Превазилажење Мелисовог хилетичког монизма и проблем нужности и случајности у Демокритовом атомизму

Author(s): Goran M. Jakovljević / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2018

Through the interpretation of fragments B 9 and B 156 the thesis has been developed that Democritus builds his physical atomism as an attempt at surpassing Melissus‟ hyletic monism by means of the hyletic interpretation of Pythagorean pluralism of monads, i.e. of arithmetical or geometrical atoms. As well as Melissus, Democritus uses the terms “being” and “nothing” and understands them hyletically, but in spite of Melissus‟ understanding he considers that being (ηὸ ἐόν, i.e. δέν, hing: an infinite number of physical atoms as a result of the “crumbling” of one infinite Melissian being) and nothing (μηδέν, i.e. not-being: one infinite Melissian void as condition for motion) equally exist and have the status of incorruptible, sensually imperceptible (and therefore only noumenal, only to the reason available) Being, which is the ground for corruptible, sensually perceptible (and therefore phenomenal) concrete beings.

ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ ЦИЦЕРОНА О ЛЮБВИ

Author(s): Svetlana Demina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

This article investigates Cicero’s thoughts about love. According to this Roman philosopher a disposition to love is given to people by nature. He defines love (amor) as recognition of importance of another person per se and an aspiration to do anything good for him unselfishly. Love as a philosophical category allows Cicero to explain a person’s behavior, to disclose importance of a person for another person, to display a moral similarity of both loving persons as well as to explain unification of people in associations of different levels (matrimonial and family relations, friendship, neighborhood, citizenship, nationality, humankind). In Cicero’s opinion, the widespread understanding of love as a passion is erroneous and leads to violation of moral and legal norms, therefore Cicero’s attitude to this passion is extremely negative.

ПРИСКИАН ЛИДИЙСКИЙ О СНЕ И СНОВИДЕНИЯХ (SOLUTIONES AD CHOSROEM 2, 3)

Author(s): Eugene Abdullaev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2016

Chapters 2–3 of the Solutiones ad Chosroem of Priscian of Lydia addressed the questions of the Persian king Chosroes I on the nature of sleeping and dreams. An introductory article reviews the main sources of this part of the Solutiones: three small Aristotle’s oneirologic treatises, the On sleep and dreams by Theophrastus and the Symmikta Zetemata by Porphyrios. It also reviews the possible links of the chapters to the oneirologic speculations in the Persian religion and court’s cult. The article is supplemented with a commented Russian translation of the relevant chapters of the treatise.

Проблема "третьої людини" у Аристотеля в аспекті імплементації принципу рекурсивності

Author(s): Valery, Sievers / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 1/2016

The purpose of the article is to establish a hierarchy idea invariant in philosophy and mathematical recursive function as illustrations of the philosophical idea of "eternal return". Methodology. Recursiveness as a method arises in accumulated and "sorted" arguments, mode of existence of individual consciousness in the structure of reality and the structure of consciousness outside the individual field of meanings and fields of physical interactions of material and ideal elements of reality, which, hypothetically, allows the existence of any limited structures and meanings. The scientific novelty of the work arises by the text composing cohesion means (syntactic reconciliation) and coherence (meaning unity) of the text, that is, ensuring its integrity. Unity of recursive and recurrent (EPP) allows and requires to assume that certain intentional object, regardless of its form is a material thing, a myth, an image, a concept, a lexical unit, a category, fetish, speech, a man, the whole universe, etc. can be accepted as a basic condition of creation that according to the law of further development already includes its future image and deployment scenario (archetype). Aristotle's conclusions about the "third man" in a certain way guesses the problem of consciousness in the form in which it appeared in the 20th century European philosophy and in our time. The logic is that a person's ability to consider the identity from the perspective of his communion with the other identity and from the standpoint of compliance of this identity with his fancy perfect image appears as realization of abilities and properties of consciousness to put (to transcend) itself beyond itself (in this case – beyond the boundaries of the individual) and to remain confident that as such the previous properties (attributes) of the perception as integral unity of an individual, which determine the existence predicate remain unchanged.

ПРОБЛЕМА СУЩНОСТИ КАК РОДА СУЩЕГО В КОНТЕКСТЕ КРИТИКИ ПЛОТИНОМ АРИСТОТЕЛЕВСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ КАТЕГОРИЙ В ТРАКТАТЕ VI 1 (42) «О РОДАХ СУЩЕГО»

Author(s): Nadezhda Volkova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2018

The main subject of the study is the criticism of Aristotelian categorical system proposed by Plotinus. Treatises VI 1-3 focus on the problem of the possibility of thought within particular system of categories (Plato, Aristotle, Stoics). Plotinus identifies categories with the kinds of being, being based on the tradition of such identification originated in the Plato’s “Sophist”. In some texts Aristotle himself speaks of categories as the kinds of being (An. Post. 88b 1, Metaph. 1024b 9-16, De An. 402a 23-5). The article is divided into two main parts. The first part is about Aristotle’s position. I discuss the following questions: 1) what does the common name “being” mean; 2) why may the categories be the kinds of being and why should the substance be the first among the categories; 3) how are the substance and other categories related? The second part is about Plotinus’ criticism. Plotinus asserts 1) that not the substance, but being is the subject matter of the first philosophy, 2) that ten categories are not equally applicable to the intelligible world and to the world of sense, and 3) that the substance has two different meanings with respect to these worlds, and therefore the substance can’t be one kind, which includes the corporeal and incorporeal substances.

Религията на Древен Египет

Author(s): Teodor Lekov / Language(s): Bulgarian,Egyptian (Ancient) / Publication Year: 2007

The book studies the Ancient Egyptian religion. The author describes the creation and its driving forces through the view of Egyptian concepts. The idea of God and the divine manifestations, the place of man in the world and the ways to achieve immortality are explored. The exposition is based on the study of ancient hieroglyphic texts and is illustrated with numerous examples. The book is intended for a wide range of readers who are interested in the religion and culture of Ancient Egypt. It contains three chapters: the world of gods, the creation of the world and the world of men. Special attention is paid on the concept of the kingship in Ancient Egypt. The Egyptian terminology and the names of gods and goddesses are formed as a dictionary at the еnd of the book.

САМООТРИЦАНИЕ, САМОПРЕДИКАЦИЯ, САМОРЕФЕРЕНТНОСТЬ В ФИЛОСОФИИ ПЛАТОНА

Author(s): Vsevolod Ladov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2018

The phenomenon of self-reference combines self-refutation (the principle of peritrope) in the case of Plato’s critics of Protagoras in “Theaetetus” and self predication in the case of a difficulty which Plato himself faces developing the theory of ideas in “Parmenides”. The author of the article asserts that self-predication does not produce a negative impact on Plato’s metaphysics and in no way destroys the integrality of Plato’s philosophy: It is logically correct as are both his criticism of Protagoras’ relativism (by means of the principle of peritrope) and the theory of ideas (in which the phenomenon of self-predication is also proposed).

Светът на Овидий в сборника с елегии Tristia

Author(s): Dimitar Mirchev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2018

We know Ovid as “tenerorum lusor amorum” – as how he defines himself. In Amores Ovid chants his beloved Corina. He is glad when his beloved answers to his feelings, suffers from her treason, longs to see her when they are separated. What happens to “the singer of gentle love” in time then? What is the reason for his sadness? The sadness is so strong that he calls his elegiac collection – Tristia. The exile to Tomis overwhelms his whole life. In 8 AD. Principe Octavian August punishes Ovid, sending him to exile in Tomis on the Black Sea coast. The reason for the punishment according to Ovid is “poetry and a mistake”.

Связь традиционной аюрведической медицины с философскими школами Древней Индии

Author(s): Vadim V. Ostanin,Anna Mikhaylovna Subotyalova,Mikhail Albertovich Subotyalov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2017

Introduction. The article presents the problem of finding the historical and philosophical foundations of traditional Ayurvedic medicine in philosophical schools of Ancient India. The purpose of the article - the identification of connections between traditional Ayurvedic medicine and philosophical schools of Ancient India. Materials and Methods. Writing this article the authors used the sources of traditional Ayurvedic medicine, as well as works devoted to the concepts of the philosophical schools of Ancient India, applying comparative and analytical research methods. To achieve the goal we analyzed the basic concepts of philosophical schools of ancient India and compared the specific of the tenets` application by the schools in the sources of traditional Ayurvedic medicine. All the listed schools of ancient India (Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Uttar-mimamsa (Vedanta) and Purva-mimamsa) are orthodox schools. Over time, these schools have formed two pairs: Nyaya-Vaisheshika and Sankhya-Yoga, which have close relationship with Ayurvedic medicine. Vedanta and Purva-mimamsa considered in isolation because of the differences existing between them. Both are based directly on the Vedas, while the first four systems, though they refer to the Vedas, interpret them differently. Results. The main result is that the "working hypothesis" of the world and human beings, which the traditional Ayurvedic medicine supports, based mainly on representations of orthodox philosophical schools. The authors note that the greatest contribution to Ayurvedic medicine have been made by the first four schools - Vaisheshika, Nyaya, Sankhya, Yoga. Thus, Ayurveda is not based on any one philosophical direction, and uses a variety of these systems. The article examines the features of six major philosophical schools of ancient India, which had an impact on the conceptual paradigm of traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It is emphasized that due to the detailed study of philosophy the future Ayurvedic doctors formed their world view that is reflected in the oath, which ayurvedic doctors gave at the end of their training. Conclusions. In conclusion, it is underlined that traditional Ayurvedic medicine has a strong philosophical basis, associated with all known philosophical schools of Ancient India.

Сериозната игра и особената актуалност на платонизма

Жак Дариюла: Платон и диалектическата игра

Author(s): Jacques Darriulat / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 50/I/2018

СИЛЛОГИЗМ О ДОБРОДЕТЕЛЬНЫХ МУДРЕЦАХ

Author(s): YAROSLAV SLININ / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2018

The article deals with the Aristotelian doctrine of induction and its influence on the theory of induction of Al-Farabi. Inductive syllogisms of antiquity and the Middle Ages are compared with modern inferences by induction.

СИТУАЦИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ ОБРАЗОВАНИИ: АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ АРИСТОТЕЛЯ

Author(s): Oleg Donskikh / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2018

In the article, I discuss the significance of the Aristotle’s approach to education. Four aspects of his approach are of special importance: 1. the integrity of knowledge, 2. wonder as the beginning of knowledge, 3. oral communication as a specific way of accessing knowledge and operating with it, 4. knowledge as a necessary element of way of life. While nowadays the individuality is the primary value, and the accessibility of information is becoming almost absolute, these points of the Aristotle’s way of teaching are becoming crucial. Taking the Aristotelian approach to teaching as a model we observe the following significant changes: information is becoming structured only if it is well organized, the ability to wonder develops the ability to ask questions correctly and to have answers which are valued and well memorized, oral communication trains memory and involves pupils into the dialogue with teacher, and knowledge itself is taken as a necessary element of the ethical way of life rather than just as additional bit of information.

Скепсис и парадокс: проблема предпосылок скептицизма у Платона и античная традиция парадоксов

Author(s): Roman Svetlov,Konstantin Shevtsov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2019

The subject of the research is the question of what texts of Plato could become a stimulus for the formation of skeptical ideas in the Academy. Can we, in particular, raise the question of the presence in the texts of Plato of something similar to the principle of the “epoche”, which is the most important methodological sign of skepticism? Can be compared with skepticism the elenchic strategy of Socrates? In our opinion, there are a number of moments in the works of Plato, which brings him closer to skeptical discourse (although this does not make him a skeptic). We dwell only on two of them. The first is the ability of the protagonists of his dialogues to hold in their arguments the two opposite sides of the subject in their undoubted difference and, at the same time, in mutual necessity. This is the Platonic dialectic in its true expression, examples of which we see in the Sophistes and the Parmenides. The second specific aspect of Plato's thought is in the formulation by Plato of a number of logical paradoxes. In its classic version, it became known, however, a little later, in the works of representatives of the Megarian school. We shall deal in more detail with the paradox of the liar, or “the thesis of Epimenides”, which is often seen as a classic example of a self-referential statement. The article will show analogies to the paradox of the liar in Plato's texts. The key point is the last argument from the Theaetetus, where Socrates examines the definition of knowledge as a true opinion with the addition of a specifying attribute (Thaet 201c-208d), as well as the 7th and 8th hypotheses of the Parmenides (Parm. 164b-166c). It seems to us that this moment of the Platonic dialectic also turns out to be a definite resource for the future “skeptical turn” in the Academy. Especially in the situation when the dialogues of Plato were discussed in terms of interest in the arguments of Pyrrho and the Megarians, for whom paradoxes were one of the important methodological tools.

Сократические школы как актуальная проблема современного философского антиковедения

Author(s): Elena Alymova,Svetlana Karavaeva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2019

This article deals with a problem of relevance of the investigation of such a philosophical and cultural phenomenon of the Antiquity as the Socratic Schools. In this connection we treat as a problem the concept of Philosophical School in the Ancient world, analyze the phenomena of σχολή, διατριβή and αἵρεσις, distinguish these phenomena from the phenomenon of school as a specially organized society. We go into details of the Introduction of the famous doxographic work of Diogenes Laertius and on the basis of scrutiny of the terminology used by him we elucidate his interpretation of the phenomenon of Philosophical School.

СОСТОЯНИЯ И ОТНОШЕНИЯ У ГРИГОРИЯ НАЗИАНЗИНА

Author(s): Pavel Butakov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2015

The Greek word ‘schesis’ in the works of Gregory Nazianzen has generally been translated as ‘relation’ and interpreted as a programmatic term for his doctrine of Trinitarian relations. Although this may be a valid interpretation of the terminology of other 4th century theologians, this is not true of Gregory. His usage of the word ‘schesis’ does not correspond with the traditional Aristotelian or Stoic ways of designating a relation. It denotes a status or a disposition, it may even mean a place in a relation, but it is not the relation itself, and not a disposition towards another. Therefore all the interpretations of Gregory’s teaching on the Trinitarian relations are to be revisited and reformulated more carefully, keeping in mind the peculiarity of his usage of ‘schesis.’

СОФИСТИЧЕСКИЙ РЕЛЯТИВИЗМ: МИФ ИЛИ РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ?

Author(s): Marina Volf / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2017

In traditional interpretations, ancient Sophistic is labeled as relativism. According to them, Plato and Aristotle refer Protagoras' doctrine to philosophically inconsistent perceptual relativism. Plato offers two interpretations of relativism, and one of them, so called "secret doctrine" of Protagoras, is often marked as Plato’s own theory of perceptions. Despite the fact that the exoteric and esoteric versions of Protagorean doctrine contains fully valid epistemic and ontological ideas, they are attributed philosophical failure to them because of the self-refutation thesis contained in them, and, according to Aristotle's version, its subjectivism. Subjectivism can also be attributed to Gorgias with regard to his categorial distinction of abilities and objects of perception. However, criticizing subjectivism, Aristotle himself uses a similar categorial argument. Both interpretations undermined the reliance of the Sophistic, having made relativism one of the negative markers of it. Modern rehabilitating interpretations of the Sophistic either seek ways to eliminate subjectivism and skepticism from the sophistic doctrines, or avoid using modern terminology, also they should take into account that fact that in the contemporary philosophy there is no such concept as «simply relativism », but there are various, sometimes contradictory, interpretations of it, and in this case, they have to make an adjustment to the current context in which negative interpretations of relativism have long been not popular.

СПИНОЙ К СПИНЕ: ДВОЙНАЯ ГЕРМА СОКРАТА И СЕНЕКИ И «ВИЗУАЛЬНАЯ МОРАЛЬ» В АНТИЧНОМ МИРЕ

Author(s): Valery Savchuk,Roman Svetlov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2017

Already in archaic Athens herms can play not only a cult role, but also social and didactic. In Rome herms of philosophers, sages, politicians, demonstrated contradictory unity of wisdom and historical completeness of philosophical tradition - from Greece to Rome. They had not only aesthetic, but also ethical, behavioral and even «mnemonic» value. Double herm of Socrates and Seneca allows us to identify possible ways in which a «visual systematization» of moral philosophical heritage had place in the late Roman culture.

СТОИЧЕСКИЙ ОПТИМИЗМ МАРКА АВРЕЛИЯ

Author(s): Sergey Kocherov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

The article is aimed to confute the belief held about the nature of the worldview of Marcus Aurelius as pessimistic. The analysis of the “Meditations” demonstrates that the text represents a dialogue between a Stoic sage and an ordinary man, Marcus Aurelius being in the guise of both. The article proves that the guidance of the philosopher king is positive in its nature, calling one to fulfill manfully his duties aimed at the welfare of the World and Rome while manifesting love to people and showing no fear of failure, suffering or death. I conclude that a comprehensive analysis of the “Meditations” of the Roman emperor, which contains both the historical and existential background of his personality, is still necessary.

Страници из... Гергана Динева "Раждането на личността" (София: УИ „Св. Климент Охридски“, 2018)

Author(s): Gergana Dineva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 8/2018

СТРАСБУРГСКИЙ ПАПИРУС ЭМПЕДОКЛА О РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ ТЕКСТА И ЗАДАЧАХ НА БУДУЩЕЕ

Author(s): Anna Afonasina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2016

The recent surge of interest in the Empedoclean philosophy is connected with a discovery of the previously unknown fragments of his poem in the structure of the Strasbourg papyrus. A new edition advanced by A. Martin and O. Primavesi has appeared in 1999. Before the eyes of many scholars has arisen a fresh picture of the Empedoclean great work. Some authors evaluate this fact as the beginning of the whole epoch in studying of the poem (or poems) by Empedocles, others do not incline to overstate its importance (P. Curd, for instance). The present work is dedicated in the first place to the problem of reconstruction of the new fragments and to the arguments in favor of their proper placing relative to the early-known ones. We will trace the process of the poem’s renaissance. This article opens the number of future studies, dedicated to different questions in studying of the Empedocles’ thought arisen in connection with the recently discovered fragments. I hope that the paper will be useful for Russian scholars, since no study on the Strasbourg papyrus has appeared in Russian yet.