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UP TO A POINT, THE DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM IS DIALECTICAL IDEALISM, IN HEGEL’S MEANING; BUT THEN IT IS MORE

Author(s): Ana Bazac / Language(s): English Issue: 51/2023

The paper investigates the common and different features of Hegel’s and Marx’s philosophy, thus not the historical and personal aspects of authors are important but the internal articulation of their philosophical methodologies. These features are both the dialectical approach of the knowledge of the world and, somehow deriving from the dialectical method, the understanding of objectivity. The beauty and limits of the dialectical pattern of Hegel is shown in his treatment of the finites. The analysis is rather a dialogue between the dialectical idealism and the dialectical materialism. The conclusion is not a synthesis seen dogmatically - as a final state, apotheosis of philosophy - but as an inherent development of thought, therefore even as its division into the never-completed dialectical materialist methodology and the eternally necessary convergence of philosophical interrogations and science.

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И отново: към какво няма интерес естетическата незаинтересованост? (Шопенхауер след Хобс)

Author(s): Ognian Kassabov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2023

The article retraces a broader context for the emergence of the notions driving the disputed idea of aesthetic disinterestedness, first, by looking at how Shaftesbury aimed to counter Hobbes’s concept of desire as an individual-centred, unsatisfiable drive to possess. In a second step, the article maps those tensions onto tensions within Schopenhauer’s aesthetics and metaphysics (usually classed in a quite different tradition of thinking), where we meet a notoriously extreme version of disinterestedness. The article argues that to make sense of it, it is worthwhile to interpret Schopenhauer’s contrast between a desire-driven, growth-seeking everyday life and the calm repose of aesthetic contemplation as a radical version of an opposition to the emerging capitalist lifeworld that put its mark onto aesthetics as it shaped itself as a self-standing discipline through the 18th–19th centuries.

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Radna teorija obrazovanja. Osnovne značajke pojma obrazovanja u Hegelovom filozofskom sistemu

Author(s): Mina Đikanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 37/2022

The paper analyzes basic elements of the concept of education as it was outlined in Philosophy of Right and Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences. Author confutes the thesis on different education concepts in Phenomenology of Spirit and later Hegel’s works and tries to show that Hegel’s conception of education is shown in its duplicity from the very beginning. That duplicity isn’t related to difference between education and being educated, but to the interrelation of education in its wider and education in its narrower sense. Thus, it is shown that the narrower sense of education – as process that refines particularity and enables it to conduct itself in harmony with the nature of the object - is funded in a wither sense of education, as a self-development of spirit.

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The academic virtues in public discussion: Adam Schaff and the campaign against the Lvov-Warsaw School in post-war Poland

Author(s): Aleksei Lokhmatov / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2021

Adam Schaff was at the front of the ideological campaign organized in post-war Poland during the wave of Stalinization. By attempting to adapt the Soviet “model” of public discussion to Polish academia, Schaff wanted to teach the representatives of the Lvov-Warsaw School of logic how to lead a scholarly debate. Schaff ’s group consisted of young scholars from the Instytut Kształcenia Kadr Naukowych [Institute for Education of Scientific Staff] and with critical reviews on the works of Polish logicians they tried to force their opponents to change the basic principles of their academic practice under the new circumstances. Nevertheless, Schaff ’s project failed since, unlike Soviet scholars, the participants in the discussion referred to different academic virtues that made the adaptation of the Soviet model of public discussion impossible.

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Girard and Nietzsche’s phenomenology of victims

Author(s): Duane Armitage / Language(s): English Issue: 2 (43)/2023

In this paper I argue that Nietzsche and Girard provide, for the first time, a phenomenology and genealogical account of the victim as both an ontological and moral category. First, I lay out Girard’s mimetic theory and show how it culminates in a phenomenology of victims and victimization. I then turn to Nietzsche, in particular Girard’s consideration of Nietzsche as the most important theologian of recent past, to show that Girard’s phenomenology – of victims, violence, and scapegoating – already exists within Nietzsche’s philosophical framework, albeit with a significantly different interpretation. It is my hope to problematize the seemingly self-evident and axiomatic character of the category of the “victim” by highlighting its specific genealogy within the Judeo-Christian tradition in order to further a much broader discussion on the hermeneutics of violence in general.

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КАНТОВА ЕСТЕТИКА КАО КРИТИКА ЛЕПОГ

Author(s): Saša Ž. Radovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 79/2022

The paper discusses Kant’s understanding of aesthetics. The analysis relies on the place of the Critique of Judgment in his system of critical thinking. In such a system of critical thinking, there is no science of beauty, but only criticism of beauty. This critique of beauty in Kant’s aesthetics is realized as an analysis of beauty. The analysis of beauty is carried out as an analysis of the judgments of taste, guided by moments analogous to the logical functions of the judgments of understanding from the Critique of Pure Reason. In the end, it is concluded that Kant’s notion of criticism is appropriate for the notion of fine art.

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Norwidowskie interpretacje chrześcijańskiego Seneki

Author(s): Magdalena Karamucka-Marcinkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The aim of the article is to investigate the significance of Seneca the Younger in Cyprian Norwid’s reflections. Norwid, a Polish 19th-century writer, artist and thinker, focused on those aspects of Seneca’s life and work in which some connections with Christianity can be seen.

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İSKOÇ AYDINLANMA FİLOZOFU ADAM FERGUSON’A GÖRE İLERLEME DÜŞÜNCESİ

Author(s): Osman ELMALI,Ahmet Bingöl / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 60/2023

The development process of human beings from the day they emerged until today has been a subject of curiosity for science and philosophy. With the Reformation, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment and the modernization process, the adventure of humanity has gained more importance and has become a problem that scientists and philosophers have been pondering on. At this point, the idea of progress has been an important thesis put forward by modern Western thought. The concept of progress has become one of the fundamental concepts in the history of philosophy and especially in the philosophy of history. Progress has been conceived and put forward as a continuous development, change and improvement of civilizations, societies and people towards the future. During the Enlightenment, which represents an important period in the history of philosophy, the subject of progress was also given importance. The Scottish Enlightenment, one of the Enlightenment processes, and Adam Ferguson, an important representative of it, also dealt with the process of progress and tried to understand and make sense of this concept with the dynamics of the society in which he lived. This study aims to analyze Adam Ferguson's idea of progress from a philosophical perspective in the context of its relationship with morality and politics.

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Петър Берон: Елементи от митичното начало на българската философия

Author(s): Kosta Benchev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

This article interprets the concepts of the origin of the world and of two kinds of darkness – one that is visible due to the presence light, and one that is invisible due to the absence of light. It also examines the relations between these philosophemes and some mythical narratives dating back to Thracian-Hellenic antiquity.

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За някои идеи и закономерности в развитието на българската философия в един ръкопис от архива на В. Свинтила. Методологически и евристични аспекти

Author(s): Kosta Benchev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The article discusses general issues of methodological interest related to the investigations on the history of Bulgarian philosophy. It is based on the analysis of a yet unpublished manuscript written by the Bulgarian writer Vladimir Svintila during the 1970s. The influence of the Enlightenment and of some supposedly Cartesian themes at the time of the Bulgarian National Revival is traced through concepts like polarity and duality. Some problems and approaches are identified that have a relatively invariant (or nationally- conditioned) character in the work of Bulgarian philosophers.

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La bibliothèque mélancolique (Fragment d’un discours postmodeme)

Author(s): Radu G. Ţeposu / Language(s): French Issue: 04/1992

Le blason du postmodernisme est le fragment. Et sur les fragments on ne peut écrire qu’en miettes. On peut écrire des fragments d’un discours postmodeme, où l’obsession de l’unité est subvertie par le scepticisme logique et moral. Un théoricien du roman, Antonio Blanch, remarquait au cours du symposium « Roman 87 » de Bratislava: « le discours postmoderne accepte plus que jamais les jeux de la pensée et du langage, dévoilant aussi les grandes pulsions du désir qu’impliquent ces modes d’expression».

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Enchantment

Author(s): Andrew Mark Creighton / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2023

This chapter seeks to define and demonstrate the development of the concept of enchantment in semiotic and culture-studies terms. Enchantment is examined in a literature review of prominent classical and contemporary views on the subject, especially in regards to rationalization, consumerism, and meaning-making. The concept is then viewed in relation to ritual and social dramaturgy on micro and macro levels. Creighton concludes by noting that enchantment is both a product of ritual and social performances, as well as ingrained in these processes themselves, and furthermore, that enchantment is linked to obscenity and the loss of referents. Basic academic interests are rationalization, consumerism, semiotics of emotions, enchantment, ritual, and critical methods (see “Umwelt, enchantment, and McDonaldization”, 2022; “Postemotionalism, McDonaldization, and transmedial worlds as commodifying mechanisms in fan fiction communities”, 2022).

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O pojęciu kultury w Rysie Dzieiow Kultury i Oswiecenia Narodu Polskiego (1816) Ignacego Lubicz Czerwińskiego (1749-1834)

Author(s): Małgorzata Rygielska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The author explores the meaning of the term culture in Ignacy Lubicz Czerwiński’s Rys Dzieiow Kultury i Oswiecenia Narodu Polskiego [Outline of the History of Culture and Enlightenment of the Polish Nation]. This was one of the first proposals for an orderly reflection on culture in Polish writing at a time when it was still dominated by the use of the word ‘civilisation’. Czerwiński’s understanding of culture and the Enlightenment, as well as his explanation of these concepts, is based on Enlightenment theories of progress and physiocratic ideas, as well as the theory of three or four stages, which was then widely discussed. In doing so, he draws on the Statutes of Casimir the Great, noting the existence of cultural practices associated with customary law. Czerwiński, however, announces a shift from an attributive understanding of culture to discussing it from a distributive point of view: as Polish culture, the culture of the Polish nation. This is a concept worthy of attention and a further, broader and more detailed discussion.

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EITHER/ OR, AND BEYOND

Author(s): Maria-Ana Tupan / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2023

Reality and fiction build a binary which shared the fate of dualist thinking in general in the postmodernist age, dominated by deconstruction. The climactic point was probably reached by the fabrication of lens which magnify reality. The fabrication of virtual reality lens was meant to augment reality, virtual reality meaning less or a deformed reality show. Science and technology have thus reified the philosophical battle over positivist taxonomies and classifications that first came under the philosophical onslaught of Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche. The “either/ or” dichotomy of the former ended up in the latter’s “beyond”, which, in quantum language, is a superposition of opposite states. Although the bulk of fantasy and science-fiction still capitalizes on the distinct ontologies of reality and fiction, the literature of late modernity (modernism and postmodernism) speculated on an ontological hybrid bridging the ontological gap between the two of them. Such are the modernist novel, “Isabel and the Devil’s Waters” by Mircea Eliade, and the postmodernist story, “Schrödinger’s Cat,” by Ursula K. Le Guin read in the key of an ontological poetics in the present paper.

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Не животно, а човек

Author(s): Boryana Uzunova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 13/2023

Differentiating „man” from „animal” has never been a simple task of classification. Maintaining a clear and unbridgeable gulf between the two has always been an important condition for domination. Apart from making it „only too natural” for humans to rule over all other beings, this „anthropological difference” can also be used as a powerful mechanism for the subjugation of one group of people to another. Last but not least, the abyss between „animal” and „human” can serve as a guarantee for the existence of higher ontological dimensions beyond the „simple” physiological realm, revealed and/or functioning through human thoughts, words, properties and actions. The early twentieth century marked an interesting watershed in the way humans related themselves to animals. Two leading motifs could be discerned there. On the one hand, there was the burgeoning epistemological pluralism, which couldn't just be brushed aside, but at the same time, the strife for a unifying vision and stable reference points was still alive and well. One of the forms in which these two opposing tendencies found common expression was the philosophical anthropology of the first half of the 20th century in Germany. A meeting would be arranged between biology and metaphysics around the question „What is man?” providing plenty possibilities in an arguably final attempt at co-existing. One of the driving forces of this endeavor would be the restating of the anthropological difference, with a major factor of making it possible to appear as the prodigious ability called „self-consciousness” or „self-reflection”

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ŠELING I PERSOVA FILOZOFIJA DUHA

Author(s): Stanko Vlaški / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2017

The crucial thesis of Schelling’s philosophy of nature, according to which the matter could be understood as the „extinct mind“, Peirce understands as the only reasonable theory concerning the solution of the problem of the relation between mind and matter and considers it as the center of his synechism. American philosopher develops his synechistical standpoint within the series of articles which he wrote for the journal The Monist and defines synechism as the tendency to conceive every being as something continuous. The author interprets Peirce’s project as the part of the discussion about the mind-body problem which characterizes the so-called contemporary philosophy of mind, but by investigation of its Schellingian motives he tries to explain the comprehensive meaning of Peirce’s attempt. The last chapter of the paper aims to approach Schelling’s and Peirce’s consideration of the mind-body relation from the perspective which finds in them attempts of philosophical integration of the un-consciousness. Two idealistic strivings are implicitly demarcated with the regard to the mode of defining the place of the concept of self-consciousness.

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ODBRANA MILOVOG EDUKATIVNOG ARGUMENTA U PRILOG DEMOKRATIJE

Author(s): Miloš Kovačević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2016

In Considerations on Representative Government Mill argues that representative democracy is the best form of the state organisation for societies which fulfil necessary conditions for maintaining it. In favour of his thesis, Mill offers two arguments. One of them shows that rights and interests of citizens are best guaranteed when they are protected by citizens themselves. He uses the other (educational) argument to show that representative democracy is the best state organisation, since it offers greatest opportunities for citizen education. In this paper, I will defend only the educational argument in favour of (representative) democracy from Arneson`s criticism. Arneson tries to show that the main source of paternalism in Mill`s theory of government lies in the education of citizens as the main criteria for the good government. Arneson argues that non-democratic societies can equally well educate citizens as democratic societies, which shows that the main goal of Mill`s government is paternalistic. Also, Arneson argues that even if non-democratic societies couldn’t educate citizens equally well as democratic one, educating citizens cannot be the main government goal, since it decreases liberties which are guaranteed by harm principle. I will defend Mill`s main goal of government from both lines of Arneson`s argumentation.

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VLADIMIR JOVANOVIĆ. FILOZOFIJA, NAUKA, POLITIKA

Author(s): Boris Milosavljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

The unity of freedom, science and nation, viz. liberalism, positivism and nationalism, as well as his belief in two fundamental principles – freedom and justice, were the two lodestars and credo of Vladimir Jovanović`s entire political work and view of life. Although he was strongly inclined to the continental liberalism, he corrected it with Millian liberalism and embracement of the Westminster system, thus avoiding the radicalism of the French role model, which was followed by the prevalent majority of socialist and Marxian-oriented Serb intelectuals in the second half of the XIX century and the first half of XX century. Vladimir Jovanović firmly belived that liberty was the right exercise of which must not be blocked out by the ideal of equality. As a positivist, he appreciated Herbert Spencer’s theory of evolution, organic interpretation of society and analogy between the natural and social domains, according to which social phenomena could be reduced on natural laws. Under Mazzini’s influence he made a synthesis of liberalism and nationalism. Vladimir Jovanović`s son Slobodan Jovanović pointed out that unity of freedom, science and nation was not founded in sciences itself, but in rationalist philosophy. Liberalism, positivism and patriotism were not only concepts of Vladimir Jovanović`s political theory, but also ideological basis for his active political work.

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OBRAZOVANJE I (DELIBERATIVNA) DEMOKRATIJA

Author(s): Ivana Janković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2015

The question of the importance of education in democracy is as old as democracy itself. Greek thinkers devoted much of their fruitful oeuvre to the concept of education, aiming at realization of better and more just life in the community. Modern thinkers, especially Locke, Rousseau and Mill, showed great interest for the issue of education of citizens in the democratic societies of their time. Dewey emphasized the importance of education in democracy like no one before, or after him. He devoted a significant part of his extensive work to the question of the role of and the kind of education that is fundamental for the members of community who want to prepare for participation in public life, in the best possible way. The issue of interrelation of democracy and civic education completely neglected after Dewey, again become relevant with appearance of deliberative democracy. Following Dewey’s tradition, I will argue that the form of democracy that calls for broad participation of citizens in solving public problems requires some education. The ability of people to participate in public deliberation depends on whether they have acquired certain skills, values and knowledge.

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Възможната свобода: от логосна метафизика към метафизична постъпка

Author(s): Ivan Kamburov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

The article highlights the main points of the specificity of metaphysics in the European philosophical tradition. The division of wisdom as a unity between knowledge and practice in ancient philosophy is emphasized. Kant's thesis that metaphysics is possible only in the realm of practical reason and only as a metaphysics of freedom is recapitulated. The forms of transcendence are revealed. Two approaches regarding metaphysics are analyzed – as a metaphysics of “questioning”, the logos type, and of a metaphysical act as overcoming causal dependencies in human individuality and truly achieving freedom.

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