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The Concept of “Thrownness” in Algis Budrys’s Short Story “Wall of Crystal, Eye of Night”

Author(s): Svetozar Poštić / Language(s): English Issue: 40 (45)/2021

This paper analyses the concept of thrownness and the related notions of immediacy and actuality in a 1961 short science fiction story “Wall of Crystal, Eye of Night” by Algis Budrys. It first defines the concept of thrownness (Geworfenheit), created and coined by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger in his classic book Being and Time, and it explains how this notion can be employed in literary analysis in general and applied to this work in particular. The article then analyses how certain stylistic devices in the short story, namely similes, change of pace and the presentation of an inner conflict in the main character, contribute to the feeling of authenticity. In other words, it attempts to exhibit the means used in a prose work to make it seem more realistic and immediate. Finally, the work also argues that science fiction is in many ways more real than other fictional works. Although it belongs to the genre that has traditionally been denied serious literary merit, the novel view and interpretation of this story aims to disclose new horizons of artistic expression that illuminate human mental and physical frailty and stimulate a valuable inquiry into the meaning of life.

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Universal Principles in Political Philosophy of Dante Alighieri and Immanuel Kant (Part I)

Author(s): Emiliano Mettini / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2021

Ideals of universal power able to manage and solve social and ethical (religious) questions as many ways to reach the highest wisdom, and consequently, fullest well-being of humankind to reach a perpetual peace are present throughout human history so that we can find these ideals in Plato’s Republic, in Aristotle’s Politeia and other works concerning the establishment of more or less utopic “states” and commonwealth since our days. In the present essay we shall scrutinize the universalistic vision of Italian thinker Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and the cosmopolitan idea of German philosopher I. Kant (1724–1804). We decided to analyze the political philosophy of those thinkers on the following grounds: on one hand, D. Alighieri took as the basis of his rumination Roman Empire that having as solid basis of its universalistic ideology Right of every Roman citizen (lying on the observance of religious and civil obligations), and the so-called pax romana , a theoretical ground on which D. Alighieri would create a communitas a secular led by Reason commonwealth, which might have replaced the so-called humanitas (in Augustinian understanding of such idea); and, on the other hand, I. Kant tried to explain how human self-improvement under the right use of Reason (that we understand like ethical ruling principle of humankind) can be achieved to lead human beings from the state of nature (a semi-brutal one) to the state of reason, which would have as final end a perpetual peace in a universal republic. On those bases we shall try to detect common theoretical and ideal features between D. Alighieri and I. Kant’s vision, so to prove that universalistic power is not a despotic power, but a unifying power under ethical and spiritual principles of the whole humankind.

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Izlaganje Kantove kritike racionalne teologije kao priloga tezi o nesuvislosti religijskih sukoba

Author(s): Safer Grbić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 35/2021

What is the significance of Kant's critique of metaphysics and in particular of his critique of rational theology in the context of the question of the incoherence of religious conflicts? Precisely concerning this relationship, this paper will consider a brief history of thinking of a phenomenon called rational theology, then in this context, we will consider Kant's precritical work and later presentation of a critique of rational theology, all in the context of questioning the relationship enumerated with religious conflicts. The hypothesis of this paper is reflected in proving the relationship between Kant's critique of rational theology and the idea of the inconsistency of religious conflicts in such a way that the inconsistency of religious conflicts is based on the results of Kant's critique: the impossibility of certainty and knowledge. So, finally, and according to the results of Kant's main work Kritik der reinen Vernunft: why make religious conflicts serious at all when we cannot objectively prove the existence of the religious idea of God – who is the reason religious conflicts themselves, by their definition, are serious!?

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Refleksija i spekulacija. Rani Hegelov koncept logike kao samokritike refleksije

Author(s): Nevena Jevtić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 36/2021

The author of this paper will present Hegel’s concepts of reflection and speculation, in the way they were developed in his Differenzschrift. Reflection and speculation, being connected and conditioned intellectual procedures, are in fact able to fulfil twofold task of philosophy, i. e. the critical task of introduction and systematic task of developing of philosophy. As a radical grasping into the antinomy of reflection, as a way of exposing the antinomies in the absolute identity itself, self-critical reflection is the method of reason or speculation. In manuscript of Hegel’s lecture from 1804/5, Logic – Metaphysics – Philosophy of Nature, taking logical development of the forms of judgment as an example, the self-criticism of reflexive categories is obvious. This early concept of logic, which Hegel calls logic of reflection or logic of understanding, plays a role of the introduction to metaphysics.

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Good Will and Spontaneity in Communication

Author(s): Nerijus Stasiulis / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article is based on the interpretation of Kant’s notion of good will with regard to its meaning for successful communication. It seeks to delineate its necessary relation to spontaneity as opposed to a strictly closed definition – the spontaneity in language as crucial for communication. Agambenian and Wittgensteinian musings on language and paradigm are employed for that purpose. The art of comedy is seen to illustrate the communication based on spontaneity and paradigm and the art of tragedy is seen to depict the condition of radical incommunicability. Alongside this linguistic and epistemological approach, the discussion of the issue also includes the ontological aspect, i.e. the Agambenian-Aristotelian notion of potentiality is described as akin to the Kantian good will (Ding an sich) and is seen as the necessary (and perhaps also sufficient) condition for (successful) communication.

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Immanuelio Kanto iššūkis politikos mokslui

Author(s): Alvydas Jokūbaitis,Linas Jokubaitis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4(104)/2021

The aim of the paper is to prove the incompatibility of Kantian philosophy with empirical political science. The nonexistence of such a science in Kant’s structure of reason is not a coincidence that was determined by historical contingencies, it is a necessary position of his teaching. The domination of morality in Kant’s conception of practical reason does not leave any room for empirical science of politics. Firstly, introduction of methods borrowed from the natural sciences would lead to the demoralization of politics. Secondly, empirical science of politics deforms our understanding of politics. Thirdly, when politics is divorced from morality it loses its ontological foundation. Empirical science of politics that only attempts to investigate facts is incapable of understanding the role of ideas and for this reason does not distinguish between empirical and conceptual factors. Such a science does not recognize the human person as a free subject of morality and sees him as a consequence of external factors. Finally, political science that is divorced from morals deforms understanding of practical reason.

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The Modern State and “Death of god”: Absurdity and Chaos in Ibuse’s Black Rain

Author(s): Andrew Nyongesa,Maurice Simbili / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The birth of modern state with her technological advancements was hailed as a new dawn for humankind. The merits of enlightenment had finally been realized and the ensuing scientific inventions would finally perpetuate the entry of humanity towards a universal culture. The problems such as disease, ignorance and poverty that had perennially affected humanity would be forgotten given that science and industrialization had heightened human reason and production. In spite of this grand narrative, emerging voices have singled out the failures of modernism and the narrative project. They have decried modernist tendencies to mechanize humanity and eradicate the individual’s creativity and morality. Through coercion and conformity, the modern state replaces individual revaluation of culture and perpetuates violence and intellectual passivity hence the demise of progress. This article is a postmodernist critique of modernism and her grand narrative with reference to Ibuse (1970), Black Rain. It shows how the ideals of modernism can only lead humanity to inhumanity, violence and chaos. The ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger will form a theoretical basis of interpretation. This is an analytical study that proceeds through close textual reading of primary and secondary texts.

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Problems and Prospects for the Formation of a General Methodology of Knowledge. Philosophical Reflections

Author(s): Zoya Stezhko,Nataliia Shalimova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The article analyses the problems and possibilities of forming a general methodological paradigm for the study, explanation and forecasting of social processes – in the context of the philosophical concepts of G. Hegel and F. Nietzsche. In particular, a fundamental possibility for forming a general methodological paradigm based on a dynamic balance of not optimal, but possible is analysed. The paper outlines the positive and negative aspects of the methodological paradigms of rationalism and irrationalism (postmodernism); points out the possibility of terminological discourse in determining the content of concepts and categories; emphasises the efficiency of the methodological paradigm of rationalism on the example of the analysis and implementation of the philosophical category ‘measure’; substantiates the need for improvement of the spiritual priorities of various groups of the population – with a special emphasis on the layer of politicians.

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Wardovo hegelijansko shvaćanje države. Država kao uvjet ostvarenja slobode i društvenoga napretka

Author(s): Marko Dokić,Vladimir Bakrač / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/166/2022

This paper examines the social theory of Lester Frank Ward, one of the most significant representatives of early American social theory, with particular attention to his conception of the state, which can be described as Hegelian. The first part of the paper gives a brief overview of early American social theory: its basic features, the issues that were the focus of attention during this period in the development of sociology in the US, and its most significant representatives. The basic features of Ward’s social theory are then presented and examined in more detail. It is pointed out that it is: conceptual and essentially based on the natural sciences; based on the distinction between pure and applied sociology; systematic; supportive of progressive and pro-social reforms. It was directed against the individualist tradition. His theory was based on the belief that the human mind can direct social progress and that the order based on social inequalities, which is a product of the laissez-faire doctrine, cannot guarantee freedom and prosperity. The fundamental institution capable of doing so is the state. Therefore, the central part of this paper is devoted to his conception of the state and makes a comparison with Hegel’s theory of the ethical state contained in Hegel’s philosophy of objective spirit – philosophy of law and philosophy of history. It concludes by pointing out that Ward’s theory indicated the general direction of development of social circumstances towards the era of collectivism, and was also atypical of American social theory in some of its features.

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Looking at Cinema through the Perspective of Kant’s Ethics

Author(s): Dimitra Dimou / Language(s): English Issue: Sp. Iss./2022

It is rather true that during this postmodern pandemic time, philosophy tends to be considered as counterproductive and is unfortunately not suggested to enter into a tangible link with reality. This is why the search for alternative propagation of philosophical principles is a modern proposal; during this time of total crisis of any moral system, it is imperative that the average citizen as a philosophical agent becomes acquainted with the kantian moral principles. The importance of this case is underlined by the imperative view of philosophy in the overall context of the social sciences, in order to successfully integrate the traditional into the current post-modern philosophical perspective. On the other hand, the possibility of enrolling ethical philosophy in art is explored as a means of its dissemination and evolution. In particular, when the kind of art is the cinema and the terms of ethics are described through traditional philosophical references, it is not certain whether the classical philosophical conception of ethics can be reconciled with the advanced form of art, that is, whether philosophy can be written in the field of art in the form of a means of “here and now” direct mass communication. And when the framework of moral philosophy is selectively limited to kantian moral philosophy, the required reduction reaches the limit of transcendence: is modern art in the form of cinema able to serve the principles of philosophy of one of the greatest -in objective terms- thinkers of all times, Immmanuel Kant? Using a variety of cinematic examples, in order to ensure the objectivity and timelessness of the possible philosophical effect, a practical description of the categorical imperative will be delivered, bringing the viewer in contact with the Kantian theoretical point of view.

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Sinemanın “Yedinci Sanat” Olma Niteliği: Ricciotto Canudo’nun Schopenhauer ve Hegel Felsefelerinden İlham Aldığı Bütüncül Sanat Görüşü Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Author(s): Tunç Yıldırım / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Iss./2022

Ricciotto Canudo is a journalist, literary critic, musicologist, novelist and screenwriter who began writing film reviews as early as 1907. He is also an Italian-origin avant-garde art-loving intellectual who settled in Paris, the cradle of modern art, in the early 1900s. Canudo is considered an outstanding cinematic aesthetician who had given cinema the honor of the “seventh art”. In the original thought of this essayist, cinema, as an art form, is added to the six traditional arts (architecture, music, painting, sculpture, poetry and dance) because this new expression is the fusion of plastic arts, rhythmic arts, science and art at the same time. By founding the pioneering cinema club Club des Amis du Septième Art (Club of Friends of the Seventh Art) in Paris, Canudo, as a propagandist of cinema, embarked on the missionary of cinema, which he accepted as a new art. Canudo’s name is also known as a great cinema thinker, even an elite theorist, who wrote radical manifestos (La naissance d’un sixième Art: Essai sur le cinématographe, Manifeste des sept arts) for his cause, published a specialist magazine (La Gazette des Sept Arts) for this cause, and attempted to explain cinema aesthetics with some important essays (L’esthétique du Septième art). Well, what roles do the philosophies of Arthur Schopenhauer and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel play in the formation of the idea of “seventh art”, which took place in the conception of this Latin nationalist art lover, who passionately defends the specific aesthetics of cinema and glorifies this new expression as pure art? What is the influential place of these philosophical figures in Canudo’s cultural background or cultural baggage? Why is cinema or, in Ricciotto Canudo’s specific words, “cinegraphy” the indispensable seventh or even total (holistic) art of modern times? In this study; the seventh art discourse of Canudo, who is at the same time a cinema esthetician, theorist, essayist and critic, and his philosophical thought about the new art of cinema will be analyzed in the context of his close relations with the art philosophies of two German philosophers such as Schopenhauer and Hegel. In order to do this, it will be acted within the framework of a historical and comparative reading method.

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Metafizyczna funkcja narracji – analiza zagadnienia na przykładzie Heglowskiej „Fenomenologii ducha”

Author(s): Filip Gołaszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2022

The aim of this article is to characterise the metaphysical function of the narrative. First, the text describes Aristotle’s classic paradigm about narrative. Second, attention is drawn to the usefulness of Mieke Bal’s narratological apparatus in contemporary research on the subject of narration. Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit is analysed in terms of multi-perspectivity and with the adoption of the category of focalisation, which helps to clarify a change in the narrative agent. In this context, attention is drawn to the structural similarity of Hegel’s text and James Joyce’s Ulysses. In conclusion, the metaphysical perspectives resulting from a rejection of Aristotle’s paradigm are indicated. In this context, the Phenomenology of Spirit is a positive example of a work going beyond the horizons of Lyotard’s postmodern critique of grand narratives. On this basis, the article suggests the possibility of rejecting the classical opposition between narrative and metaphysics.

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TEMELJI ONTOLOGIJE TUBITKA U KANTOVU ODREĐENJU SUBJEKTA

Author(s): Martina Volarević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2022

The aim of this paper is to examine the ways in which Heidegger approximates Kant’s exposition of the subjectivity of the subject to his definition of there-being (Dasein). The subjectivity of the subject is presented by the a priori given abilities of the “I”, which are the basis of the possibility of every experience and morality of the subject. The paper analyses Heidegger’s interpretation of the power of imagination, apprehension, recognition of apperception and moral feeling. The analysis of Heidegger’s thinking of Kant’s definition of the subjectivity of the subject based on the destruction of the history of ontology shows it is possible to bring the incompatible into nearness; incompatible, because Heidegger’s definition of being-in-the-world of there-being starts with a critique of the object-relationship of the subject. Heidegger, understanding Kant’s philosophy on the basis of his own thought, reduces the subjectivity of the subject to the temporality of being “I” by basing apperception and the power of imagination in time, and the possibility of the authenticity of existence, which is shown as responsibility for one’s own dignity of Kant’s moral feeling.

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Moral Self-Realization in Kant and Spinoza

Author(s): Wojciech Kozyra / Language(s): English Issue: 102/2022

Spinoza and Kant are considered to be polar opposites with respect to ethics. The radical difference between them is supposed to consist in Spinoza’s ethical egoism, or interest-based Strebensethik, and Kant’s duty-cantered, deontological Sollensethik. I challenge this opposition and argue that both in Kant and Spinoza we deal with a notion of the self’s realization that is “interest”-based and therefore does not involve self-sacrifice. I show, on the one hand, that the streben in Spinoza’s Strebensethik consists in realising one’s essentially human interest, which resides in ethical-rational action, and, on the other hand, that sollen in Kant’s Sollensethik is in fact a streben of the Kantian “proper self” (eigentliches Selbst) after the realization of its ethical-rational interest.

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M. Bachtino chronotopas: tarp epistemologijos ir sociokonstruktyvizmo

Author(s): Dominykas Barusevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 102/2022

This paper raises the hypothesis that M. Bakhtin’s creative category of chronotope is within the dynamic of epistemology and socio-constructivism. To this end, two philosophical conceptions are analyzed: Bakhtin’s theory of chronotope as a formally constitutive category of literature and Kant’s transcendental aesthetics and transcendental schematism. This comparative analysis shows that chronotope surpasses its primary field of literary analysis and is interpretable not only as an epistemological category which determines the sense experience of the observer, but also as socio-constructivist category which provides reality with an image of a totality of symbolic social institutes. In this way, it is proposed to understand the concept of reality as the multidimensional image.

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Wilhelm Dilthey’s Rethinking of Hegelianism

Author(s): Iryna Liashenko / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2023

This article presents the main results of the rethinking of Hegel’s philosophy and Hegelianism, which Wilhelm Dilthey carried out in The History of Hegel’s Youth. This study is based on the author’s translation from the German of Wilhelm Dilthey’s work Die Jugendgeschichte Hegels. Hegel’s philosophy became one of the foundations of the picture of the natural world, the world of man, culture, and history, which even now functions as a paradigm of world philosophy and has a significant influence on modern intellectual culture and our image of the world. The article includes an analysis of the methodology developed by Wilhelm Dilthey for understanding Hegel’s philosophy, the central element of which is a personal approach. It reveals the intellectual background of Wilhelm Dilthey’s rethinking of Hegel’s philosophy and analyses the influence of Dilthey’s interpretation of Hegel’s philosophy on the transformation of the picture of the world of European culture, which is related to Hegel’s philosophy. The author proves that the cosmological model of Hegel’s philosophy is based on the personal experiences of the philosopher in his youth, which allows us to interpret Hegel’s philosophy as mystical, irrational, and pantheistic.

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Non-adaequatio: negatyvioji dialektika tarp Kanto ir Hegelio

Author(s): Audrius Pocius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 103/2023

The aim of this article is to frame Adorno’s concept of ‘nonidentity’ in the context of German idealism, namely, the philosophies of Kant and Hegel. The thesis to be defended is that “Secularization of Metaphysics” entails relinquishing, as well as prolongation of the German idealist tradition. The argument is developed in the following steps: 1) the constitution of an autonomous transcendental subject is shown to be rooted in the idea of Enlightenment; 2) by reconstructing Adorno’s conception of truth as non-adaequatio, I claim that Adorno’s philosophy is conducted from the perspective of the end of philosophy; 3) the sociohistorical character of the concept of ‘nonidentity’ is discussed in relation to Adorno’s understanding of history; 4) the concept of ‘nonidentity’ is discussed as implying a continuation of the Kantian project on a metacritical level; 5) Adorno’s critique of Kant is reconstructed in the context of Hegel’s Faith and Knowledge.

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PRIKAZ KNJIGE VLADIMIRA MILISAVLJEVIĆA „HEGELOVO ODREĐENJE IDEALIZMA“

Author(s): Enis Pehić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/2023

Review of: Milisavljević V. (2022) Hegelovo određenje idealizma. Beograd: Fedon.

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Онтология на ценностите. Ценностно разсъждение

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Онтология на ценностите. Ценностно разсъждение

Author(s): Silviya Kristeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The article engages with the contemporary debate on values by delineating two problem lines. In order to have a proper explanation and derivation of values, we must recognize their ontological status, which undoubtedly provides the basis and movement towards an ontology of the spiritual and of valuable in general. This is the direction taken by Baden neo-Kantianism, and here the article traces the transformation of Kant’s apriorism into axiological apriorism. Once the values are recognized in their “realm”, they must be provided with their axiomatics. But the a priori forms through which they become accessible and are embedded in human rationality and human activity are also subject to consideration. For Rickert, one such form is judgment, but this defined a new role for judgment for human knowledge. The highest class of judgment in the Kantian and Hegelian classifications – modality, provides models of transition and structuring of the new a priori form of ratiocination, as a meta-formation, giving access and work to the unconditional and the values in human knowledge.

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„Obecné dějiny“, „obsahová filozofie dějin“ a evoluční teorie

Author(s): Jan Horský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2019

Horský in his discussion paper analyses the relation between ‘general history’ and ‘content-oriented philosophy of history’. This helps him approach the subject of the role of philosophy of history in historical and scientific research. He uses the term ‘content-oriented philosophy of history’ in a broad sense, that is, including its classical conceptions (August Comte, G.W.F. Hegel, Karl Marx), its innovated forms (for instance Ernst Cassirer’s philosophy of culture), as well as its variants which approach the subject from the perspective of historical sociology (Max Weber, Alfred Weber, Norbert Elias). Aside from that, the author investigates the relation between general history and other sciences or research directions which deal with development or processual changes (especially evolutionary biology) and their investigations to some extent overlap with some forms of content-oriented philosophy (‘history’, ‘life’, etc.). And last but not least, Horský investigates whether some claims (describing a state of affairs, developmental tendencies, and the like) made within the framework of ‘general history’ or against its background could also aspire to being true in a scientific sense of the term. It is concluded that there is indeed some overlap between ‘content-oriented philosophy of history’ and general history. General history can be a field where some concepts originating in the ‘content-oriented philosophy of history’ can be (quasi)empirically checked and some of its parts can be translated into theories in a narrower sense of the term. Nevertheless, where ‘content-oriented philosophy of history’ or general (biological or culturological) theory of evolution is used as the background of general history, it must be taken into account, duly considered, and thereby also checked. The same holds if general history functions as a necessary background of any formulation of research-worthy subject of historical sciences: in such case, its presence or influence must likewise be duly reflected.

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