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Analysis of Nuclear energy in Bulgaria

Author(s): Roumen Vladimirov,Katerina Yocheva / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2012

Bulgaria’s Energy Strategy5 aims at dealing with the basic contemporary challenges to Bulgarian energy, in particular it addresses the issue of the high dependency on energy resources importation namely that Bulgaria assures 70% of its net consumption by means of import. There is in practice total dependency with regard to the import of crude petroleum and natural gas as well as of nuclear fuel and traditionally this dependency has been unilaterally oriented to the Russian Federation. The structure of electricity generation in Bulgaria in 2013 is dominated by coal based power plants (overall share of 42, 9 % of domestic energy production), closely followed by nuclearbased generation produced by the Kozloduy Nuclear power plant (hereinafter “NPP”), with overall share of 32, 6 %. Besides, electricity from wind in 2010 has increased 3 times as compared to 2009 data and represents 12.1% of the overall energy generation. The share of hydro power is approximately 1.6 %. As may be seen, the share of nuclear power in electricity generation in Bulgaria amounts approximately to one third. According to Eurostat statistical data energy dependence (country dependency on energy and commodity import) of Bulgaria is slightly lower than the average for EU Member States (average 45, 6 % in 2009, including 98, 6 % for both natural gas and crude petroleum). Lignite coal represents basic local resource for Bulgaria. Nuclear energy is considered to be local resource and to a great extent contributes for the improvement of energy independence.4 Bulgaria’s Energy Strategy5 aims at dealing with the basic contemporary challenges to Bulgarian energy, in particular it addresses the issue of the high dependency on energy resources importation namely that Bulgaria assures 70% of its net consumption by means of import. There is in practice total dependency with regard to the import of crude petroleum and natural gas as well as of nuclear fuel and traditionally this dependency has been unilaterally oriented to the Russian Federation.

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Присъединяване на Европейския съюз към международно споразумение за какаото от 2010 година

Author(s): Katerina Yocheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2012

The paper studies the procedure with regard to the EU accession to the International Cocoa Agreement, 2010 which is to replace the International Cocoa Agreement, 2001 as of 1 October 2012. The procedure with regard to the EU accession to this important agreement – since EU grinds and consumes around 40% of world's cocoa - is studied in the context of the general international legal regulation regarding the accession to international commodity agreements to which EU is a party in the framework of its common commercial policy. The role of the European Parliament which should give its consent in this procedure under the provisions of the TFEU is revealed. The International Cocoa Agreement is the main commodity agreement between cocoa exporters and importers. It aims to make world cocoa trade fairer and more sustainable. Although the new agreement aims to improve social and environmental responsibility, it does not explicitly address the problem of child labour. With regard to the EU accession to the new agreement the EP passed a special resolution by which it took the opportunity to raise awareness of the problem of child labour in cocoa fields. MEPs call on everyone in the cocoa value chain – cocoa growers and processors, governments, traders, chocolate producers and consumers – to play their part to fight forced child labour and child trafficking in the sector.

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Конституционен съвет (Франция) V. Конституционен съд (България)

Author(s): Desislava Goranova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2012

Firstly, constitutional control in France is only a priori, ex-ante control of enforced laws is inadmissible. In Bulgaria, norm control is, as a rule, a follow-up, ie. After the relevant act has been issued and enters into force - that is, constitutional control is a posteriori. Secondly, the Constitutional Council is not competent to resolve disputes between constitutional bodies. In Bulgaria, the Constitutional Court has the power to rule on conflicts of jurisdiction between the National Assembly, the President and the Council of Ministers (constitutional bodies). Thirdly, the Constitutional Council is not competent to resolve disputes between the central and local authorities, unlike the Constitutional Court in Bulgaria.

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Местопрестъплението - събиране и запазване на веществени доказателства

Author(s): Milena lacheva,Kristina Koeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2012

Since the detection of a crime and the accusation of the perpetrator depend on material evidence, investigators use a methodical approach to detecting and processing the material evidence at the crime scene. They work hard to keep material evidence and not miss anything important. In this process investigators formulate theories about what has happened. If they do their job properly, they get a complete and complete picture. The crime scene is like a picture mosaic, and when the investigators are lucky, the pieces fit correctly. In other cases, determining what happened is like trying to create a picture of two or three mosaics - you have multiple pieces, but they do not match. And investigators often have to deal with pieces that are simply missing.

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Конституционният статут на президента на Република България

Author(s): Tsveta Monova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2011

The President, as Head of State, is outside the system of the three authorities in our country where the form of government is a parliamentary republic. However, it exercises powers similar in nature to those of senior executives, although it is not an executive body. In a most general aspect, the president embodies the unity of the nation. And here is the place to note that his prototype can be sought in the monarchical institute, whose status is aligned with the republican form of government. Therefore, he is called upon to balance the relations between the three authorities - legislative, executive and judicial. In essence, the functions of the President can be systematized in three main groups: representative, in view of the fact that he represents the Republic of Bulgaria in international relations (stemming from the provision of Art. 92, para 1 of the Constitution of Bulgaria), and in doing so also conducts political arbitration with regard to the state structures. Through his authority as the head of state, the president also helps to create conditions for effective and flexible.

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Правна уредба на здравното осигуряване в България

Author(s): Alexander Mihailov,Emiliyana Neeva,Nedyalko Dafinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2011

The legal framework of health insurance in our domestic law is contained in Art. 52 of the Constitution of Bulgaria, which enshrines the constitutional right of the citizens of health insurance, guaranteeing them accessible medical assistance and free use of medical care under conditions and by a procedure established by law. In the newly established health insurance legislation since 1998 a number of other normative acts have been created to cover and regulate modern healthcare: Health Act, Health Insurance Act, Medical Institutions Act, Law on Professional Organizations of Doctors and Dentists, Law for the professional organization of master-pharmacists, the Law on the Professional Organization of Nurses, Midwives and Associated Medical Professionals, the Law on Medicinal Products in Human Medicine and Precursor Control, Organ Transplantation, Tissue and Cell Transplantation Act, Blood, Blood Donation and Blood Transfusion Act, and others.The legal framework of health insurance in our domestic law is contained in Art. 52 of the Constitution of Bulgaria, which enshrines the constitutional right of the citizens of health insurance, guaranteeing them accessible medical assistance and free use of medical care under conditions and by a procedure established by law. In the newly established health insurance legislation since 1998 a number of other normative acts have been created to cover and regulate modern healthcare: Health Act, Health Insurance Act, Medical Institutions Act, Law on Professional Organizations of Doctors and Dentists, Law for the professional organization of master-pharmacists, the Law on the Professional Organization of Nurses, Midwives and Associated Medical Professionals, the Law on Medicinal Products in Human Medicine and Precursor Control, Organ Transplantation, Tissue and Cell Transplantation Act, Blood, Blood Donation and Blood Transfusion Act, and others.The legal framework of health insurance in our domestic law is contained in Art. 52 of the Constitution of Bulgaria, which enshrines the constitutional right of the citizens of health insurance, guaranteeing them accessible medical assistance and free use of medical care under conditions and by a procedure established by law. Art. 52 of the Constitution of Bulgaria, which enshrines the constitutional right of the citizens of health insurance, guaranteeing them accessible medical assistance and free use of medical care under conditions and by a procedure established by law. In the newly established health insurance legislation since 1998 a number of other normative acts have been created to cover and regulate modern healthcare.

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Правен режим във връзка с наркотичните вещества

Author(s): Ivan Vladimirov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2011

The historical term narcotic is believed to come from the Greek physician Galen, who marks the root of Mandragora and Opium as the main drug addicts. The development of medicine and pharmacy inevitably leads to the discovery of many other substances with a narcotic effect.The historical term narcotic is believed to come from the Greek physician Galen, who marks the root of Mandragora and Opium as the main drug addicts. The development of medicine and pharmacy inevitably leads to the discovery of many other substances with a narcotic effect.

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Хулигански подбуди като особен, субективен признак на състава на престъплението

Author(s): Sokol Nedkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2011

The present work, dealing with the criminal-law problem related to hooliganism, requires the consideration of different concepts and institutes of criminal law. Starting from the notion of "crime composition", which is a sign of hooliganism, we will go through the "subjective elements beyond the guilt" that the hooligan motivation becomes under certain circumstances. We will, of course, focus on the "hooligan motives" themselves as a sign of the subjective side of some crime groups, including the hooligan motive. It seems to me insufficient to confine myself to the theory of criminal law in its pure form with regard to hooliganism, which is why I will analyze and include the moderate and criminological view of the problem as it explains the roots of the hooliganistic motives as a sign of the subjective side of the offense refer to the psychic experiences of the perpetrator. In this connection, the issues concerning the so-called " "Internal mechanism of the act". I will look at the proposed concepts and institutes in the context of the given topic, defining their content in the present work as mandatory, in order to reveal and analyze the main issues on the issue.The present work, dealing with the criminal-law problem related to hooliganism, requires the consideration of different concepts and institutes of criminal law. Starting from the notion of "crime composition", which is a sign of hooliganism, we will go through the "subjective elements beyond the guilt" that the hooligan motivation becomes under certain circumstances. We will, of course, focus on the "hooligan motives" themselves as a sign of the subjective side of some crime groups, including the hooligan motive. In this connection, the issues concerning the so-called " "Internal mechanism of the act". I will look at the proposed concepts and institutes in the context of the given topic, defining their content in the present work as mandatory, in order to reveal and analyze the main issues on the issue.

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Изпирането на пари като престсъпление против финансовата система

Author(s): Anelia Vladimirova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2011

Money laundering has existed since the Middle Ages when piracy was widespread. Like the modern actors in organized crime, the naval robbers were heading to the maritime centers where liberal rule and multinational communities lived, busy trade. There, they offered the money acquired by robbers and the values of resellers in the coastal cities.Money laundering has existed since the Middle Ages when piracy was widespread. Like the modern actors in organized crime, the naval robbers were heading to the maritime centers where liberal rule and multinational communities lived, busy trade. There, they offered the money acquired by robbers and the values of resellers in the coastal cities.

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Случайното деяние при транспортното престъпление по чл. 343 от Наказателния кодекс

Author(s): Ivan Boyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2011

There are three circumstances in Bulgarian criminal law that can rule out the guilt. These are the factual error, the accidental act and the execution of an unlawful order. We need to clarify some differences.There are three circumstances in Bulgarian criminal law that can rule out the guilt. These are the factual error, the accidental act and the execution of an unlawful order. We need to clarify some differences.

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Европейското гражданство - ангажимент или привилегия

Author(s): Aneliya Burchina / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2011

With this speech in 1952 on the occasion of the creation of the first European community, one of the Fathers of Europe, without formulating the idea of settling European citizenship, gave direction to politicians, philosophers and, of course, opponents. European citizenship, as a still new and unfamiliar phenomenon in a European reality, raises a number of questions about the benefits, the purpose and the commitment it brings. Whether the citizenship of the European Union will be understood as freedom and privilege or as an obligation, this can best be understood only by analyzing the steps of its creation, its economic and political logic, passing not only through the questions of or "against", but also "whether" and "how exactly".

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На кого да се обадя, ако искам да говоря с Европа

Author(s): Raya Mantovska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2011

In the 1970s, former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger asked a question that decaded European leaders for decades: "Whom to call if I want to talk to Europe." Over the last few years, this question was quoted more often and more often. This issue highlighted the extremely complex system of governance of the European Union (EU) with rotating presidencies and, accordingly, with constantly changing foreign policy representatives. It is believed that the extraordinary European Council has finally found an answer to Mr Kissinger with the adoption of the Treaty of Lisbon and the changes it brings with it. In this essay I will look at the changes introduced by the new contract and whether the current US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton will know whom to call when she wants to talk to Europe."Whom to call if I want to talk to Europe." Over the last few years, this question was quoted more often and more often. This issue highlighted the extremely complex system of governance of the European Union (EU) with rotating presidencies and, accordingly, with constantly changing foreign policy representatives. It is believed that the extraordinary European Council has finally found an answer to Mr Kissinger with the adoption of the Treaty of Lisbon and the changes it brings with it. In this essay I will look at the changes introduced by the new contract and whether the current US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton will know whom to call when she wants to talk to Europe.

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Институции на ЕС. Европейска сметна палата

Author(s): Martin Panchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2011

What distinguishes the European Union from traditional international organizations, making it a sui generis formation, is its unique institutional structure. By adopting the founding treaties for the Union, Member States delegate part of their sovereign rights to independent institutions representing both national and general interests. The institutions complement each other and each of them plays a specific role in the decision-making process. One of these institutions is the European Court of Auditors (ECA), the external auditor of the European Union.

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The right of access to the file in the enforsment of EU competition law: Strasburg style v. Luxsembourg style

Author(s): Nicoleta Popstoeva,Lyudmila Chulkova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2011

A new era of modernisation and decentralisation was brought on by the Council Regulation 1/20033, which is considered the keystone in the most comprehensive reform of procedures for the enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Despite the attempt for decentralisation, the Commission still has a central role in the enforcement of EU competition law. The concentration of several functions in the hands of the Commission raises serious doubts about the compliance of the enforcement system with the due process guarantees and particularly with Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The question of the fairness and objectivity of the administrative proceedings before the Commission has also attracted public interest. The effectiveness of the protection of the rights of defence, which aim at limiting the Commission’s powers in the field, has been questioned both in the academic literature and in the Union courts.

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Международноправно сътрудничество в борбата с организираната престъпност

Author(s): Elitza Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2010

Organized crime or criminal organizations are transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals for the purpose of engaging in illegal activity. Mafia is a term used to describe a number of criminal organizations around the world. The first organization to bear the label was the Sicilian Mafia based in Sicily, known to its members as Cosa Nostra. In the United States, "the Mafia" generally refers to the Italian American Mafia. Other powerful organizations described as mafias include the Russian Mafia, the Irish Mob, the Chinese Triads, the Japanese Yakuza, the Neapolitan Camorra, the Serbian Mafia, the Mexican Mafia and the Bulgarian mafia. It`s on purpose that the worldwide-known journalist Claire Sterling named the transnational organized crime “Octopus”. What is common about all these criminal organizations is that the ones who participate in them, are people, who are badly treated, who bearly have education and a job. This rise in cooperation between criminal organizations has meant that law enforcement agencies are increasingly having to work together. The first step to take fighting transnational organized crime is giving clear and stable definitions of the problem, bearing in mind the national characteristics. United Nations` s puprose is to provide peace and security and it is devoted to it, having its commissions fighting terrorism, passing international laws and preventing human rights. The aspect that is to be discussed from now on is whether these organizations and actions taken are adequate to time and to the level that the transnational crime has reached. Most of these are actions post factum statements, but unfortunately, the prevention is still quite humble. It is neither the United Nations that are responsible, nor the national committees, devoted to fighting crime. It is everyone`s responsibility to understand and teach the others that the step to take is to provide economic prosperity and opportunities to gain education for everyone. Otherwise, we know what happens. Read the lines above. Organized crime or criminal organizations are transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals for the purpose of engaging in illegal activity. Mafia is a term used to describe a number of criminal organizations around the world. The first organization to bear the label was the Sicilian Mafia based in Sicily, known to its members as Cosa Nostra. In the United States, "the Mafia" generally refers to the Italian American Mafia. Other powerful organizations described as mafias include the Russian Mafia, the Irish Mob, the Chinese Triads, the Japanese Yakuza, the Neapolitan Camorra, the Serbian Mafia, the Mexican Mafia and the Bulgarian mafia. It`s on purpose that the worldwide-known journalist Claire Sterling named the transnational organized crime “Octopus”. What is common about all these criminal organizations is that the ones who participate in them, are people, who are badly treated, who bearly have education and a job. This rise in cooperation between criminal organizations has meant that law enforcement agencies are increasingly having to work together. The first step to take fighting transnational organized crime is giving clear and stable definitions of the problem, bearing in mind the national characteristics. United Nations` s puprose is to provide peace and security and it is devoted to it, having its commissions fighting terrorism, passing international laws and preventing human rights. The aspect that is to be discussed from now on is whether these organizations and actions taken are adequate to time and to the level that the transnational crime has reached. Most of these are actions post factum statements, but unfortunately, the prevention is still quite humble. It is neither the United Nations that are responsible, nor the national committees, devoted to fighting crime. It is everyone`s responsibility to understand and teach the others that the step to take is to provide economic prosperity and opportunities to gain education for everyone. Otherwise, we know what happens.

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Транспорт и транспортна безопасност (Продължение от бр. 2/2010 година на списаниението)

Author(s): Ralitsa Kostadinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2010

In recent years the topic of transport and its legal protection of offenses leading to serious consequences in the form of injuries or death, gained higher importance. Various ways and means are looked for in order to counter transport accidents and lower the casualties, both in European and national plan. Modern research of these questions requires to clarify the nature of transport as a form of human and social activitiy through a historical overview of the stages of its development. Thus, the historical method of research facilitates the thorough study of transport safety by way of analysis of its characteristics in the different periods of human existence. In recent years the topic of transport and its legal protection of offenses leading to serious consequences in the form of injuries or death, gained higher importance. Various ways and means are looked for in order to counter transport accidents and lower the casualties, both in European and national plan. Modern research of these questions requires clarifying the nature of transport as a form of human and social activity through a historical overview of the stages of its development. Thus, the historical method of research facilitates the thorough study of transport safety by way of analysis of its characteristics in the different periods of human existence.In recent years the topic of transport and its legal protection of offenses leading to serious consequences in the form of injuries or death, gained higher importance. Various ways and means are looked for in order to counter transport accidents and lower the casualties, both in European and national plan. Modern research of these questions requires clarifying the nature of transport as a form of human and social activity through a historical overview of the stages of its development. Thus, the historical method of research facilitates the thorough study of transport safety by way of analysis of its characteristics in the different periods of human existence.

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Наказателна отговорност, наказания и мерки, прилагани по отношение на малолетни и непълнолетни в българското и европейското законодателство

Author(s): Maria Krumova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2009

Crime leaves scars on the lives of entire communities, it undermines our sense of security and unity of society. Recently, when mentioning child criminality in Bulgaria, there is talk of child abuse over children, with examples of this being many and distinguished by the cruelty of doing it. Today in all countries it is considered that the fight against crimes and other offenses should be dealt with in a differentiated way, taking into account, above all, the age characteristics of offenders.

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Наказанието и неговите видове - съпоставка между българския и гръцкия наказателен кодекс

Author(s): Vania Manolska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2009

One of the basic concepts of criminal law is "punishment". Its importance for the legal system is so important that it derives from the name of this legal branch - criminal law. This is not the case in Bulgarian law alone. The term "criminal law" also derives from this concept in Greek law. Criminal law emerges at a later stage in the development of society, namely when the state has already emerged as a complex system of government.

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Тероризъм - европейско сътрудничество и органи за борба с него

Author(s): Mihail Iliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2009

The term "terrorism" is derived from the word "terror", "terrorist act", which is a word of Latin origin and means fear, horror. In the 1956 political dictionary, terror is the most acute form of struggle against a violent political opponent, including the physical destruction of the class adversary and the organization of political killings. Although it does not have a legal definition of the concept, it can be defined as a socially dangerous act in which force or threat is used to achieve certain political purposes.

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Сътрудничество по наказателноправни въпроси. Полицейско сътрудничество в рамките на Европейския съюз

Author(s): Kleonika Arabadjieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2009

In order to combat effectively the various terrorist groups and organized crime, the Member States of the European Union must cooperate and synchronize their legal systems. There are several approaches that help Member States together to quickly and efficiently deal with organized crime. The European Union has set some priorities for its fight against crime. For the first time, coordinating institutions such as Europol and Eurojust have been established. There are also special training places for staff - European Police College. It is also important to involve the Union in cooperation on the fight against organized crime through special units such as the European Rapid Reaction Force.

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