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A success story in Central Europe: the Lumen anime, its manuscript tradition, its versions, its attribution

Author(s): Baudouin Van den Abeele / Language(s): English / Issue: 44/2014

The 14th century Lumen anime, a collection of materials for sermons introduced by short scientific statements, is known through several versions (Lumen A, B and C). A further version is presented here as Lumen D, the Proprietates rerum naturalium adaptatae sermonibus de tempore, which has not been recognized so far. A new overview of the manuscript tradition is given, adding 35 copies to the existing lists (R. & M. Rouse, N. Harris), which brings the total amount of manuscripts to 205. The text has been especially successful in Central Europe, with a majority of copies in Bavaria, Austria, Bohemia and Poland. Medieval provenances are, when known, linked most often to contemplative orders (Benedictines and Cistercians) or canons (Augustinians, Premonstratensians). In an epilogue, the attribution of Lumen A to Berengar of Landorra, archbishop of Compostella, is discussed and several arguments are advanced against it. The appendix gives a complete list of manuscripts of the Lumen anime.

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A Trial of Interpretation of Meister Eckhart’s Thought on God and Man through the Analysis of Its Paradoxes

Author(s): Zbigniew Kazmierczak / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

This article interprets Eckhart’s contradictions by presenting them as a result of an existential search for salvific power. It is shown that power is ambivalent in nature: it is the power of what is and the power of (self)overcoming (of what is). Just because power is in itself ambivalent and the process of searching for it existentialist (so not completely conscious), Eckhart’s mystical texts are full of contradictions and the German mystic is apparently not aware of it. The sample of them is shown in this article with regard to his ideas on God and man. Three other interpretations of Eckhart’s (“apophatic,” “educational,” “methodological”) are presented and argued against.

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Abbagnanowska krytyka tradycyjnej filozofii: Augustyn, Descartes, Kant

Author(s): Jakub Bartoszewski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2016

The article discusses the issue of possibilities in the context of Abbagnano’s perspective on traditional philosophy. Following the founder of the philosophy of possibilities, certain philosophers were selected who in the opinion of the Italian existentialist had a significant impact on culture and philosophical tradition. Therefore, only three figures are discussed: Augustine, Descartes and Kant.

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Adequatio rei et intellectus kod Tome Akvinskog

Author(s): Ivan Dunder / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 1/2014

The aim of this work is to express standpoint about concept of the truth as it was taken and supported by Thomas Aquinas. He was convinced that truth is spread all over the world and that the primarly task of the human thought is to seek and gather the truth. His originality is in its entirety. He does not repeat some old ideas. Thomas is a realist in a special sense who resolves all the difficulties and problems that carry the question of reality with faith in reality. Things are more realistic than they are shown to us. We have to discover them. They are unrealistic if they are just in the row of the possibilities, and not in the reality. They are still incomplete and they are waiting for their further development. Thomas loved God more than his mind, and yet he loved the mind more than any other philosopher. He was an apostle of the mind, a teacher of truth and a renewer of intellectuality not only for 13th century but also for our time. Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas is a philosophy of faith and truth which is known, and at the same time a philosophy of natural reason. According to the methodological principle, suspicion is necessarily the starting point for unbiased scientific and theological research, and the aim of this research is to remove suspicion. But it is necessarily to be on clear with the suspicion on its own and to know what we can resonably doubt. Because the one who doubts in all, doubts also in validation of his own doubt. God's being is the first and the most perfect, and his truth is the first and highest. The truth for Thomas, by his definition, which remained stigmatized for the whole scholastic period defined as an adequate, is an adequate state of rei et intellectus. Thinking further about the truth, Thomas answers on question: is there only one truth where everything is true? It is emphasized again that the truth, all truths, expressed about things in comparation with human mind do not affect on the existence of the thing in their essence because there is a truth about these things in comparation with god's mind that is inseparable from them. That is why everything is true, thanks to one truth and that is the truth of the God's mind. On that truth, which comes from God's mind into ours, we judge everything. It is not changeable and cannot be aqcuired with the human sense. Everything that is sensational owns something similar to false, so that can be recognized, but there is nothing false in the true. Something is considered for truth when truth exist in mind and when it is not a reality. If the truth of things is observed in the right way towards the human mind, it can be changed either into a lie or to another truth.When compared with things, the statement is considered true if it is in accordance with them. From this comparison comes out variability of the truth, and the first truth remains unchanged. When one thing changes because of it's decay, which is important to the thing, it will change truth of the thing. The mind, while realizes the truth thinks of its own act, realizes its relation to things, co-forms with things, in fact, the mind realizes even the truth of the mind, it thinks about itself. So, in comparation with God's mind one thing cannot be false. In comparison with the human mind, a disharmony of thing with the mind sometimes happens, and that disharmony is always caused from thing itself.

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Akt i możność w poznaniu anielskim według Tomasza z Akwinu

Author(s): Tomasz Tiuryn / Language(s): Polish / Issue: XXI/2015

The topic of this paper is Aquinas’ doctrine of angelic cognition. Its point of departure is the importance of the opposition between actuality and potentiality in angelic cognition. This perspective enables us to see how the differentiation of cognitive powers in terms of actuality and potentiality becomes the basis for the emergence of the angelic hierarchy. Also, it allows us to stress the contrast between human and angelic cognitive powers. One of the particular problems which arise within the discussion of angelic cognitive powers is the relation between angels and the order of time. Aquinas’ remarks about their cognition show that angels also participate to some extent in the order of time. Furthermore, he unequivocally states that angels are able to cognize particular material entities that change within time. This poses some difficulties for Aquinas’ doctrine that are dealt with in the second part of the paper.

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Akty woli w myśli średniowiecznej — od św. Augustyna do Wilhelma z Auxerre

Author(s): Monika Michalowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2017

Harry Frankfurt’s concept of autonomy that has been acknowledged as one of the most important theories of autonomy underlines the essential role of a moral agent’s ability to reflect on herself and her life. The core element of the concept is the ability of a moral agent to formulate first as well as second order desires. Intriguing seems the fact that we can find the concepts referring to the complexity of the will and its first and second order acts already in medieval thought. In this paper I examine the development of the terminology and argumentation employed in these medieval concepts which analyze first and second order acts of the will as well as the subtle difference between various acts of the will. I focus on the concepts formulated until the first half of the 13th century pointing out to the terminology and arguments which became the point of departure for late medieval theories of the will.

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Akviniečio Ir Avicebrono Disputo Dél Paprastųjų Substancijų Sandaros Teo-Filosofinis Pamatas

Author(s): Gintautas Vyšniauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 55/2008

The article discusses Thomas Aquinas’s polemics with Jewish-Arab thinker Solomon ibn Gabirol (lat. Avicebron). Aquinas focuses his critique on the hylomorphic structure of the simple substances postulated by Avicebron. But the analyses and comparison of the texts of both the thinkers lead us to the more fundamental philosophical problem of relation between simplicity and complexity, unity and diversity, one and many or, to be more precise, to the question, how it could be possible to derive diversity from the absolute unity? It seems that Aquinas derives diversity directly from the First Principle but corrupts its simplicity introducing into it Aristotelian causes. Avicebron preserves the unicity of the First Creator by deriving the diversity of the world from two secondary principles: the universal matter and universal form. However, in both cases we observe the solution of the problem by means of creating similar problem in another place: Aquinas has to speak of the absolutely simple triune First Being; Avicebron - of the simple composed substances. We conclude that these oxymoronic concepts of the medieval thinkers could be treated either as manifestation of ultimate logical incompatibility of Platonism an Aristotelianism with theism or as the metes of rational human knowledge beyond which the realm of mysticism and pure faith starts.

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Akviniečio Ir Avicebrono Disputo Dël Paprastuju Substanciju Sandaros Teo-Filosofinis Pamatas

Author(s): Gintautas Vyšniauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 54/2008

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Albert’s Optical Treatise on the Mirror Image in the Fourteenth-Century Hebrew Translation by Judah Romano

Author(s): Carsten Wilke / Language(s): English,Hebrew / Issue: XXI/2015

The Italian Jewish philosopher Judah Romano, who flourished in the second quarter of the fourteenth century, was in his time among the most prolific translators of Latin scholastic texts into Hebrew. His mostly unedited writings include selections from the physical works of Albert the Great, which are of interest for the development of Hebrew scientifi c terminology as well as for the circulation of scholastic thought among Jewish audiences. The present article presents a critical edition of Judah’s translation of Albert’s short treatise "De forma resultante in speculo" (“On the image reproduced in the mirror”), which is conserved in three Hebrew manuscripts, respectively kept in Florence, Parma, and Oxford, under the title Ha-tsurah ha-neḥqeqet be-mar’ah. Th anks to Henryk Anzulewicz, who published in 1999 a critical edition and a thorough study of the Latin original, it is possible to detect the peculiar textual features of the Hebrew translation and to place the latter’s lost Latin model inside the complex transmission of De forma. From its peculiar angle, the Hebrew reception of "De forma" sheds light on the conditions and motivations of the wider circulation of Albertian science during the Late Middle Ages

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Albertas Didysis : Pažinimo Prigimtis Ir Intelektualinė Siela

Author(s): Juozas Žilionis / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 68/2011

The article analyzes the concept of intellectual soul as it was understood by Albertus Magnus, who developed it on the background of Christian tradition, relaying on the texts of Ancient Greek and Arab thinkers. While inquiring the nature of intellect, Albertus Magnus proves that the essence of the soul consists in the cognitive ability, which it obtains from the first cause. He uses the term “soul” equivocally, relating it to being and acting, but the term “cause” he uses univocally. When created soul acquires the ability to know, it becomes intellectual and desires to approach the first cause as the source of knowledge. The image of the soul is like that of the first cause but it is not exact because of the remoteness of the soul from that cause. In some way, human intellectual soul is the perfection of the body but at the same tame it is a separate soul, therefore it functions as nature as well as potency. The intellectual nature of the soul reveals itself by the actualization of potential ideas.

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Albertas Didysis ir Filosofijos Cenzūra

Author(s): Dalia Marija Stanciene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 67/2011

The article analyzes the causes of 13th century university crisis which was provoked by Averroes’s commentaries on Aristotle’s treatises studied in the Faculty of Arts of Paris University. Translated from the Arab sources, Latin texts of Aristotle were quite popular in cathedral and monastic schools. Albert the Great fought the Latin Averroists attempting to Christianize the teachings of Aristotle. In the Latin Aristotelianism the majority of theologians saw danger to the foundation of Christian doctrine. As an ardent partisan of Augustinianism the bishop of Paris Stephan Étienne Tempier was strongly opposed to any studies of Aristotle’s philosophy. In 1270 he issued ordinance prohibiting thriteen statements to be promulgated in the university. In 1277 Tempier published Syllabus listing 219 prohibited statements and naming Sigerus of Brabantia and Boethius of Dacia as Averroist leaders. The appearance of Syllabus revealed the crisis of Scholasticism.

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Amicitia a tyranobójstwo

Author(s): Piotr Graczyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2015

The text considers the relations between friendship and revolution. The author seeks inspiration for the understanding of these relations in St. Thomas’s opusculum, “On Kingship”, Negri’s and Hardt’s books and Jadwiga Staniszkis “Samoograniczająca się rewolucja” [“Self-limiting Revolution”]. Friendship helps to rebel against tyranny but the overpowering rebellion hinders the maintenance of friendship – St. Thomas suggests. The solution is a difficult art of the self-limiting of revolution, inspired by the Christian love of a neighbour and Mao Tse-Tung’s cultural revolution (within limits, of course).

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An Analysis of the Proofs for the Principality of the Creation of Existence in the Transcendent Philosophy of Mulla Sadra

Author(s): Husain Agha Shiraz / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

The Transcendent Philosophy of Mulla Sadra was a complete philosophical system that sought to harmonize various intellectual trends that existed in the Islamic world prior to its genesis. It not only brought new philosophical discussions to the forefront but it also helped solve many of the philosophical problems that had until then not been properly resolved. One of the topics that this school of thought discussed in detail was the subject of creation. This discussion revolves around the question as to what is it that a cause essentially brings into reality? What does a cause do? In this regards there are three views. The first is the view that a cause essentially brings quiddity into reality. The next is that a cause gives existence to quiddity. Mulla Sadra was of the opinion that a cause essentially creates existence and through it, it brings quiddity into reality. In order to substantiate this idea, Mulla Sadra tried to refute the other two possible alternative options. This article seeks to analyze the proofs that he put forward to affirm the principality of the creation of existence. The majority of the proofs have been taken from Mulla Sadra's independent work on this subject, Regarding the Principality of the Creation of Existence. Many of these proofs are problematic and are not compatible with other philosophical principles. Others are sound and can be relied on to substantiate this claim. All in all, it can be said that the principality of the creation of existence is one of the necessary corollaries of the principality of existence itself.

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Anomiczni Żonglerzy. Ciało polityczne i późnośredniowieczna maszyna antropologiczna

Author(s): Michal Pospiszyl / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 19/2016

The text consists of four parts. Assuming that the late Middle Ages was an era of an unusual intensity of conflicts based on religion and race, it will be shown how the notion of the Church as mystical body (Corpus Ecclesiae mysticum), which was its answer to those conflicts, arises from the conservative interpretation of the divine Incarnation. I thereby prove that the entire medieval political theology is self-established as an attempt of repressive suppression of the horizontal (and without organs) political body, created by the early Christianity. The second part is an attempt to describe an anthropological machine, whereby from the 11th century the Curia produced the radically exclusive notion of a political body, dividing the world of those days into humans (who will be saved) and none-humans, which consist of the condemned mass. The third part indicates how this process assumes the form of excommunication, which despite the fact of being created as an extraordinary measure, became the norm for the medieval masses. The last part describes the Franciscanism as a social and religious movement based on the concept of repetition of the Incarnation event – tragic from the orthodox theology point of view. In this context the hidden under the surface of the struggle for investiture, the unbreakable alliance is revealed, maintained between the Papacy and the Empire that was created to hold back the new, heterodox outbursts and the anti-imperialist line of the outlets.

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Anonimowe dzieło "Księga o sześciu zasadach"

Author(s): Elzbieta Jung,Marek Gensler / Language(s): Polish / Issue: XXI/2015

Presented above is the first Polish translation of the Book of the Six Principles, one of the most important treatises of the philosophical tradition of the Middle Ages. Th is text, written by an unknown author of the twelfth century, probably around 1175, was employed in teaching the liberal arts as part of “old logic” (ars vetus). From the thirteenth century on, it became a textbook of practical logic. For this reason, this work was universally known and commented upon in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The treatise is a metaphysical explanation of Aristotle’s categories, divided into two groups. The first of these includes internal forms, such as substance, quality, quantity, and relation; the second contains additional descriptions of substance: being in a position, time, disposition, acting and being acted upon.

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Anselm of Canterbury on being and freedom. Anthropological aspects

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Anselm of Canterbury on being and freedom. Anthropological aspects

Author(s): Simeon Mladenov / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2015

The concept of rectitudo in the philosophy of Anselm of Canterbury is one of the important terms when we consider his view of the being. Rectitudo is the inner norm for each existing thing and as such it guarantees the being of the things. Due to rectitude all of the existing entities are keeping their state of being exactly as they were created and therefore they are both right and just – they perfectly fit with their own nature, i.e. with God’s will. Examining some chapters of Anselm’s dialogue “De veritate” we can state that there are some uncertainties considering the view that all existing things are right and just entities. Seemingly not all of the created things inevitably follow their own rectitudo and therefore some of them could cease to follow God’s will and with this to leave their state of being.Continuing this thought we find that the problem with falling away from the rightness, constituting the very being of things, could be traced in the rational willing creatures only. However, this falling away is different form men’s freedom and free choice. In the beginning of De libertate arbitrii Anselm states explicitly, that the ability to err has nothing to do with freedom nor yet with the free choice. By analogy with truth, freedom is defined in an independent from the sin manner.Tracing the main similarities starting with the truth (represented by rectitudo) and the specific definition of freedom, the text aims to show that their concurrence plays a crucial role in understanding Anselm’s anthropological thought.

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Anselm of Canterbury on The Definition Of Human Nature

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Anselm of Canterbury on The Definition Of Human Nature

Author(s): Simeon Mladenov / Language(s): English / Issue: 23/2017

The current paper presents the main results of a broader researchdevoted to discussing the problem of human nature according toAnselm of Canterbury. In the final period of his life, Anselm offersan unprecedented critique of the classical definition of human nature.Ruling out mortality, Anselm emphasizes that human naturewas created for eternal and blessed life, in which death has no part.However, Anselm never examined the problem in details and consequentlydid not offer a plausible solution to the arisen questions.If mortality could not be part of human nature, how do humansdiffer from the angels or God? What should be then considered asessential part of human nature? Is it possible that a new definitioncould be constructed? The current paper tries to discuss to someextent these questions and to offer a possible solution. Taking intoconsideration the entirety of Anselm’s teachings, the text shouldpropose that Anselm’s critique was in accordance with other significantparts of his philosophical thought – the problem of freechoice, truth, uprightness, the capacity of the will.

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Anzelmas Kenterberietis: Fides Quaerens Argumentum

Author(s): Tomas Saulius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 72/2012

Paper deals with the most significant and controversial episode of medieval philosophy – the “proofs” for God’s existence formulated by Anselm of Canterbury in his Monologion. Here investigation rests on the idea that the purpose and rationale of these “proofs” unfold only in the context of Anselm’s other works. The paper aims to find out whether Anselm, being brilliant dialectician, really aims to elaborate Christian theology within the limits of pure reason, i.e. within the limits drawn by deductive logic, or whether the question of the meaning of his “proofs” should be reduced to the question of their logical legitimacy.

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Anzelmo „Ontologinio Įrodymo“ Logika

Author(s): Audrone Dumciene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 72/2012

Keeping within the framework of analytic philosophy, the article examines Anselm of Canterbury‘s “ontological proof for God’s existence”, which, according to prevailing view, most clearly reveals specifics of pre-scholastic speculative thought. In the Anglo-Saxon tradition, the question of the logical validity of this proof is a matter of relevance, but this article highlights the aspect of the proof‘s soundness. After all, as it is known, formally correct reasoning can lead to false conclusions, and truth is an absolute value for philosophy, i.e. “love of wisdom”. The article not only attempts to estimate the compliance of “the ontological proof” with today’s standards of rationality, but also aims to clarify to what extent the approaches of an analytical history of philosophy enables us to reveal the intrinsic reason of Medieval thought.

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Anzelmov ontološki argument kao test promjene stava o vjeri u dijalogu između Anzelma i bezumnika: Od prvog do četvrtog poglavlja Proslogiona

Author(s): Oliver Jurišic / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/2016

The aim of the article is to offer a reading of the four chapters of Anselmʼs Proslogion and the place of ontological argument in the dialogue between Anselm and fool. The introduction is a brief and selective consideration of Anselmʼs ontological argument in philosophy. The next section considers the place of the fool and the ontological argument in regard to Anselmʼs Monologion and Proslogion. )n the next part, the article introduces the provisional dialogue between Anselm and the fool in the first four chapters of Proslogion about the change of attitude of faith toward the capacity for reason, and in the conclusion the ontological argument is proposed as a test for this change in attitude.

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