K niektorým faktorom vzniku a vývoja polis

Author(s): Lukáš Jeník / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2020

The aim of the article is to present the Greek polis as a space where the birth of the Greek miracle took place. Polis did not only represent a social and political structure, but also a space that allowed the development of Greek culture. That is why the Greek polis cannot be simply identified with an idealized mental construction of the paradigmatic political community of the 5th century BC. The article presents selected factors that influenced the development of the Greek polis as a specific ancient form of political existence. It shows that the central factor that helped to shape the ancient Greek political community was the search for justice.

Meditatio mortis. Meditating on Death, Philosophy and Gender in Late Antique Hagiography

Author(s): Marija Munkholt Christensen / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

According to Socrates, as he is described in Plato’s Phaedo, the definition of a true philosopher is a wise man who is continuously practicing dying and being dead. Already in this life, the philosopher tries to free his soul from the body in order to acquire true knowledge as the soul is progressively becoming detached from the body. Centuries after it was written, Plato’s Phaedo continued to play a role for some early Christian authors, and this article focuses on three instances where Christian women mirror Socrates and/or his definition of philosophy. We find these instances in hagiographical literature from the fourth and fifth centuries at different locations in the Roman Empire – in the Lives of Macrina, Marcella and Syncletica. These texts are all to varying degrees impacted by Platonic philosophy and by the ideal of the male philosopher Socrates. As women mastering philosophy, they widened common cultural expectations for women, revealing how Christian authors in certain contexts ascribed authority to female figures.

Ambiwalencja greckiej nadziei

Author(s): Jacek Filek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

Artykuł jest próbą odtworzenia myślenia Greków o fenomenie nadziei. Stwierdzona zostaje wielopoziomowa jej ambiwalencja. Najpierw jako spodziewanie się albo czegoś dobrego, albo czegoś złego. Następnie jako nadzieja negatywna (w znaczeniu nieuzasadniona, nierozumna i prowadząca do zguby) bądź pozytywna (w znaczeniu uzasadniona, rozumna i umożliwiająca ocalenie). Na koniec jako nadzieja moralnie dobra bądź zła w zależności od etycznej oceny jej przedmiotu. Stwierdzona zostaje też korelacja strachu i nadziei. Postawiony zostaje problem odniesienia nadziei do czasu. W tym kontekście są rozważane są poglądy Hezjoda, Tukidydesa, Platona, Arystotelesa i stoików.

Jakim rodzajem wnioskowania jest według Arystotelesa argumentacja przez przykład (paradeigma)?

Author(s): Andrzej P. Stefańczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The paradigm (example) is an inductive argument in rhetoric. However, the paradigm is not about moving from many specific cases to a certain generalization, i.e. universalization of all individual cases — as it normally happens in inductive argumentation. Instead, it is rather a transition from one detail to another similar one; with the condition being that both specific cases belong to the same type. Therefore, the paradigm is not an induction in the strict sense, but it seems more to meet the conditions of analogy. The article formulates the thesis that Aristotle distinguishes three types of inference: deduction, induction and analogy. In order to demonstrate the specific nature of inference by the paradigm, which seems to be a type of analogy, other types of inferences are also examined, i.e. apodeictic, dialectical, and inductive syllogisms.The article is an attempt to present the characteristics of argumentation by paradigm and show its specific nature in the light of Aristotle’s Rhetoric and his logical writings: Prior Analytics, Posterior Analytics, Topics, and Sophistical Refutations.

Model duszy wieloczęściowej jako starożytny horyzont pytania o ludzką wolę w świetle Etyki nikomachejskiej 1111b i Politei 437B – 440D

Author(s): Piotr Pasterczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

An analysis of the concept of resolution (προαίρεσις) and rational desire (βούλησις) in the third book of the Nicomachean Ethics 1111B leads Aristotle to discuss the problem of weakness of will (ἀκρασία) in the context of the relationship between reason, lust and anger. The philosophical source of the possibility of such a discussion is most likely the text of the fourth book of Politea, in which Plato founded the theory of the multipartite soul, thus making it possible to answer the question about the sources of motivation for human action that are different from reason. Thus, Plato resolves the aporia of Socratic intellectualism, in the light of which the reason responsible for human motivations is in contradiction to the phenomena of action devoid of the features of rationality and self-control. The juxtaposition of the text of Nicomachean Ethics 111B and Politea 437B–440D opens the horizon of the question about the possibility of the Platonic genesis of human volitional acts and, in the longer term, also the concept of human will. The fruit of this juxtaposition is an attempt to interpret the Platonic theory of the soul in the light of the Aristotelian concept of ὄρεξις, by means of which the Stagirite distinguishes three elements of the soul analogous to Platonic reason, lust and anger (λογισμός — ἐπιθυμία — βμολς), such as rational desire, θυμοειδές — ἐπιθυμητικόν). The perception of the possibility of the Platonic genesis of volitional acts defined later by Augustine in the context of the concept of the will (voluntas) is based on the finding of a relationship between rational desire interpreted by Aristotle as a volitional act (βούλησις) and Plato’s interpretation of reason not only as an intellect, but also as a dynamics that appears on the one hand in the form of erotic power (Symposium, Phaedrus) and on the other hand in the form of rational desire (Hippias Minor, Gorgias).

Aristoteles’in Adalet Anlayışı

Author(s): Mehmet Çiçek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 04/2020

Aristotle paints a very different policy portrait from today's policy understanding. According to him, politics is the most important condition for the human being to be happy, virtuous, and more importantly, human. Depending on this perspective, the doctrine of justice is also shaped. According to him, justice, to the extent that it deserves the right to give. The determination of the right should be done according to the nature of what is distributed. In other words, what is distributed should be given to someone who is in accordance with the nature of that thing, not according to criteria such as wealth and nobility. Aristotle not only sees justice as distributing a share but also speaks of two different types of justice, corrective and exchange justice. This study aims to contribute to the solution of today's political problems by examining Aristotle's relationship between politics, virtue and justice.

Mark Edwards, Aristotle and Early Christian Thought

Author(s): Milan Kostrešević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2021

Runar M. Thorsteinsson, Jesus as Philosopher: The Moral Sage in the Synoptic Gospels

Author(s): Milan Kostrešević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2021

Neki korijeni Dominisove misli: platonizam kod Dominisa

Author(s): Vesna Tudjina / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2010

The basic thought of Marco Antonio de Dominis was the ecclesiological question of the unity of all Christian churches, but his conceptual approach was a philosophical problem.Placing the question again of the essence and nature of the Christian community, the possibility of achieving the reunion of all Christian churches is based on the identity of their foundations, and the democratic principles of Christian origins. In Dominis's idea of a church republic is apparent in the spirit of Plato, where Plato's vision of a community, based on the idea of Goodness, translates into a philosophical-theological language as a community based on the idea of the original Christianity.

YENİ BİR GENÇLİK TİPOLOJİSİ VE ÖLÇEK DENEMESİ: HEDONİST GENÇLİK

Author(s): Fatma ŞENGÜL,Halil Aydinalp / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 50/2021

Youth sociology has a dynamic structure in today's world. Just as young people are defined by their generations such as Generation X, Generation Y and Generation Z, they are also tried to be understood through typologies and definitions such as try to understand them with definitions such as cool youth, crystal youth, internet youth, and Islamist youth. Hedonism, on the other hand, is a philosophical doctrine put forward in Antiquity and argues that pleasure should be made the main purpose of life. This teaching, which started with Aristippus, continued with Epicurus, and was continued in the Modern Age under the name of utilitarianism through Mill and Bentham. Hedonism is also discussed in Islamic moral philosophy. Contrary to the discourse of hedonism, it has been said that ethereal pleasures should be preferred over worldly pleasures, and pleasure is a means, not an end. Today, modernization, individualism and rationalism brought by modernization, capitalism and consumption culture brought by capitalism are seen as effective factors in the birth of the hedonist youth. Considering that the tendency of pleasure exists in today's youth, the subject of this study is youth and hedonism. The aim of the study is to conduct a hedonist youth typology study, which is a new youth typology experiment, and develop a scale suitable for this youth typology. In our study, the scale form of the quantitative research method and the documentation technique of the qualitative research method were used together.

Platon, Aristoteles ve Augustinus’ta Zaman Kavramı

Author(s): Ömer Faruk Karaköse / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

In this article, besides the common views adopted by Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine on time, the points where they differ from each other in terms of its existence and nature are evaluated. Plato and Aristotle developed a similar theory regarding time as a kind of number/measure based on motion. However, while Plato argues that time is created based on a mythological narrative; Aristotle, with a more scientific approach, clarifies that time is not created and, therefore, eternal. On the other hand, Augustine not only argues with theological concerns that time is created by God but also opposes the association of time with motion and claims that it exists in the human mind to measure the spirit in terms of memory, perception, and expectation. Augustine's emphasis on memory and expectation on time can be interpreted as the fact that Augustine regards time as a mental reality (subjective time). Keeping these in mind, in this study, it is claimed that ontological and theological concerns directly affect the understanding of the concept of time within the scope of three philosophers’ theories, and that time is grounded in different ways both in terms of its existence and reality.

The Middle Color: A History of a Problem in Thirteenth Century Oxford Commentaries on De sensu et sensato

Author(s): Monika Mansfeld / Language(s): English Issue: 54/2021

The intersections between philology and philosophy are visible in the interpretations of passages of Aristotle’s De sensu et sensato devoted to the so-called middle color (color medius) by several philosophers active in Oxford in the middle of the thirteenth century, such as Adam of Buckfield, Adam of Whitby and Geoffrey of Aspall. In their work, they had to struggle not only with problems originating from De sensu et sensato itself, but also with others caused by the poor quality of its only translation available at that time. They also discussed a new philosophical problem emerging from Aristotle’s text: if there is a sequence of colors stretched between white and black, where middle colors are evenly distributed throughout it according to the ratio of whiteness and blackness in each of them, there must be a color in which the ratio is perfectly even and, therefore, it has to occupy the position in the very middle of the sequence. My paper presents their search for the middle color par excellence and intense discussions on the nature of the middle color.

STAROŻYTNI NAUCZYCIELE SAMOREALIZACJI

Author(s): Sylwester Scisłowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1-2/2019

The problem of lifelong, subjectively and socially desired self-realization, implementing it at school and in other forms of tuition, belongs to one of the most important educational problems of current world. Practitioners working on research conducted by C. Rogers and A. Maslow, are still looking for answer on such questions as: What a teacher have to know, to successfully inspire his or her pupils for lifelong self-realization? What should he/she teach? In what kind of atmosphere should he/she do this? This paper reminds what kind of opinions on this subject had ancient philosophers-teachers such as: Homer, Thales of Miletus, Confucius, Protagoras, Socrates, Plato, Democritus and Epicurus, as well as indicate that their thoughts and actions converge on opinions and actions of contemporary researchers, propagators and implementers of self-realization.

Aesthetic Ethics without Evil. Aischron in Greek Popular Ethics

Author(s): Michał Bizoń / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In the paper I consider the Greek term aischron as a candidate for a moral concept of evil, focusing on popular rather than philosophical Greek ethical thought. I distinguish between a wide and a narrow concept of evil, focusing in the enquiry on the latter. A narrow concept of evil is limited to a moral meaning, referring to moral agents and actions. In this use evil represents the strongest negative evaluative term of moral agents and actions. I begin the analysis of aischron with a scrutiny of its positive counterpart, kalon. I synthetically discuss the ongoing discussion regarding its meanings. I then turn to the term aischron and its cognates and conclude that its meanings have a similar, albeit not identical, range to kalon. In both cases the semantic field of these terms include a functional, aesthetic, and ethical component. I further argue that these three components are interconnected which suggests that the various meanings of kalon and aischron are not homonymous. On this basis I argue that the functional and aesthetic components present fundamental difficulties for reading aischron as denoting moral evil.

Czysta propaganda, czy wielka sztuka, patriotyzm i obywatelskie zaangażowanie – jak Ajschylos oraz Eurypides używali swoich fabuł, by wspomóc Ateńską politykę wobec sojuszników

Author(s): Olga Śmiechowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

In this article I would like to focus on one research topic: how ancient tragedians manipulated their drama plots (based on Greek mythology) so as to use them for influencing Athenian “international policies.” Those were not any mistakes or airs of nonchalance on the part of the Athenian tragedians; it was just their carefully premeditated strategy of creating persuasive messages to function as pure propaganda. I am chiefly directing my attention to the topic of how the Athenians established their relations with the allies. Meaning the closest neighbours as well as some of those who did not belong in the circle of the Hellenic civilization. I have decided to devote all of my attention to Aeschylus’ and Euripides’ works, as both of them were obvious supporters of the democratic faction. I focused my attention on the texts: Aeschylus: The Suppliants, Oresteia; Euripides: Heracleidae, Andromache, Archelaus,Temenos.

Sacrum słowem sławione – terminologia religijna w twórczości Owidiusza

Author(s): Idaliana Kaczor / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The article investigates Ovid’s use of religious terminology and imagery, in particular in the Fasti and the Metamorphoses. As an educated Roman citizen, Ovid was conversant with Roman ritual practices and frequently drew on facets of the Roman religious experience in his writing, exploring topics such as ritual performance, religious nomenclature, festivals, customs and traditions. In the article, I argue that Ovid’s treatment of religious material is deliberately uneven. The poet, well-versed in the Roman ritual nomenclature, nevertheless flaunted his technical competence only in the rite-oriented Fasti: in his other works, above all in the myth-laden Metamorphoses, he abandoned drier technical details for artistic flair and poetic imagery, unconstrained by traditional practices of Roman piety. The mythological setting of the latter poem gave Ovid a chance to comment upon universal truths of human nature, espousing the prevailing Roman belief that maintaining good relations with the gods (pax deorum) through collective piety would win Rome divine favour in all her initiatives.

Owidiusz i Stacjusz, Tebaida 6.54–78. Aluzje konieczne czy metapoetycki dialog?

Author(s): Damian Pierzak / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Statius’ description of the funeral games held in honor of the baby Opheltes contains several utterances reminiscent of Ovid. The paper aims to show that these should not be read as the so-called necessary allusions, but rather as the poet’s complex dialogue with his predecessor.

THÉMIS JAKO KATEGORIA GRANICZNA

Author(s): Aleksandra Gruszczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 58/2019

Thémis is a concept deeply rooted in the culture of ancient Greece. As a category delineating the limits of “what’s right” as well as a personification of this very concept in Themis, the Titaness ruling the sphere of eternal order, justice, laws and mores in the Greek religion, thémis in ancient Greece was the ultimate boundary of the social reality. Situated on the crossroads between two spheres: the sacrum and the profane, this concept also served as the foundation of an impassable axio‑normative barrier between that which is human and which is other‑than‑human: either god‑like or beast‑like. Thémis as a philosophical and axio‑normative notion still remains a valid scientific category, which can be successfully used in the explication and analysis of the processes of emergence and transformation of contemporary social and individual boundaries. The examination of the socio‑cultural aspects of thémis facilitates the analysis of the communal factors influencing the individual world‑views, as well as those forming the limits and content of the prevailing ethics.

How Does One Understand the Stability of Political Regimes from a Theoretical Point of View?

Author(s): Łukasz Perlikowski / Language(s): English Issue: 63/2019

The investigations of this paper revolve around the concept of stability. We would like to make several analytical distinctions which would allow us to differentiate between various concepts of stability. The background of our work is the theory of political change supported by examples of this kind presented by Plato, Polybius, James Harrington, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Aristotle. The paper includes some remarks on Hobbes’s and Hume’s theories of stability which, strictly speaking, can be smoothly subsumed under a modern political concept thereof. Also worthy of note is the specification of the main subject matter of political theories in terms of the problem of stability. Finally, we propose a sketch of the map of the problem of stability.

Ética epicurista − Tetraphármakos: Algumas inquirições no pensamento filosófico português

Author(s): Rui Maia Rego / Language(s): Portuguese Issue: 18/2019

Can we achieve a good life, endure pain and eliminate the fear of death? What is the role of philosophy and the philosopher in the face of practical and speculative concerns? The philosophy of Epicurus (341-270 BC) aims at “the health of the soul” through the rigorous knowledge of the Universe. This article aims at analysing the ethical proposal of the philosopher − his tetraphármakos (quadruple remedy to liberate the man). Below, two objections to his thinking are presented: on the one hand, Agostinho da Silva, criticizing Epicurean philosophy as a merely defensive method of pain; on the other hand, the characterization of the Epicurean legacy as unrealizable as a praxis ambition, as proposed by Fernando Pessoa’s heteronym, Ricardo Reis.