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Od Platonove akademije do razdoblja hiperspecijalizacije

Author(s): David Fideler / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 74-75/2016

Putanja zapadne tradicije Cjelokupnu zapadnu tradiciju možemo posmatrati kao borbu i dijalog između dviju različitih vrsta spoznaje: jedne dublje i koja zaokuplja čitavo čovjekovo biće – potraga za jednim upotpunjenim svjetonazorom koji često podrazumijeva samotransformaciju i aktivno učešće – i druge koja prevashodno predstavlja sredstvo, odnosno koja je utilitaristička po svome fokusu.

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Making Sense of δήλωμα (Plato’s Cratylus, 423 b and Beyond)

Author(s): Mariapaola Bergomi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

In this paper I aim to discuss the notion of δήλωμα which can be found for the first time in the extant Greek literature in Plato, Cratylus 423 b, by analysing the philosophical argument of bodily imitation and language. I aim to show that this portion of text in particular contains extraordinary original material which has no parallel in other Platonic works. I shall also discuss the notion of δήλωμα in critical relation to μίμημα and σημεῖον, with reference to the Cratylus, the Sophist and other philosophical works posterior to Plato.

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„Res ardua vetustis novitatem dare” A leo generosus és idősebb Plinius zoológiája

Author(s): Ágnes Darab / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2015

The paper’s starting point is the analysis of Elder Pliny’s description about the lion (Nat. Hist. 8. 41–58). The analysis sets this narrative unit in the structure of the zoological books of Natural History, then determines and explains the characteristics of the text. Taken in a wider context, the paper compares the results with the most important antecedents of the subject, Aristoteles’ descriptions about the lion, and looks out of its main reception, Ailianos’ narratives about the lion. In addition to the literary context, the philosophical background is also important: the ancient opinion about the relationship between human and other animals, the rational-irrational opposition, whose essential source is stoic philosophy. After all we can place Pliny’s lion-narrative and his zoology in the ancient zoological literature.

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Imenovanje korespondenata u Aristenetovim Ljubavnim pismima: tradicija i inovacija

Author(s): Sabira Hajdarević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 17-18/2017

Literary conventions of Greek fictional epistolography impose on its authors certain rules for naming of the correspondents. Three types of naming are allowed: choosing a real person, borrowing a literary character or creating an “artificial”, so called descriptive names.This paper deals with principles of naming the correspondents in the collection Erotic letters, written by the late antique epistolographer Aristaenetus. The data obtained are placed into a wider context by comparison with naming of the correspondents in a larger and much more praised Alciphron’s collection. Besides some expected similarities, the comparison revealed some significant differences as well: naming in Aristaenetus’ collection is far more imaginative and complex, correct identification of the correspondents is in fact an interesting game of hide and seek, and there are carefully concealed clues in the text of the letters that help the reader with the mystery-solving.The paper points out Aristaenetus’ onomastic innovations and offers an evaluation of their contribution to the overall literary merit of his collection.

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Aristotelova filozofija jezika (II dio)

Author(s): Milenko A. Perović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 28/2017

In the text is carried out the integral analysis of Aristotle’s concept of language. The analysis is partly set up as the critique of Heidegger’s critique of Aristotle. The author refutes Heidegger’s understanding that Aristotle reduces the whole of manifestation of language to the logical function of judging (λόγος ἀποφαντικός). Against this understanding is being made the research decision that Aristotle's concept of language – using the metaphysical doctrine of the four causes as the key – can be understood in its immanent quaternity, which tells what are the definitions for linguistic causa materialis, causa formalis, causa efficiens and causa finalis by Aristotle. The decision rests upon the clear difference between Aristotle's philosophy of understanding and philosophy of reason, as well as upon the high interpretative value of his nonthematic differentiation between the categories of immediacy and the categories of mediation.

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THE POWER OF SEMEN. ARISTOTLE AND SOME GALEN’S FALLACIES

Author(s): Andrey DAROVSKIKH / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

In this paper, I try to demonstrate how critical empiricism and philosophical reasoning intertwine with each other and affected the development of medicine. It is a case study considering the problems of generation and semen in the writings of Aristotle and Galen via relationship between such concepts as matter, form, movement, change, causes and some others. The main question addressed in the paper is the reason of Galen’s return to Hippocratic paradigm of two-semina (male and female). I argue that the reason is two-fold: 1) Different philosophical reasoning and erroneous understanding of some aspects of Aristotle’s embryological model by Galen. 2) Empirical discoveries, which proved to be wrong. I demonstrate that Galen’s understanding of form/matter relationship, and his view on matter as an underling principle conditioned his understanding of the notion of physical change, that allowed him to speak about conception only as quantitative mixture between equal substrata. Finally, I show that Galen’s view on teleology and his limited understanding of formal/ final vs efficient causes and their relationship forced him to claim the inadequacy of Aristotle’s biology and necessitated Galen to introduce emendations in definitions of seminal faculties of genders and reproductive fluids.

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О МЕСТЕ ТРАКТАТА О ЮНОСТИ И СТАРОСТИ, ЖИЗНИ И СМЕРТИ И О ДЫХАНИИ В КОРПУСЕ АРИСТОТЕЛЕВСКИХ СОЧИНЕНИЙ, ЕГО НАЗВАНИИ И РАЗДЕЛЕНИИ ТЕКСТА ИЗДАТЕЛЯМИ

Author(s): Maria Solopova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2018

The article deals with some textual issues related with Aristotle’s treatise “On Youth and Old Age, Life and Death” (De juventute et senectute et vita et morte). This text is conventionally included in the so-called “small scientific works” (Parva naturalia). In the article I consider the variant titles testified in the sources as well as the place the treatise occupies within the set of Aristotle’s scientific works. I trace the parallels of this treatise with another Aristotle’s writings, such as “De longitudine et brevitate vitae” and “De anima”. The treatise is further compared with Aristotle’s works on physics and biology, esp. “De partibus animalium”, “De motu animalium”, “De generatione animalium”. I discuss the concept of life, functions of the vegetative soul, its “medial” location, and Aristotle’s definition of the soul’s and body’s «midpoint» in respect to the «upward» and «downward» directions. For understanding the meaning of the term «innate natural heat» it is proposed to compare it with the terminology of such Aristotelian works as “De motu animalium” and “De generatione animalium”.

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ПОЧЕМУ ПАРАДОКС МЕНОНА БОЛЕЕ УПОРЕН, ЧЕМ ЭТО ПРЕДПОЛАГАЕТ РЕШЕНИЕ АРИСТОТЕЛЯ?

Author(s): Igor Berestov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

In the present paper, we analyze Aristotle’s solution of Meno’s Paradox in his An. Post. I, 1.71a17–71b8, where he seeks to demonstrate that Plato’s assertion that it is impossible to search for an unknown object is false. We show that such an interpretation of Aristotle’s solution is very generous on his part. We demonstrate that the search in Aristotle’s solution is quite naturally treated as a search for an object that satisfies the search conditions and that this treating of the search in question allows to write down a formally correct notation with the epistemic operators. Nevertheless, this interpretation of Meno’s Paradox solution, despite all its merits, turns out to be defenseless against an alternative that is similar to the original paradox, to wit: if the object to be searched for is fixed, then it is meaningless to search for it; if it is not fixed, then even the realized desire to find such an object will never fix the object that satisfies the search conditions.

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Sur le Bien de Platon. Métamorphose d’une anecdote

Author(s): Luc Brisson / Language(s): French Issue: 15-16/2018

The anecdote recounted by Aristoxenus, who claims to be reporting Aristotle’s words, has been used by several interpreters to maintain the existence of a doctrine of the Good reserved for the members of the Academy, and transmitted orally, after the model of Pythagorean teaching. Yet a close analysis of these few lines shows that this interpretation has no basis: instead, what is at issue is a reading, for a broad audience, of a text corresponding to a doctrine of the good that can be found in the Republic and the Laws.

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Bien en soi ou bien humain ? Aristote et Platon

Author(s): Enrico Berti / Language(s): French Issue: 15-16/2018

Aristotle criticizes the Idea of Good admitted by Plato because it is not a human, i.e. a practicable, good. But Aristotle himself admits, besides the human good, i.e. happiness, a supreme impracticable good, which coincides with the unmoved mover. And Plato himself, in his Philebus, speaks of a human good as the mixed life, which depends for its measure on the Idea of Good. This means that Aristotle does not criticize Plato because he identifies the supreme principle with the Good, a Good which cannot be attained by men, but because Plato conceives this supreme Good as the One, i.e. a formal cause, not as an efficient cause of the cosmic order. For Aristotle the supreme good, i.e. the divinity, is not the end of human actions, but he is the object, among the other first causes, of the wisdom, which is the true end of the wise man.

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La notion du bien chez Aristote, Métaphysique VII 6. Quelques remarques

Author(s): Francesca Alesse / Language(s): French Issue: 15-16/2018

The question I deal with is Aristotle’s treatment of agathon in Metaphysics VII 6, as compared to the treatment of the same notion in famous passages from Ethics (EE 1217b26 ff.; EN 1096a19 ff.) and Topics (107a5 ff.). In these latter agathon is considered as homonymous in that it assumes as many meanings as the categories, whereas in Metaphysics VII 6 (1031a29 b14) Aristotle employes the example of agathon in order to examine the relationship between every reality in itself and its essence. In this context Aristotle uses the notion of “good in itself”, as an example of ἕκαστον which should be identical to its essence: as a consequence of such an identity, “good in itself” shoud be a synonymous notion and have a univocal definition. Is the treatment of agathon in Metaphysics VII 6 opposed to what Aristotle claims in Ethics and Topics? In my opinion, what is to be pointed out is not a contradiction, but a difference in perspective, which has rarely been emphasised. My aim is to analyse the possible reasons for this difference in perspective

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Denys l’Aréopagite et le principe donateur de bien

Author(s): Marilena Vlad / Language(s): French Issue: 15-16/2018

In this article I discuss the perspective of Dionysius the Areopagite regarding the problem of the absolute Good. I begin with a short outline of the main Neoplatonic ideas concerning the identity between the One and the Good. I then try to show how, in Dionysius’ thinking, the role of the Good changes. The Good appears as the source of all procession and it aquires more and more names, as the procession advances. However, I also try to show the reverting manner in which these names (goodness, light, beauty and love) act.

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Le manuscrit Laurentianus 87.12 comme le témoin le plus ancien du Commentaire d’Alexandre d’Aphrodise à la Métaphysique d’Aristote

Author(s): Silvia Fazzo / Language(s): French Issue: 15-16/2018

Prolegomena pour une nouvelle modalité critique d’édition et de référence concernant le témoignage d’Alexandre sur le texte de la Métaphysique d’Aristote. Méthode et cas d’étude: ‘Alexandre’ et le ‘téléphone sans fil’ des apparats critiques in Métaphysique 1072b2 3. Quel ‘Commentaire’ d’Alexandre? Un texte à ré établir. Les éditions du commentaire d’Alexandre au XIXe siècle (1836, 1847, 1891): le rôle du manuscrit Monacensis gr. 81, a. 1550 env. (sigle M). L’édition Hayduck 1888 du commentaire d’Asclépius comme étude de cas parallèle et comme source supplémentaire. Le commentaire d’Alexandre selon la recensio laurentiana (AlL ). L’indépendance des deux recensiones comme dilemme. La tradition indirecte de la tradition indirecte de la Métaphysique: le commentaire d’Asclépius. L’analyse des parties communes entre Asclépius et la recensio laurentiana sur Δ29: un cas particulier. Les arguments de Hayduck 1891 pour l’athétèse du texte du Laurentianus. L’argument de Hayduck 1891 sur la recensio laurentiana in Arist. 985a18 20 et ses développements récents: la suppression des mots d’Aristote concernant la fonction du νοῦς chez Anaxagore. La nouvelle athétèse de la recensio laurentiana: arguments pro et contra. Discussions de nos jours sur l’édition d’Alexandre: l’hypothèse du Paris. 1878 comme branche β. Tradition d’exégèse, souci de légitimation, perte d’information, normalisation du langage. L’hypertexte possible et autres perspectives.

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Održivost teze o Marxovoj etici

Author(s): Anita Lunić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2018

Can we talk about Marx’s ethics? There are several answers. A strong affirmative answer is that his whole theory is ethics (and it requires detecting its normative skeleton). A weak affirmative answer is that we can find some ethically relevant parts of Marx’s theory, esp. in concepts of freedom, justice, and equality. On the other hand, a weak negative answer is that Marx neglects ethics, but his theory can be supplemented with one, for example, Kantian. Finally, a strong negative answer is that ethics within the framework of his philosophy is not even possible. The aim of this paper is to outline discussion about those positions and to show the range of possible interpretations of Marx’s theory.

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PERCEPEREA FRUMOSULUI LA PLOTIN. PREFIGURAREA UNEI CĂI MEONTOLOGICE DE CONSTITUIRE A ESTETICII

Author(s): Cornel-Florin Moraru / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 1/2017

In this essay I tackle theproblem of perception in the context of the plotinian philosophy, with an emphasis onthe “psychological” mechanisms involved in the perception of Oneness, Goodness andBeauty. As I argue, these are “meontological” ideas that are perceived by the humansoul through a peculiar power, namely an “ineffable consent” of the unity with the firstprinciple. Subsequently, these impressions left by the idea of Beauty in our soul enter aspecial hermeneutical process through which they form the multitude of ideaspopulating the “intellectual world”. Following the steps of the platonic analysis of Erosand its epistemological role, Plotin rethinks the foundations of the Platonianepistemology and ontology, giving it a meontological turn which can be used to rebuildmodern-day aesthetics as a rigorous philosophical science.

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Spoznaja i bitak

Author(s): Zvonko Posavec / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01-02/1973

Tema usporedbe sa linijom je cjelina istinskog bitka kao takvog i cjelina svih regija bitka. Oovjek jest Iz ove otvorene cjeline prisutnog i po njoj.

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Строение пространства в «Географии» Птолемея: методологические сложности геореференцирования античных топонимов

Author(s): Dmitry A. Shcheglov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

In this paper I would like to draw attention to several features inherent to Ptolemy’s Geography that limit the effectiveness of different mathematical approaches to georeferencing (i.e. locating within the modern coordinate system) its unidentified places. Out of the 6,300 coordinate points listed in Ptolemy’s Geography, approximately 50% still don’t have recognized identifications on the modern map. This makes the Geography a real bonanza for researchers developing different methods to translate Ptolemy’s coordinates into the modern ones. Most of these methods can be effective only insofar as Ptolemy’s Geography is regarded as an example of what David Woodward called “equipollent-coordinate space” where “every place in the system is of equal geometric significance.” This kind of space is supposed to be as continuous and homogeneous as the space of the modern maps is. My central thesis is that Ptolemy’s space was closer to what Woodward has called “route-enhancing space,” in which “the routes are endowed with the importance of direct observation,” hiding behind the mask of the “equipollent” one. This hidden nature of Ptolemy’s space manifests itself in two interrelated aspects: it was discrete and hierarchically organized. On the one hand, there are reasons to suppose that most points on Ptolemy’s map were originally located not in relation to their nearest neighbors, but rather in relation to a few distant reference points. On the other hand, Ptolemy tended to distribute all places more evenly throughout the entire space they occupy and to round their coordinates as much as possible. These features of Ptolemy’s method result in that, even if he tried to follow his sources most closely, each separate point on his map could have been displaced relative to its original neighborhood. The displacements are often so significant and unpredictable that they cannot be adequately described by a single continuous function. Mathematical methods remain, of course, an important tool for studying Ptolemy’s Geography and, in particular, for georeferencing its unidentified places. However, like any instrument, these methods have limited effectiveness. The specific features of Ptolemy’s method pointed out in the present paper can contribute to our understanding of how these methods can be improved and enhanced.

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Logos i retorika: ili o projektu nove filozofske retorike

Author(s): Irina Deretić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 8/2007

Abstract: Th e author discusses the scope and limits of both Plato’s criticism of rhetoric in the Gorgias and of his project of new philosophical rhetoric in the Phaedrus. In these two dialogues Plato does not change his attitude towards rhetoric as it may appear at first glance. In both of them he radically criticizes the rhetorical practices of his time. Th e novelty of the Pheadrus is the introduction of a new rhetoric, based on philosophy, which needs fulfill three conditions. Firstly, the rhetorical logoi should be composed in such manner that they represent inseparable parts of the organic whole of an oration. Secondly, rhetorical speeches should be based on the strict dialectical rules of collection and division. Finally, philosopher rhetorician must “guide the souls” of his listeners in such a way that he radically influences the forming of their souls by following the philosophically founded educational or legal ideal. Plato’s unfinished project was never fully accomplished nor was it ever again set up with such great ambition.

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Le plaisir animal selon Aristote

Author(s): Pierre Pellegrin / Language(s): French Issue: 17/2019

In an evolutionist theory like that of Darwin, animal pleasure has a properly vital function in directing animals toward pleasant behaviors which also happen to be advantageous. The best example of this is probably sexual pleasure which contributes to the survival of species. Aristotelian fixism does not need such an analysis since Nature has provided living beings with an innate tendency to reproduce and pleasure cannot have an adaptative function, because adaptation is given to animals once and for all and cannot improve. The idea that pleasure induces an animal to adopt some useful behavior by trials and errors is unacceptable to Aristotle. Animals, on the other hand, being deprived of the perception of the good and the beautiful because they do not partake in reason, do not get pleasure from things in the world but in a coincidental way: the odor of the hare is pleasant to the dog because it is associated, in the dog’s perception, to the fact that dogs do eat hares. Far from being pleasant by itself, the odor of the hare is not attractive at all for a fed up dog. It remains for pleasure to be the sign of the good functioning of the organism, that is an hymn to the perfection of Nature.

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Le statut ontologique du plaisir : ExÉgÈse aristotÉlicienne et querelles thÉologiques (1250‑1320 env.)

Author(s): Iacopo Costa / Language(s): French Issue: 17/2019

The aim of this paper is to study some aspects of the Medieval Latin reception of Aristotle’s theory of pleasure (Eth. Nic. X). First, I introduce Aristotle’s position, with special attention to the problem of the ontological status of pleasure and the relationship between pleasure and the different genera of causes (viz. formal and final causality), as well as the somehow ambiguous exegesis of Michael of Ephesus. Second, I take into account the interpretation given by Albert the Great in his first commentary on the Ethics. Finally, I present some theological issues raised by Albert’s interpretation, in the discussions about beatific vision. The authors taken in account are James of Viterbo, Radulphus Brito, Peter Auriol and William of Ockham.

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