“Dva” Aristoksenova lica

Pokušaj pisanja biografije ili, bolje, “biosofije”onoga što je, po prvi put(a), ustanovio biografiju kao književno-filozofski žanr

Author(s): Željko Škuljevic / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 01+02/2014

Uncontested musicological merits of the creator (thinker) from Taranto don’t “save” him from a large number of tendentious and shameful writings based not on facts but on mere speculations. Regardless of scarce resources there is no doubt that the Aristoksen is a creator of biography as a literary and philosophical genre, peripatetic and disciple of Aristotle. Deifying Plato, a large number of so-called “researchers”, favoring inherited opinion more than serious research, considered his biographical seeing of Socrates scandalous. As this is not the case with the “Life of Pythagoras”, one gets the impression that the Aristoksen had more than one “face” and that Plato’s Socrates is only one true Plato (at best it is one of possibilities). On the basis of Aristoksen’s presentation in the Life of Socrates we tried to convincingly prove the above mentioned possibility with this text.

„Res ardua vetustis novitatem dare” A leo generosus és idősebb Plinius zoológiája

Author(s): Ágnes Darab / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2015

The paper’s starting point is the analysis of Elder Pliny’s description about the lion (Nat. Hist. 8. 41–58). The analysis sets this narrative unit in the structure of the zoological books of Natural History, then determines and explains the characteristics of the text. Taken in a wider context, the paper compares the results with the most important antecedents of the subject, Aristoteles’ descriptions about the lion, and looks out of its main reception, Ailianos’ narratives about the lion. In addition to the literary context, the philosophical background is also important: the ancient opinion about the relationship between human and other animals, the rational-irrational opposition, whose essential source is stoic philosophy. After all we can place Pliny’s lion-narrative and his zoology in the ancient zoological literature.

„Skoro tak czynią, czyż nie są straszni w oczach bogów?” – wędrowni specjaliści rytualni w oczach autora De morbo sacro

Author(s): Przemyslaw Biernat / Language(s): Polish,Latin / Issue: 6/2013

Hac in dissertatiuncula explanare conati sumus, quo modo sacrificuli et vates vagabundi descripti sint ab auctore ignoto Hippocratico in suo opere De morbo sacro, epilepsi sanandae dedicato. Brevem introductionem capitulum sequitur, in quo ipsius Hippocratici opiniones, quae ad naturam huius morbi necnon deorum pertinent, tractantur. Itaque Hippocraticus noster putavit hunc morbum false sacrum apellatum esse, quia omnes morbi partim divini et partim humani sunt neque est ullus divinior quam alii. Si autem sacrificuli et vates iactant se arcanam habere scientiam et sacris quibusdam deos constringere posse, eodem deos esse negant, quia homo solum rerum humanarum potens sit. In capitulo subsequenti in examen vocata sunt nomina, quae auctor Hippocraticus vatibus imposuit, praecipue autem usus nominum μάγος et καθαρτής apud Graecos. Ex hac analysi concludi potest magum vatem pravum significasse, purificatoris autem nomen et professionem magno in numero a Graecis habita esse. Magi cum purificatoribus coniuncti sunt ab auctore ut notionem purificationis quasi obnigrescerent et quod prius neque insolitum neque externum erat – vere antiquissimo more agebatur – nunc maximae esse impietatis putaretur.

„Тимей“ и „За Небето“

Author(s): Alexander Lozev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 6/2016

Plato's Timaeus is taken as a background for certain views presented by Aristotle in his On the Heavens. The author discusses possible arguments for introducing a new (“fifth”) element.

СИЛЛОГИЗМ О ДОБРОДЕТЕЛЬНЫХ МУДРЕЦАХ

Author(s): YAROSLAV SLININ / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2018

The article deals with the Aristotelian doctrine of induction and its influence on the theory of induction of Al-Farabi. Inductive syllogisms of antiquity and the Middle Ages are compared with modern inferences by induction.

СИТУАЦИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ ОБРАЗОВАНИИ: АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ АРИСТОТЕЛЯ

Author(s): Oleg Donskikh / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2018

In the article, I discuss the significance of the Aristotle’s approach to education. Four aspects of his approach are of special importance: 1. the integrity of knowledge, 2. wonder as the beginning of knowledge, 3. oral communication as a specific way of accessing knowledge and operating with it, 4. knowledge as a necessary element of way of life. While nowadays the individuality is the primary value, and the accessibility of information is becoming almost absolute, these points of the Aristotle’s way of teaching are becoming crucial. Taking the Aristotelian approach to teaching as a model we observe the following significant changes: information is becoming structured only if it is well organized, the ability to wonder develops the ability to ask questions correctly and to have answers which are valued and well memorized, oral communication trains memory and involves pupils into the dialogue with teacher, and knowledge itself is taken as a necessary element of the ethical way of life rather than just as additional bit of information.

Скепсис и парадокс: проблема предпосылок скептицизма у Платона и античная традиция парадоксов

Author(s): Roman Svetlov,Konstantin Shevtsov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2019

The subject of the research is the question of what texts of Plato could become a stimulus for the formation of skeptical ideas in the Academy. Can we, in particular, raise the question of the presence in the texts of Plato of something similar to the principle of the “epoche”, which is the most important methodological sign of skepticism? Can be compared with skepticism the elenchic strategy of Socrates? In our opinion, there are a number of moments in the works of Plato, which brings him closer to skeptical discourse (although this does not make him a skeptic). We dwell only on two of them. The first is the ability of the protagonists of his dialogues to hold in their arguments the two opposite sides of the subject in their undoubted difference and, at the same time, in mutual necessity. This is the Platonic dialectic in its true expression, examples of which we see in the Sophistes and the Parmenides. The second specific aspect of Plato's thought is in the formulation by Plato of a number of logical paradoxes. In its classic version, it became known, however, a little later, in the works of representatives of the Megarian school. We shall deal in more detail with the paradox of the liar, or “the thesis of Epimenides”, which is often seen as a classic example of a self-referential statement. The article will show analogies to the paradox of the liar in Plato's texts. The key point is the last argument from the Theaetetus, where Socrates examines the definition of knowledge as a true opinion with the addition of a specifying attribute (Thaet 201c-208d), as well as the 7th and 8th hypotheses of the Parmenides (Parm. 164b-166c). It seems to us that this moment of the Platonic dialectic also turns out to be a definite resource for the future “skeptical turn” in the Academy. Especially in the situation when the dialogues of Plato were discussed in terms of interest in the arguments of Pyrrho and the Megarians, for whom paradoxes were one of the important methodological tools.

Сократические школы как актуальная проблема современного философского антиковедения

Author(s): Elena Alymova,Svetlana Karavaeva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2019

This article deals with a problem of relevance of the investigation of such a philosophical and cultural phenomenon of the Antiquity as the Socratic Schools. In this connection we treat as a problem the concept of Philosophical School in the Ancient world, analyze the phenomena of σχολή, διατριβή and αἵρεσις, distinguish these phenomena from the phenomenon of school as a specially organized society. We go into details of the Introduction of the famous doxographic work of Diogenes Laertius and on the basis of scrutiny of the terminology used by him we elucidate his interpretation of the phenomenon of Philosophical School.

СОСТОЯНИЯ И ОТНОШЕНИЯ У ГРИГОРИЯ НАЗИАНЗИНА

Author(s): Pavel Butakov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2015

The Greek word ‘schesis’ in the works of Gregory Nazianzen has generally been translated as ‘relation’ and interpreted as a programmatic term for his doctrine of Trinitarian relations. Although this may be a valid interpretation of the terminology of other 4th century theologians, this is not true of Gregory. His usage of the word ‘schesis’ does not correspond with the traditional Aristotelian or Stoic ways of designating a relation. It denotes a status or a disposition, it may even mean a place in a relation, but it is not the relation itself, and not a disposition towards another. Therefore all the interpretations of Gregory’s teaching on the Trinitarian relations are to be revisited and reformulated more carefully, keeping in mind the peculiarity of his usage of ‘schesis.’

СОФИСТИЧЕСКИЙ РЕЛЯТИВИЗМ: МИФ ИЛИ РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ?

Author(s): Marina Volf / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2017

In traditional interpretations, ancient Sophistic is labeled as relativism. According to them, Plato and Aristotle refer Protagoras' doctrine to philosophically inconsistent perceptual relativism. Plato offers two interpretations of relativism, and one of them, so called "secret doctrine" of Protagoras, is often marked as Plato’s own theory of perceptions. Despite the fact that the exoteric and esoteric versions of Protagorean doctrine contains fully valid epistemic and ontological ideas, they are attributed philosophical failure to them because of the self-refutation thesis contained in them, and, according to Aristotle's version, its subjectivism. Subjectivism can also be attributed to Gorgias with regard to his categorial distinction of abilities and objects of perception. However, criticizing subjectivism, Aristotle himself uses a similar categorial argument. Both interpretations undermined the reliance of the Sophistic, having made relativism one of the negative markers of it. Modern rehabilitating interpretations of the Sophistic either seek ways to eliminate subjectivism and skepticism from the sophistic doctrines, or avoid using modern terminology, also they should take into account that fact that in the contemporary philosophy there is no such concept as «simply relativism », but there are various, sometimes contradictory, interpretations of it, and in this case, they have to make an adjustment to the current context in which negative interpretations of relativism have long been not popular.

СПИНОЙ К СПИНЕ: ДВОЙНАЯ ГЕРМА СОКРАТА И СЕНЕКИ И «ВИЗУАЛЬНАЯ МОРАЛЬ» В АНТИЧНОМ МИРЕ

Author(s): Valery Savchuk,Roman Svetlov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2017

Already in archaic Athens herms can play not only a cult role, but also social and didactic. In Rome herms of philosophers, sages, politicians, demonstrated contradictory unity of wisdom and historical completeness of philosophical tradition - from Greece to Rome. They had not only aesthetic, but also ethical, behavioral and even «mnemonic» value. Double herm of Socrates and Seneca allows us to identify possible ways in which a «visual systematization» of moral philosophical heritage had place in the late Roman culture.

СТОИЧЕСКИЙ ОПТИМИЗМ МАРКА АВРЕЛИЯ

Author(s): Sergey Kocherov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

The article is aimed to confute the belief held about the nature of the worldview of Marcus Aurelius as pessimistic. The analysis of the “Meditations” demonstrates that the text represents a dialogue between a Stoic sage and an ordinary man, Marcus Aurelius being in the guise of both. The article proves that the guidance of the philosopher king is positive in its nature, calling one to fulfill manfully his duties aimed at the welfare of the World and Rome while manifesting love to people and showing no fear of failure, suffering or death. I conclude that a comprehensive analysis of the “Meditations” of the Roman emperor, which contains both the historical and existential background of his personality, is still necessary.

Страници из... Гергана Динева "Раждането на личността" (София: УИ „Св. Климент Охридски“, 2018)

Author(s): Gergana Dineva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 8/2018

СТРАСБУРГСКИЙ ПАПИРУС ЭМПЕДОКЛА О РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ ТЕКСТА И ЗАДАЧАХ НА БУДУЩЕЕ

Author(s): Anna Afonasina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2016

The recent surge of interest in the Empedoclean philosophy is connected with a discovery of the previously unknown fragments of his poem in the structure of the Strasbourg papyrus. A new edition advanced by A. Martin and O. Primavesi has appeared in 1999. Before the eyes of many scholars has arisen a fresh picture of the Empedoclean great work. Some authors evaluate this fact as the beginning of the whole epoch in studying of the poem (or poems) by Empedocles, others do not incline to overstate its importance (P. Curd, for instance). The present work is dedicated in the first place to the problem of reconstruction of the new fragments and to the arguments in favor of their proper placing relative to the early-known ones. We will trace the process of the poem’s renaissance. This article opens the number of future studies, dedicated to different questions in studying of the Empedocles’ thought arisen in connection with the recently discovered fragments. I hope that the paper will be useful for Russian scholars, since no study on the Strasbourg papyrus has appeared in Russian yet.

Строение пространства в «Географии» Птолемея: методологические сложности геореференцирования античных топонимов

Author(s): Dmitry A. Shcheglov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2019

In this paper I would like to draw attention to several features inherent to Ptolemy’s Geography that limit the effectiveness of different mathematical approaches to georeferencing (i.e. locating within the modern coordinate system) its unidentified places. Out of the 6,300 coordinate points listed in Ptolemy’s Geography, approximately 50% still don’t have recognized identifications on the modern map. This makes the Geography a real bonanza for researchers developing different methods to translate Ptolemy’s coordinates into the modern ones. Most of these methods can be effective only insofar as Ptolemy’s Geography is regarded as an example of what David Woodward called “equipollent-coordinate space” where “every place in the system is of equal geometric significance.” This kind of space is supposed to be as continuous and homogeneous as the space of the modern maps is. My central thesis is that Ptolemy’s space was closer to what Woodward has called “route-enhancing space,” in which “the routes are endowed with the importance of direct observation,” hiding behind the mask of the “equipollent” one. This hidden nature of Ptolemy’s space manifests itself in two interrelated aspects: it was discrete and hierarchically organized. On the one hand, there are reasons to suppose that most points on Ptolemy’s map were originally located not in relation to their nearest neighbors, but rather in relation to a few distant reference points. On the other hand, Ptolemy tended to distribute all places more evenly throughout the entire space they occupy and to round their coordinates as much as possible. These features of Ptolemy’s method result in that, even if he tried to follow his sources most closely, each separate point on his map could have been displaced relative to its original neighborhood. The displacements are often so significant and unpredictable that they cannot be adequately described by a single continuous function. Mathematical methods remain, of course, an important tool for studying Ptolemy’s Geography and, in particular, for georeferencing its unidentified places. However, like any instrument, these methods have limited effectiveness. The specific features of Ptolemy’s method pointed out in the present paper can contribute to our understanding of how these methods can be improved and enhanced.

Студија о Платоновим митовима

Author(s): Aleksandar Kandic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 4/2014

Платонова филозофска митологија / Деретић, Ирина [илустратор Барбара Васић], Београд: Завод за уџбенике, 2014, 298 стр, илустр. 24 цм, ISBN 978-86-17-18806-9

ТЕОЛОГІЧНА КОНЦЕПЦІЯ ГАРМОНІЇ СУЩОГО: АТАРАКСІЯ ЯК ВОЛЕВИЯВЛЕННЯ

Author(s): Viktoria Rudko / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 4/2014

Ataraxia is an important subject of philosophical reflection. This term has a rather deep knowledge of harmonious spirit, being rooted in everyday life.The term "ataraxia" usually is associated with ethics of Greek philosophers who built their philosophical systems that provided an independent, calm and unemotional state for the individual. This measure, rhythm, harmony, and other categories of aesthetics are being converted from abstract common patterns of space into ways of self-studying and internal structure of a man. The category of ataraxia indicates integrity and orderliness of nature, balance of rational and emotional in man, feasibility of removal of social antagonisms. So it is always relevant.Stoicism was based on positions of subjectivity, and the objective things were pictured on the basis of subjective experiences. These experiences tell us about lekton in the most abstract form, and about ataraxia and apathy in the most exact form. Thus ataraxia could not come by itself, and apathy could be achieved only through great efforts. In the subjective field a human faces for some incomprehensible thicket of being, on the one hand and, on the other hand, the reasonableness of the code, the law of commandments, dictates, doctrines and all sorts of advice or systematically carried out arts of organization, design, reasonable, creative and artistic activity. A stoic wise man was such an artistic masterpiece in which everything is built methodically appropriate and according the precisely defined plan. In the Hellenistic era heroes were not born, they were brought up, taught, planned in advance. They knew what to expect and how to respond to this need. This is the era of subjectivity, that era of consciousness, the era of planned willpower, the era of pre-designed rules of artistic activity.In traditional presentation we also see the touch between the concepts of ataraxia and fate. In stoic philosophy the concept of fate is not the result of any faith or superstition, but it is a common notion, logically justified and therefore logically necessary. Stoic destiny is the semantic fluidity of meaning and love from other hand it is love to this sense of fluidity of meaning. Fate does everything what it needs; and it is the absolute fatalism. Man realizes himself as the result of the fate, as one of its artistic creations. It is turned out the fate realizes itself that acting freely, it is the instrument of fate. Therefore, it is important not to rebuild the reality, but to understand it. The stoic wise man does not resist evil. He understands it and being in its semantic fluidity that’s why he is calm.First of all stoicism was the morality, the developed to detail moral teaching, founded on special philosophical outlook. In this sense, it has the great educational value to the ancient world. Stoicism is a moral force that has great influence over many centuries and in large scale. It influenced on many teachers and fathers of the Church and Christianity in general.In the XVII century the rationalist borrowed and developed Stoic tradition on the new basis. It was based on the suggestion that the human mind can be the source and the foundation of the moral order and harmony. In philosophy and ethics of the XVII century reason is not a way of escaping from the world, but means of organization. It is the highest authority within the individual. It also resolutely subordinates all his passions, inclinations and interests. The mind does not balance passions, pointing out to everything on its place and time, but is committed to providing the entire human life in reasonable sense.The value of ataraxial state harmony characterized different worldviews, though in many aspects it remains little researched. For a detailed analysis of ataraxia as harmony, one can use the existential and axiological analysis of harmony by L. V. Baeva from the position of comparative and civilizational approach. The researcher believes that the concept of "harmony" is not limited solely by aesthetic and ethical spheres. It is a key ontological and anthropological category, which characterizes the way of mutual subordination of internal and external levels of the individual (society) being. In this sense references to harmony in the state of ataraxia means not only the emotional experience and sensual-figurative feeling of the fine as organically integrated, but also intuitive or rational ideas about the possibility of being a part existence not as "strange" component, but as a necessary component of a certain unity. This harmony as a property of the world and a way of its special perception characterizes ontological and epistemological distinctiveness of dual process of human and world relationships. Therefore, the harmony of ataraxia state as proportionality and balance of the internal and the external is a value of individual and social life reflecting the desire for wholeness, indivisible perception of the world. For many schools harmonization is a reflection of external universe with the inner world of the individual, which allows the merging with the "primary source" of all things.So, we can say that the ataraxia as the perception and support of harmony is the will and it turns to be removing a deep reflection about the dual, contradictory, twin foundations of the universe.

ТЕОФРАСТ. О ПЕРВЫХ НАЧАЛАХ

Author(s): Eugene Afonasin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

Cicero (De natura deorum 1.13.35), Clement of Alexandria (Protrepticus 5.58) as well as Proclus (In Timaeus 35А) inform us that Theophrastus [372–287 BCE] inclined to identify the god and the sky (the stars are animated therefore divine). In the article we will see that, indeed, the student of Aristotle frequently professes ideas that would surprise the philosopher of Stagira. For instance, he frequently insists that the kosmos is a living and ordered universe (the whole), and its innate movement is something which cannot be explained with the help of hand-made teleological constructions, such as the first mover. The analysis of the Metaphysics is supplemented in the paper by observations based on Theophrastus’ (Syriac) Meteorology and a selection of the fragments of his lost scientific works. The Metaphysics is translated into Russian for the first time. The reader is also adviced to consult Aristotelian Movement of Animals, a Russian translation of which immediately follows this publication.

ТЕТРАГРАММАТОН И КОНЦЕПЦИЯ ЕДИНОЙ БОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ СУБСТАНЦИИ В «ИСПОВЕДИ», КН. VII АВГУСТИНА И В УЧЕНИИ СПИНОЗЫ

Author(s): Igor Tantlevskij / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2015

The author supposes that the Tetragrammaton’s interpretation, attested in Ex. 3:14, exerted direct influence on the formation of the conception of single, eternal, and infinite God’s substantia, reflected in Augustine’s “Confessions”, book vii and in Spinoza’s teaching.

ТРАДИЦИЯ АРИФМЕТИЧЕСКИХ ЗАДАЧ: ПОПЫТКА РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ

Author(s): Andrey Shetnikov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2016

The survey is devoted to the history of “arithmetical riddle problems” found in Diophantus’ Arithmetica, Anthologia Palatina, ancient Chinese Nine chapters of the mathematical art, The Book of Abacus of Fibonacci, Medieval Armenian “Questions and solutions”, some Arabian and Indian sources, etc. Many well-known “arithmetical riddle problems” known from our school textbooks were invented a long time ago – in Hellenistic antiquity, if not earlier. As a rule, their solving was based on techniques of oral arguments and account, which are restored in this paper.