mocanu / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/2015

Rethinking education in a globalized world requires the analysis and thorough research of the great philosophers-educators’ works as current education claims a new philosophy which needs to be based on authentic landmarks that can be objectified under the new circumstances. From this perspective, we consider it useful and necessary to examine the contribution of the American philosopher and educator J. Dewey with a view to analyzing some of the most valuable ideas in the philosophy of education, which we think of great importance for adapting the Romanian education system to the specific of a dynamic and pragmatic youth, by rethinking the national curriculum after the American pragmatist model.

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Augustín Riška: Americká filozofia. Od Percea po Quina

Author(s): František Mihina / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1/1997

Review of: Augustín Riška: Americká filozofia. Od Peircea po Quina. IRIS, Bratislava 1996, 194 s.

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Az alkalmazás filozófiai aktualitása

Author(s): Károly Veress / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2018

What is “application” according to its basic meaning, and what does it mean when it is used with philosophical pretensions? How does the relationship between application and philosophy, viz. the role of applied philosophy develop in a context outside hermeneutics, and how can it be thought of in a hermeneutical perspective? How is the question related to the hermeneutical sense of “application” connected to the question of the application of philosophy? And how does contemporary philosophical hermeneutics contribute to the exploration of this relationship? In the thread of my present study I argue in favour of the philosophical actuality of the application, actuality which consists precisely in its possibility to bring philosophy once again closer to human being and life.

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BÍLEK, P., A., DADAJÍK, O., KAPLICKÝ, M., PAPOUŠEK, V., SKALICKÝ, D., STANĚK, J. 2017. Stopy pragmatismu. Česká literatura a estetika v dotyku s americkým pragmatismem

Author(s): Lenka Bandurová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1/2017

Review of: BÍLEK, P., A., DADAJÍK, O., KAPLICKÝ, M., PAPOUŠEK, V., SKALICKÝ, D., STANĚK, J. 2017. Stopy pragmatismu. Česká literatura a estetika v dotyku s americkým pragmatismem. České Budějovice: Jihočeská univerzita. ISBN 978-80-7394-627-2.

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Bourdieu Vs. Habermasas: „Mass Media“ Poveikio Viešybei Problema

Author(s): Ernesta Molotokienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 74/2013

The article deals with the influence of the mass media on public space by a comparison with mass media functioning on social space in the philosophies of Jürgen Habermas and Pierre Bourdieu. One of the main problems analyzed in this article is that of communication as a realization ofan ideal linguistic situation which is focused on consensus. The article argues that the concept of a mediated society for Habermas is inseparable from a mass media that shapes public space. Accordingly, mediated society for Bourdieu is inseparable from the concept of a meta-capital field, which, by involving different capitals acquires a dominant position in today’s society. It is proved that the hegemony of the meta-capital is problematic in relation to other fields that form the social space. The article contains the following question: how does mass media work the public space? The article argues that Habermas and Bourdieu’o recognize the fact that the dominant power and influence of mass media to the public space is a problematic phenomenon because mass media negatively transforms the public space.

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Centristički diskursi "Moderne” i ”Postmoderne"

Author(s): Slobodan Simović / Language(s): English,Serbian / Issue: 0/1994

The most recent discussions about centric discourses can well baffle the uninformed reader. On the one hand, post-war European cultural development was marked by attempts to overcome the ethnocentric and nationalist paradigms which had made European history into a history of wars, conflicts and intolerance.

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Chapter 2. - Test case 1: Semiotranslating Peirce into Finnish

Author(s): Douglas Robinson / Language(s): English / Issue: 17/2016

The title of this chapter overlaps significantly with the title of the book – but less than one might think from the sheer fact that both contain the two words “Semiotranslating Peirce.” In the book title, the agents performing the semiotranslation of Peirce are translation theorists: first Gorlée, then me, then you. We are engaged in the semiotic activity of refi ning Peirce’s theories for the study of translation – even though the translational activity involved is mostly intralingual, within English. In the chapter title, the translational activity is interlingual, English to Finnish, and the agents performing the semiotranslation of Peirce are Finnish philosophers acting as either Finnish translators of Peirce or Finnish critics of Peirce translations, who are thus also engaged in the theorization of translation.

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CONFUSING SUBJECTIVE WITH OBJECTIVE CRITERIA OF CORRECTNESS: A PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH TO THE “TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE” PHENOMENON

Author(s): José María Ariso / Language(s): English / Issue: 19/2020

One of the most striking features of the so-called “tip-of-the-tongue” phenomenon (TOT) is that the finding of the sought-for word generates a kind of click or a feeling of fit between that word and an alleged mental mould of it. But from a philosophical standpoint, and taking as a reference Ludwig Wittgenstein’s work, I argue that such clicking does not constitute any objective criterion of correctness – or fit – because it does not make it possible to distinguish between a correct click and one that simply seems right to the individual concerned. The click is therefore a merely subjective criterion that leads to an aesthetic reaction characterized by the immediacy and absence of doubt with which the individual accepts as correct the word that satisfies her. This argument is further supported when focus shifts from subjective or spontaneous TOTs to objective TOTs that are elicited in the laboratory, since, in this case, there can be no “correct clicks” because the expression “incorrect click” makes no sense. Lastly, I analyze the extent to which the standard use of the expression that “a word is on the tip of the tongue” and its neuroscientific use could be compatible with each other.

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Cooperation with Multiple Audiences

Author(s): Marilynn Johnson / Language(s): English / Issue: 47/2016

Steven Pinker proposes a game-theoretic framework to help explain the use of veiled speech in contexts where the ultimate aims of the speaker and hearer may diverge—such as cases of bribing a police officer to get out of a ticket and paying a maître d’ to get a table. This is presented as a response to what Pinker sees as the failure in H. P. Grice’s infl uential theory of meaning to recognize that speakers and hearers are not always cooperating. In this paper I argue that Pinker mischaracterizes Grice’s views on cooperation, and use this to refine a positive picture of what sort of cooperation is demanded by Grice’s Cooperative Principle. This positive picture serves to insulate the Gricean framework from objectors— including Pinker—who overstate the obligations entailed by the adoption of the Cooperative Principle. I then argue that the cases Pinker presents are best treated by recognizing that in each instance the utterance is formulated with two intentions towards two different audiences and detail a resulting revision to Pinker’s game-theoretic framework that reflects this proposal. I conclude by demonstrating how this proposed game-theoretic framework of cooperation with multiple audiences can be used to model the costs and benefits of other types of discourse, including political speech.

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Coordinating with Language

Author(s): Jessica Keiser / Language(s): English / Issue: 47/2016

Linguistic meaning is determined by use. But given the fact that any given expression can be used in a variety of ways, this claim marks where metasemantic inquiry begins rather than where it ends. It sets an agenda for the metasemantic project: to distinguish in a principled and explanatory way those uses that determine linguistic meaning from those that do not. The prevailing view (along with its various refinements), which privileges assertion, suffers from being at once overly liberal and overly idealized. By parsing the most prominent aims we use language to achieve, noting their relations of dependence and the specific type of uses they involve, I arrive at a novel metasemantic account: facts of linguistic meaning are determined by locutionary action.

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