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Teaching Modern Attitudes through Science of the Past: Hypatia of Alexandria

Author(s): Barbara Krajewska,Małgorzata Krzeczkowska / Language(s): English Issue: I/2020

Hypatia lived in Alexandria in Egypt in the late 4th and early 5th century AD and was in her time the greatest mathematician and astronomer, also a philosopher and a charismatic teacher. She lived her life in a male-dominated world and outfaced the prevalent gender standards thanks to her personal characteristics including talents, strength, independence and courage. Apart from femininity, her attitudes included religious tolerance, high moral standards, ceaseless social and educational activity and political temperance. All of these attitudes apparently pertain to our modern life and are appropriate for teaching in today’s schools.

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Езикът: опит върху един граничен феномен

Author(s): Stefan Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

This article is focused on language’s nature and its role as a condition of understanding. In this context, the basic question remains whether language represents reality or, on the contrary, constitutes it. In order to answer this question, the study examines the border as a phenomenon. If we consider the border as nothing more than a limit, then the world within the boundaries of language appears to be something constructed only by language. If we presume that the border is a field of communication between reality and the subject, then the understanding should include elements of subjectivity, as well as reality itself. This could be the main statement of dialectical symbolism.

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Философията и бъдещето на човека

Author(s): Pantelej Kondratjuk / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

Social Philosophy is a discipline that deals with social behaviour and interprets society and its institutions according to ethical values instead of empirical relations. Bearing this in mind, I decided to explore the phenomenon of the crisis regarding the modern ethos of postmodern culture in the context of the history of classical philosophy. I have done so by relating it to new theoretical and epistemological frameworks of social, philosophical ontology on the one hand, and to the attempt to find an appropriate linguistic paradigm though philosophical semantics on the other hand that would have the potential to create an alternative ethical category. The ultimate goal is to show that philosophy becomes philosophy through the human being himself.

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THE ROMAN STOICS ON THE EMANCIPATORY POTENTIAL OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL PAIDEIA

Author(s): Tamara Plećaš / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The idea that learning liberates or that education emancipates is hardly a novelty, and it can be traced to ancient times and Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy. Thus, in this paper, we aim to express that some of the ideas (like the idea that women and men are equally subject to moral virtue because of their rationality) and educational practices (such as those that encourage students to use their voices and reason independently from any authorities) embraced by well-known Roman Stoics did have emancipatory potential. Particularly important was a requirement that philosophy should be lived outside the classrooms.

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Антрополошке импликације Плутархових есхатолошких митова

Author(s): Noel Putnik / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2023

This paper offers a comparative discourse analysis of three eschatological myths authored by Plutarch, with special emphasis on the anthropological implications of the myths and Plutarch’s literary philosophical ambiguity concerning the relationship between mythos and logos. The myths describe the ecstatic journeus of their heroes, as well as their cosmic visions of the Beyond. The analysis points to Plutarch’s tripartite notion of human identity and his peculiar interpretation of the idea of demons as part of this notion.

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SPOTKANIE FILOZOFII GRECKIEJ I MYŚLI BIBLIJNEJ W JUDAIZMIE HELLENISTYCZNYM I NARODZINY CHRYSTOLOGII

Author(s): Damian Mrugalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVIII/2022

In the 20th century, there was a dispute between Protestant and Catholic scholars over the Hellenisation of Christianity, or rather the evaluation of the phenomenon of Hellenisation. According to Adolf von Harnack, Hellenisation destroyed or deformed the essence of Christianity. According to Joseph Ratzinger, on the contrary: the encounter between biblical thought and Greek philosophy helped to express the essence of Christianity adequately. Ratzinger has devoted many works to the polemic against Harnack’s thesis, pointing out that Hellenisation took place, not only after the death and resurrection of Jesus, but much earlier. However, Ratzinger does not cite many examples and arguments as confirmation of his thesis. This article is a kind of supplement to Ratzinger’s thesis. Its author shows how certain theoretical solutions arose within Hellenistic Judaism, i.e. in the time before the birth of Jesus, and how these were then used by Christians in their Christological argumentation. It was the philosophical interpretation of the Pentateuch made by Philo of Alexandria, but which also appears in the Bible itself (especially in the Sapiential Books), that helped the Fathers of the Church to perceive a pre-existent Logos in the theophanies of the Old Testament. This philosophical interpretation also gave rise to the concept of gaeneratio aeterna, i.e. the argument in favour of the eternal generation of the Son by the Father.

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Plato’s Critique of Scientific Management in Charmides

Author(s): Kenneth Knies / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

I discover resources in Plato’s Charmides for a critique of management as a form of knowledge. After interpreting in a practical register Critias’ idea of a science that would comprehend all sciences without understanding any of their objects (166c – 175a), I argue that the paradoxes with which Socrates confronts this idea can be overcome. With reference to F.W. Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management, I show how this overcoming depends upon transforming productive activity so that it no longer requires the knowledge of products that characterizes techne. As Socrates foresaw, a science that has all ways of working as its object must have somehow expropriated work of its own proper objects.

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ABOUT THE SPIRITUALITY OF ROMAN AND POST-ROMAN DACIA

Author(s): Ştefan Lifa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 25/2021

Our study primarily refers to the organization of Roman Dacia and presents the evolution of the Romanian institutions in this province. The approach is followed by a comparison with the spirituality of the Greco-Roman world and by the presentation of the similarities that are established between the two above-mentioned worlds. All these represented a premise of the spread of Christianity. The latter, through the specific spiritual values promoted (egalitarianism, messianism, the ransom sacrifice) proved to be superior to pagan religions and philosophies.

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WYCHOWANIE W ŚWIETLE FILOZOFII FRYDERYKA NIETZSCHEGO

Author(s): Adam Janas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 64/2022

If education were an epistemologically open conceptual construct, then in places going beyond its conceptualism it would point beyond itself to the ineffable, and therefore over-conceptual. Thinking about education through its mediation in the light, power and essence of what appears to be, seems to be an opportunity to participate in different orders of existence. As a consequence, the concept of education, if it points beyond itself, reveals a horizontally dispersed and vertically united, diverse space of a possibly eternal universe. The view of this space, as originally over- and pre-conceptual, eludes all systemic thought yet stemming from it, because it always reveals itself as an over-completeness of what is conceptually conceived. Education therefore appears as ennobling and life-giving participation in various orders of existence. The aim of this article will be to develop the above vision of education in the light of Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy, however, supplementing this research with Plato’s philosophy when Nietzsche’s deliberations prove to be insufficient.

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ODMIANY PANTEIZMU – W ŚWIETLE HISTORII TEGO POJĘCIA

Author(s): Lech Ostasz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2020

In the first part of the paper are made analysis referring to the notion of pantheism. On the account of the relation between the notions „divinity” and „being/world” are differentiated the following stands: 1) divinity is partially within itself and is partially within the all; 2) divinity is entirely within the all; 3) everything is within divinity, not exhausting its scope and content; 4) everything is within divinity, exhausting its scope and content. In the second part of the paper are cited the views and conceptions illustrating and deepening the starting analysis. The views and conceptions are taken from philosophical texts, theological ones, and from belle-lettres: from among the non-European texts are discussed these of Lao-tsu, Zhuangzi, Bhagawadgita, from among the European texts are discussed the fragments of classical pantheistic texts of: Plotinus, Spinoza, Heraclitus, Hölderlin, Novalis, Feuerbach and other, including poets. At the end of paper are formulated thesis having both the character of summing up the investigation and having the aim of inspiring the further discussion. The first thesis: If one assume the stand (3) and (4), the specificity of pantheism loses. The second thesis: One should distinguish the right, clear, mature in terms of thinking pantheism, i.e. (1) and (2), whereas the stands (3) and (4) not acknowledge as pantheism.

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Ideology and Aristotelian Philosophy

Author(s): Richard J. Fafara / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2019

To get a basic understanding of ideology, the author sketches briefly its philosophical underpinning as conceived by its founder. Then he compares ideology to an alternative way of philosophizing by examining Aristotle’s philosophy which will include one of the most important philosophers in the Aristotelian tradition, St. Thomas Aquinas. In conclusion, he determines what pedagogical benefits flow from such a comparison.

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Elementy kultury arystokratycznej w myśli o. Jacka Woronieckiego

Author(s): Marian Kryk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2019

The article is an attempt to outline the relationship between the thoughts of Father Jacek Woroniecki and the classical patterns of aristocratic culture dating back to ancient Greece. Reaching into the genesis of the problem, the author presents individual stages of the shaping of the ideal of humanity, from the poems of Homer and arete of the nobility, through the classical form of Greek culture paideia to kalokagathia as the culmination of all virtues and the most difficult moment of megalopsychia as a true self-esteem by those who desire true greatness. The Greek model and its Roman continuation in the form of humanitas come into contact with Christianity. Here they find their perfection in the form of the concept of a person and the discovery of a transcendent, theocentric perspective. On the historical background, the thought of Father Woroniecki appears as a kind of synthesis combining both elements of the classical model of Greek paideia and Christian universalism. Father Woroniecki’s conception is based on the classical ethics of virtues, which having crystallized, constitute the basis of personality in the form of a strong character. The beautiful moral character as a result of the process of human improvement is at the peak of his similarity to God in a natural perspective and is the greatest temporal common good.

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God and Truth, Goodness, and Beauty

Author(s): Marcin Sieńkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2/2021

The purpose of this article is to present the meaning of the transcendental properties, which include truth, goodness, and beauty, among others. Their understanding was developed by philosophers of the classical trend (in the past and today). On the basis of metaphysics, it is explained that every real being has these properties. The author of this study shows that they also belong to God.

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W pułapce nihilizmu – zagrożony personalizm

Author(s): Piotr Jaroszyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/1/2023

Western culture has found its most fundamental and integral expression in personalism throughout history. It has made it possible to show man as a person, something not found in any other religion or civilisation. The personalistic vision of man has been influenced, on the one hand, by Greek philosophy, led by Aristotle's metaphysics, and, on the other, by Christian revelation, within the framework of which the concept of God as unique in the Trinity appears. The latter is subjected to philosophical analysis through great theologians such as St Augustine and St Thomas Aquinas. However, in modern and contemporary times, there is a deformation of both the concept of God and the concept of person. This deformation eventually leads to the negation of the category of person as well as the negation of the concept of being. Nihilism, whose main agenda is destruction, comes to the fore in philosophy and culture. From nihilism to culture there is no return, just as from non-being there is no return to being. What remains, as M. A. Krąpiec emphasises, is the initial affirmation of being as existing and of the human person as a self-determining subject. This is the way for a philosophically and theologically grounded personalism that does not fall into the trap of nihilism.

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Zašto je tako malo žena u filozofiji?

Author(s): Luka Boršić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/167/2022

There is no clear answer as to why there are more employed male philosophers than female philosophers in most universities. The first part analyses the problem of the historical under-education of women – which may be a simple explanation for the absence of women in the history of philosophy. Today, however, the situation in the humanities, including philosophy, is different, as there are often more female than male students, but this does not lead to a significant balance of men and women in higher academic positions. Therefore, the first part of the paper also discusses fifteen hypotheses about the causes of this state of affairs, some of which have been rejected, some of which are highly probable, while further research is needed to confirm or reject some. The second part addresses the problem of the idea that traditional philosophy needs “the feminine” as “the other”, which it defines negatively. This position can be rejected with similar arguments that can also be used to reject essentialism.

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Petar Šegedin: Filozofija i život

Author(s): Paolo Rašica / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/167/2022

Review of: Petar Šegedin: Filozofija i život, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 2020.

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Frameworks of Archaic and Traditional Thinking

Author(s): Raluca Soare,Anca-Elena David / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Approaching this topic appears as a necessity at a time when the loss of simple meanings is felt more and more acutely, hence the numerous confusions and sterile discussions about the archaic, mythical, wild, prelogical, unhistorical, etc. These discussions automatically place archaic thinking in an outdated spiritual phase of the human gender, which stirs a kind smile, at its best. Constantly subjected to an empirical-neutral approach and strictly horizontal observation, archaic thought is regarded as a primitive form of science and religion, a kind of childhood of thought that has not yet reached the maturity of knowledge and understanding.

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Święty Augustyn Kazanie 19 wygłoszone w Basilica Restituta w dniu munerum (CPL 284 – Sermo 19 habitus in Basilica Restituta die munerum)

Author(s): Łukasz Libowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 86/2023

Translation into Polish with commentary of St. Augustine's Sermon 19 preached in the restored Basilica on a day of the games.

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Compliance and Endurance. The Athenian Power Building through the Melian Dialogue

Author(s): Eleni Tzovla / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The Melian dialogue in the 5th book of Thucydides can be seen as one of the most important texts for political science. Two opposing political ideas are confronted by the historian: on the one hand Thucydides presents the Athenians as promoters of the idea of legitimacy of unlimited growth of power; on the other hand, there were the Melians who did not accept the ‘law of the stronger’. The Melians were conquered, and their arguments could not save them, but in the longer perspective the Athenian empire was destined to collapse. Through the dialogue, Thucydides compares the ‘law of the stronger’ ignoring the rights of others, and the appeal to justice by the weaker party trying to demonstrate their reasons to oppose the imperialist power.

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The “lengthy affair” of mytho-poetic education: Plato’s myths, Heidegger’s hermeneutics, and learning with(out) violence

Author(s): Arnold Jafe / Language(s): English Issue: 2 (43)/2023

This article retrieves ancient and modern perspectives on the status and role of myth in education by revisiting Plato’s critique of myth in the light of recent scholarship and spotlighting Plato’s so-called “allegory of the cave,” particularly the latter’s (in)famous interpretation by Martin Heidegger. Reviving the question of myth in the philosophy of education through engaging Plato and Heidegger’s mythical elements, the paper provides a more extensive background to recent deliberations on mytho-poetic curriculum theory and the hermeneutics of education.

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