Kant and the Problem of Self-Identification

Author(s): Luca Forgione / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Ever since Strawson’s The Bounds of Sense, the transcendental apperception device has become a theoretical reference point to shed light on the criterionless selfascription form of mental states, reformulating a contemporary theoretical place tackled for the first time in explicit terms by Wittgenstein’s Blue Book. By investigating thoroughly some elements of the critical system the issue of the identification of the transcendental subject with reference to the I think will be singled out. In this respect, the debate presents at least two diametrically opposed attitudes: the first – exemplified in the works by Hacker, Becker, Sturma and McDowell – considers the features of the I think according to Wittgenstein’s approach to the I as subject while the second, exemplified by Kitcher and Carl, criticizes the various commentators who turn to Wittgenstein in order to interpret Kant’s I think. The hypothesis that I will attempt at articulating in this paper starts off not only from the transcendental apperception form, but also from the characterizations of empirical apperception. It may be assumed that Kant’s reflection on the problem of self-identification lies right here, truly prefiguring some features of Wittgenstein’s uses of I, albeit from different metaphysical assumptions and philosophical horizons.

Wesley C. Salmon versus G.W.F. Hegel on Causation, Principle of Common Cause and Theoretical Explanation

Author(s): Igor Hanzel / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2011

The aim of this article is to analyze the main contributions of Wesley C. Salmon to the philosophy of science, that is, his concepts of causation, common cause, and theoretical explanation, and to provide a critique of them. This critique will be based on a comparison of Salmon’s concepts with categories developed by Hegel in his Science of Logic and which can be applied to issues treated by Salmon by means of the above given three concepts. It is the author’s contention that by means of Hegelian categories it becomes possible to provide a critique of Salmon’s philosophy of science and at the same time to enlarge the concept framework of philosophy of science.

Heglovstvo a problém miery

Author(s): Július Švihran / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2005

V treťom čísle Organonu F r. 2004 uverejnil I. Hanzel odpoveď na niektoré moje kritické poznámky. Z jeho reakcie vyplýva, že sa rozchádzame a j naďalej vo viacerých otázkach a keďže nejde o spor iba dvoch jednotlivcov, ale a j o hodnotenie Heglovho učenia a o prístup k niektorým dôležitým otázkam logiky a metodológie vied, považujem za potrebné v ďalšom príspevku na to upozorniť.

Epistemologické otázky fyziky: od antinómií čistého rozumu k expresívnym medziam jazyka

Author(s): Ladislav Kvasz / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2004

The aim of the present paper is to describe the fundamental epistemic ruptures, which occurred during the history of physics. Our approach is based on the reconstruction of the changes in the formal language of a particular physical discipline. We take into account aspects like the analytic, expressive or explanatory power, as well as analytic and expressive boundaries. One of the main results of our reconstruction is a new interpretation of Kant’s famous antinomies of pure reason. If we are prepared to relativise some of Kant’s antinomies, and instead of ascribing them to reason as such we relate them to the language of physics, it is possible to show, that these antinomies are relevant even for modern physics. Taking the form of a phenomenon, that we call the expressive boundaries of language are the antinomies a universal feature of all physical theories. This shows, that Kant in his antinomies pointed to a remarkable epistemological fact.

Newton, Hegel, Marx a problém miery

Author(s): Igor Hanzel / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2003

The paper deals with the concepts of measure and measurement from the point of view of philosophy as well as natural and social science. First, Hegel´s approach to these concepts is analysed. Then Hegel´s concepts are compared to Marx´s economic works where the concepts of external, inherent and manifest measure are exemplified. Finally, Newton´s Principia are compared with Marx´s economical works and their similarities and differences are outlined.

“World Spirit” by Georg Hegel: from Universe to the History of Mankind

Author(s): Svitlana Orlyk,Zoya Stezhko / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2019

The article analyzes the universal methodological potential of the philosophical theory of Georg Hegel in interpretation and forecasting of the universe from the study of rationally justified models of the Universe (along with the forecasting of new ones) to the clarification of the history logic and social processes optimization. Special attention is paid to the process of the formation of historical laws in the context of Georg Hegel's rational philosophy. The authors pay particular attention to the following issue. Some problems of philosophy are identified that reduce its effectiveness as a methodology of science as well as methods of their resolution; the necessity of analyzing the conceptual apparatus of science in relation to the categorical apparatus and principles of rational philosophy is shown; the place and role of interdisciplinary methodologies in particular scientific research are analyzed; the movement of abstraction in the process of formation of history as a science is shown; the peculiarities of history and its laws among other fundamental sciences are determined along with the influence of objective and subjective factors that cause low efficiency of the methodological apparatus in everyday life; the philosophical justification of the specificity of freedom and responsibility of ordinary citizens and representatives of the authorities is revealed; the need to change the priorities of history and philosophy is demonstrated through different population groups, with a special emphasis on the political stratum. The key conclusions and recommendations on the optimization of social processes in the logic of rational philosophy by Georg Hegel are formulated.

Intercultural Communication According to the Principles of Hegel’s Philosophy of Logic

Author(s): Nurgül Ergül / Language(s): English Issue: 55/2025

According to Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, the fundamental tool for understanding the development of thought is logic, and Hegel’s philosophy of logic is approached in three stages: abstract logic, concrete logic, and the logic of spirit. Abstract logic examines the most basic conceptual framework of thought, while concrete logic explains how these concepts transformed into more complex thought processes. The logic of spirit analyzes how thought processes evolve in a societal and historical context. Comprehensive research on Hegel’s principles of reality and intercultural communication has not been found in the literature. Therefore, religious beliefs and cultural communication phenomena have been examined based on Hegel’s philosophy of logic. The research findings are as follows: The principles of reality are based on three basic principles: materialism, causality, and reciprocity. Understanding the interactions between religions and cultures, which represent different conceptual structures is significant in the light of these principles. The research results show that Hegel’s dialectical process explains how conflicts between different systems of thought give rise to more complex levels of thinking. This principle plays a crucial role in resolving conflicts arising from religious beliefs and cultural diversity. The principle of transforming reality emphasizes that thought is not merely a theoretical activity but also a process that impacts social reality. In this context, religious and cultural communication is not merely a mental activity but also a process that shapes reality. The principle of the unity of opposites stresses the need to see the diversity between different religions and cultures as complementary elements with the potential for mutual understanding and enrichment. I addition, the principle of the historical process and social evolution highlights the importance of considering historical and social contexts in understanding the interactions between religious and cultural beliefs and practices. This study demonstrates that Hegel’s principles of dialectical progress, transforming reality, the unity of opposites, and the historical process can be used as a functional methodology in the behavioral sciences.

Epohalni smisao Kantove filozofije

Author(s): Milenko A. Perović / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 41/2024

Transcendental Illusion in Kant’s and Fichte’s Philosophies: Argument Against Empiricism

Author(s): Nevena Jevtić / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2024

The aim of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason is to call into question the illusions of the great systems of metaphysica rationalis that preceded his philosophy. Through the doctrine of the transcendental dialectic Kant reveals the mechanism of transformation of the natural dialectic of the mind into a metaphysical illusion. This mechanism of transcendental illusion originates within the subject-object relation. It can be expressed as an (illegitimate) assertion that the mind enables objective knowledge. According to Kant, the metaphysical errors of his predecessors can be interpreted as manifestations of this fundamental mistake. Within Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre, Kant’s teaching is transformed, and it seems to take aim at metaphysical systems of empiricism. In Fichte’s view, transcendental illusion rests within the subject-object relation, but its origin lies on the side of the object, which is expressed through the assertion of the existence of immediate experience. The author will examine more closely the circumstances according to which the determination of the transcendental illusion changes in the context of Fichte’s philosophy, highlighting the significance of this transformation for idealist arguments against empiricism.

Kant, Delez i transcendentalni empirizam

Author(s): Đorđe Hristov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 41/2024

This paper will address Deleuze’s critique of Kant’s “transcendental idealism” from the standpoint of his “transcendental empiricism”. In the first part of the paper, I will discuss the significance that empiricism holds within Kant’s idealism, with a particular focus on the role of sensibility within the Critique of Pure Reason. Based on this brief overview, I will demonstrate in what sense Deleuze's “empiricism” serves not only as a critique of Kant’s idealism but also of empiricism, which, according to Deleuze, remains too “empirical”.

The Death of the People

Author(s): Gil Anidjar / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

Death, Derrida suggests in Politics of Friendship, is a question of numbers. Yet, death is also always “mine,” which is why Heidegger can say that “the dying of Others is not something which we experience in a genuine sense; at most we are always just ‘there alongside’.” Between my death and the death of everyone, between the one and the infinitely many, I have found myself wondering about a different measure, a more limited and distinct grammatical — or arithmetic — register, in which is raised the question of our death. The death, not of humanity, nor quite the death of all others, but the death of the people, the death of we who count and count for and on each other (or imagine we do). This is where Derrida’s calculability or incalculability of death intervenes at its most opaque, it seems to me. Somewhere between the one and the very many, the universal many of humanity, between what Heidegger calls “mineness” (which, when it comes to death, remains a possibility) and the death of (all) others, there would be found the death of we, the people.

Korisna besmrtnost duše

Author(s): Predrag Finci / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/173/2024

Immanuel Kant discusses the problem of the soul in different ways in all of his Critiques. In his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant points out the limits of the soul in the subject’s understanding. In Critique of Practical Reason, the concept of the soul assists in the regulation of moral issues, and in the Critique of Judgement Kant sees the soul as a creative faculty and the power of the subject which is a force for good if it is used with moderation. The emphasis of the paper is on Kant’s understanding of “the immortal soul” found in the second Critique as a necessary assistance in the appreciation of the moral law.

A szeretet helye Søren Kierkegaard gondolkodásában

Author(s): Márk Láng / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2024

Love is not a concept of moral philosophy, but a religious concept par excellence. Perhaps this is precisely the reason why it is so little mentioned in the reception of Kierkegaard, even though the concept extends throughout his works, and the Danish author even dedicates a separate work to the subject, Works of Love. In German idealism, the philosophy of religion rose to the rank of serious philosophy and became a source of fertilization of philosophical thought. Perhaps it is enough if we think only of Kant. However, beyond the concept of radical evil, the concept of love is just as important, if not more so. In this study, I would like to examine how Kierkegaard’s concept of love can be interpreted in a philosophical context, and to illuminate the issue, I will use the concept of love as interpreted in German idealism, primarily J. G. Fichte’s concept of love.

Daniel SMYTH (2024) Intuition in Kant: The Boundlesness of Sense

Author(s): Omar Mahmutović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 17/2024

Review of: Daniel Smyth (2024): Intuition in Kant: The Boundlesness of Sense (Cambridge University Press, 274 str.)

NIČEOVA GENEALOGIJA LEPOG U OSVRTU NA ASKETSKI IDEAL FILOZOFA

Author(s): Saša Radovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2025

The paper interprets Nietzsche’s genealogy of the beauty. First, Schopenhauer’s ascetic position and his influence on Wagner are analyzed. Secondly, Kant’s ascetic ideal of a beauty view of impersonality, universality and disinterestedness is analyzed. Stendhal’s notion of the beauty as a “promise of happiness” is then considered. This notion is understood as an anti-ascetic landmark in the genealogy of the beauty. In the end, it is shown that the genealogical criticism of the philosopher’s aesthetic experi- ence in the form of an ascetic ideal opens Nietzsche’s possibility to show and empha- size the biological foundations of the beauty as an aesthetic value.

Constantin Noica și deschiderile „Criticii facultății de judecare”

Author(s): Remus Breazu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 20/2024

In this paper, I analyse Constantin Noica’s interpretation of Immanuel Kant’s "Critique of the Power of Judgment", as presented in "Two Introductions and a Passage to Idealism". My aim is to highlight a particular opening of Kant’s aesthetics that Noica identifies but does not develop further in his later philosophy. To this end, the paper is structured as follows: first, I review the current scholarship on Noica’s "Two Introductions and a Passage to Idealism". Second, I discuss the method Noica employs in this work and outline the main points of his argument. Finally, I address some ambiguities that appear at the end of his interpretation and briefly discuss the opening in Kant’s aesthetics that Noica notices but does not explore it further in his later philosophy.

Câteva însemnări despre Kant

Author(s): Dumitru Isac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 20/2024

References to I. Kant’s critical metaphysics are a significant part of D. Isac’s philosophical notes, lectures, articles, books, and other writings. The brief writings mentioned above likely served as nuclei for the extended works the author developed both during the interwar years and later in the post-war period. Although these sketches in nuce do not appear to have been intended for publication, their release offers valuable insights into the impact of Kant’s philosophy on Isac’s professional development, as it influenced many thinkers of his generation. The Romanian professor sought to rethink and redirect the course of genuine criticism by theorizing what he termed critical realism, a “marriage” of ontological realism and epistemological idealism/transcendentalism. Thus, these unpublished notes provide a window into Isac’s general approach to philosophizing, and specifically his reflections on Kant – whether in alignment with or departure from Kantian thought. The notes encompass the main coordinates of Kant’s scientific and philosophical activity, along with observations on various Romanian and foreign commentators, as well as general theses on the spirit of criticism. Together with other partially published manuscripts, these notes appear to be part of a broader project formulated by Isac: to write a history of universal philosophy from the perspective of critical realism.

Mirtis ir dvasia Hegelio gamtos filosofijoje

Author(s): Brigita Gelžinytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 106/2024

The text discusses the problem of the relationship between nature and thinking in Hegel’s Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1830). By considering the dialectics of natural life and the significance of death of the individual for the emergence of spirit in nature, it is argued that spirit, in the Hegelian perspective of speculative thinking, does not emerge from nature as its otherness, as „a more beautiful nature“ that has overcome death. Rather, it appears as a negativity and impotence in nature itself, as the infinite potential of Nature‘s mutability. This highlights the ambivalent unity of nature and thought and the threat of the naturalisation of each.

Natūrfilosofinės subjekto ir gamtos apibrėžtys: F. W. J. Schellingas ir I. H. Grantas

Author(s): Domas Junelis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 106/2024

This article examines the notions of subject and nature as well as their relationship in F. W. J. Schelling’s naturephilosophy (Naturphilosophie), primarily based on the contemporary interpretation provided by I. H. Grant. It is explained that naturephilosophy, which treats the subject as produced by nature, and nature itself as absolute productivity, at the same time critically reacts against the inclination of I. Kant’s transcendental idealism to hypostasize the subject by separating it from nature. The article argues that naturephilosophy comes close to materialist logic, according to which, the subject, being the product of nature’s productivity, is one of the nature’s moments, and therefore its pretentions to once and for all define nature are doomed to fail. This indeterminacy is not the effect of epistemological lack, but the ontological condition of nature and its products.

Magnetic Somnambulism in Context. Hegel’s Criticism of Kluge on Hypnosis

Author(s): Andrés Ortigosa Peña / Language(s): English Issue: 106/2024

This paper aims to explore Hegel’s conception of hypnosis, which he considers a pathological state. Much of the literature on Hegel’s views on hypnosis suggests that his conception is influenced by the Marquis de Puységur, the discoverer of this phenomenon. However, this paper explores the possibility that Hegel’s conception of hypnosis originates from the mesmerist Kluge. To show this, we analyse Hegel’s critique of hypnosis, which aligns more closely with Kluge’s proposal on hypnosis than that of Marquis de Puységur.