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Czy Protagoras zachęca do mierzenia dobra i zła? Dwa argumenty przeciw

Author(s): Kamil Sokołowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2012

In the Protagoras Socrates presents model of knowledge as the measuring art – metretike techne. It allows us to choose correctly between pleasure and pain, identified with good and evil. This paper contains two arguments against the thesis that measuring knowledge plays in the Protagoras role of a true ethical proposal. The first argument refers to sophists’ enthusiasm for measuring knowledge. The second one refers to the distinction between „measuring knowledge” and ethical knowledge in general, present in the dialogue.

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ANTIČKO I MODERNO RAZUMIJEVANJE AUTONOMIJE I SLOBODE

Author(s): Ante Pažanin / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/1991

Through a comparative analysis of the meaning of autonomy and of freedom in antiquity and in modern times the author attempts to elucidate some aspects of autonomy and of man's freedom - two concepts of practical philosophy.

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Le naturel politique selon Aristote

Author(s): Annick Jaulin / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2018

What does Nature mean in the famous Aristotelian formula “man is, by nature, a political animal”? Within the context of the discussion with the Socratic assertions in Plato’s Repub lic, Nature means that polis is not the result of deficiency, but the expression of a positive desire. Thus, for human beings, there is no state of nature before political life. This does not mean that everything that is political is natural.

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In what Sense Exactly are Human Beings more Political According to Aristotle?

Author(s): Refik Güremen / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

According to Aristotle, human beings are by nature political animals. It is now common knowledge that being political is not a human privilege for him: bees, wasps, ants and cranes are other political species. Although they are not the only political animals, human beings, for Aristotle, are still more political than the other political animals. The present article investigates the precise sense of this comparison; and it claims that the higher degree of human politicalness is not to be explained by reference to those exclusively human features like having capacity for speech and moral perception. It is claimed that human beings are more political rather because they live in a multiplicity of communities differing in form.

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Matematika i mišljenje svrhe sveg mislivog u Platona

Author(s): Ćiril Čoh / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/148/2017

The paper considers Plato’s exposition of the teaching on the Good itself in the Republic, and the teaching about first principles in Timaeus and Phaedo. The starting point is to take Plato’s proposition that the Good itself can be observed in its own place, that is, in its chora (Resp. 516b4–7). Such an observation is the observation of the Good itself by itself, and not in the image or in the illusion. The escape into logoi in Phaedo is not only the escape into language that presupposes ideas, but rather the escape into logoi which participate in the continuous analogy. The analogy dominates throughout the exposition of the first principles in Timaeus. Applied to the line in the Republic, it transforms that line from a mere analogy with a geometric example into the line on which the place chora differs from the place topos. Such a line enables watching the Good itself in its own chora. It belongs to a different mathematics which we can call noetic.

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Kako bi Demokrit mogao da odgovori na Teofrastove prigovore?

Author(s): Irina Deretić / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2017

In this paper, Democritus’ account of vision is critically discussed taking into account primarily Theophrastus’ De sensibus. I endeavor to demonstrate that Democritus used the other explanatory model of perception apart from the causal and materialistic. There is a testimony suggesting that Democritus employed the mathematical knowledge in order to elucidate some aspects of vision. Furthermore, the explanatory value of the wax analogy is discussed in detail. Despite Theophrastus’ well thought out criticism, the author’s intention is to demonstrate that Democritus created the sophisticated and advanced theory of vision, which can be successfully defended from Theophrastus’ objections.

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NO MORE THIS THAN THAT: SKEPTICAL IMPRESSION OR PYRRHONIAN DOGMA?

Author(s): Necip Fikri Alican / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This is a defense of Pyrrhonian skepticism against the charge that the suspension of judgment based on equipollence is vitiated by the assent given to the equipollence in question. The apparent conflict has a conceptual side as well as a practical side, examined here as separate challenges with a section devoted to each. The conceptual challenge is that the skeptical transition from an equipollence of arguments to a suspension of judgment is undermined either by a logical contradiction or by an epistemic inconsistency, perhaps by both, because the determination and affirmation of equipollence is itself a judgment of sorts, one that is not suspended. The practical challenge is that, independently of any conceptual confusion or contradiction, suspending judgment in reaction to equipollence evinces doxastic commitment to equipollence, if only because human beings are not capable of making assessments requiring rational determination without believing the corresponding premises and conclusions to be true. The two analytic sections addressing these challenges are preceded by two prefatory sections, one laying out the epistemic process, the other reviewing the evidentiary context. The response from the conceptual perspective is that the suspension of judgment based on equipollence is not a reasoned conclusion adopted as the truth of the matter but a natural reaction to an impression left by the apparently equal weight of opposing arguments. The response from the practical perspective is that the acknowledgment of equipollence is not just an affirmation of the equal weight of arguments but also an admission of inability to decide, suggesting that any assent, express or implied, is thrust upon the Pyrrhonist in a state of epistemic paralysis affecting the will and the intellect on the matter being investigated. This just leaves a deep disagreement, if any, regarding whether equipollence is an inference based on discursive activity or an impression coming from passive receptivity. But this, even if resolved in favor of the critic (which it need not and ought not be), is not the same as confusion or inconsistency on the part of the Pyrrhonist, the demonstration of which is the primary aim of this paper.

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WHY PROTAGORAS GETS PAID ANYWAY: A PRACTICAL SOLUTION OF THE PARADOX OF COURT

Author(s): Elena Lisanyuk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The famous dispute between Protagoras and Euathlus concerning Protagoras’s tuition fee reportedly owed to him by Euathlus is solved on the basis of practical argumentation concerning actions. The dispute is widely viewed as a kind of a logical paradox, and I show that such treating arises due to the double confusion in the dispute narrative. The linguistic expressions used to refer to Protagoras’s, Euathlus’s and the jurors’ actions are confused with these actions themselves. The other confusion is the collision between the pairs of incompatible actions ambiguously expressed by two different pairs of sentences, one of which is a propositionally consistent pair whereas the other is an inconsistent one. The actional (practical) paradox solution aims to clear up these confusions by means of two core borderlines, propositional and expressive, drawn between the actions and the propositions. The propositional distinction says that actions are empirical facts and they lack truth values unlike propositions, which are mental entities and are often employed for referring to the actions. This distinction helps to avoid the confusion between the empirical incompatibility of actions and the truth-functional inconsistency of propositions. The expressive distinction claims that although the same linguistic sentences can be used to refer both to actions and propositions, two empirically incompatible actions can be expressed both by a pair of inconsistent propositions as well as by a pair of consistent ones.

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«АРИСТОТЕЛЕВСКИЕ» РЕШЕНИЯ ПРОБЛЕМЫ «МАТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ КОНСТИТУЦИИ»

Author(s): Igor Gasparov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

In the article I consider various “Aristotelian” solutions to the problem of “material constitution.” First I provide a critical analysis of two solutions recently offered by Michael Rea and Kathrine Koslicki from a broadly Aristotelian perspective by arguing that both accounts of how a material whole could be constituted by its parts fall short from being satisfactory. Then I sketch how the problem in question could be solved in a more adequate way if based on Aristotelian metaphysics.

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О ПУСТЫХ ТЕРМИНАХ: АРИСТОТЕЛЬ И ПАРМЕНИД

Author(s): Yaroslav Slinin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

In the paper, we compare Aristotle’s and Parmenides’s views regarding the semantic aspects of logic. In Chapter 10 of Categories Aristotle outlines his logical and semantic conception according to which all affirmative propositions with empty subject terms are false whereas all such negatives are true. The laws of non-contradiction and of identity do not apply to them by virtue of this. Contrary to Aristotle’s conception, Parmenides in his poem On nature insists that since there are no empty terms no complication concerning the laws of logic arises in his approach.

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ДУША, УМ И ПРОСТРАНСТВО: КАК АРИСТОТЕЛЬ (НЕ) ПОНИМАЕТ ПЛАТОНА (DE ANIM. 406B–407B)

Author(s): Irina Protopopova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

The author attempts to show the way how Aristotle “misunderstands” Plato, taking as an example a fragment from the his treatise “On the Soul” (Arist. De an. 406b-407b). First, Aristotle ascribes to Plato the notions of the soul and mind (νοῦς) as spatial magnitudes, and then demonstrates that the nous may not be a circular spatial movement, since our thinking is actually a sequential logical reasoning. Thus, Aristotle imputes to Plato the judgment, which the latter never formulated, and proceeds to criticize this judgment from his own presumptions about noesis as logical reasoning. However, in Plato, noesis relates to the sphere of nous, being a movement directed to the first principle, while reasoning with its inference belongs to the sphere of dianoia. In assuming here a mere “misunderstanding” between Aristotle and Plato we are nonetheless hampered by the existence of Book 12 of “Metaphysics”, especially its 7th Chapter, where we are told about the Supreme mind and the unmoving Prime mover: this concept, according to the commentators of Aristotle, goes back to Plato's views about nous. Therefore, the mysterious “misunderstanding” requires a separate detailed research, based primarily on the further study of the Lambda.

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СПИНОЙ К СПИНЕ: ДВОЙНАЯ ГЕРМА СОКРАТА И СЕНЕКИ И «ВИЗУАЛЬНАЯ МОРАЛЬ» В АНТИЧНОМ МИРЕ

Author(s): Valery Savchuk,Roman Svetlov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

Already in archaic Athens herms can play not only a cult role, but also social and didactic. In Rome herms of philosophers, sages, politicians, demonstrated contradictory unity of wisdom and historical completeness of philosophical tradition - from Greece to Rome. They had not only aesthetic, but also ethical, behavioral and even «mnemonic» value. Double herm of Socrates and Seneca allows us to identify possible ways in which a «visual systematization» of moral philosophical heritage had place in the late Roman culture.

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ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯ ФИЛОСОФА: УЛИТКА ИЛИ ЧЕРЕПАХА

Author(s): Alexander DRIKKER,Eugene A. Makovetsky / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

The well-known Zeno's paradox about Achilles and the Tortoise is considered in the article in comparison to the analysis of a complex of medieval miniatures on which battle of the Knight with a Snail is represented. These images executed in a genre of Gothic grotesque were widespread in the margins of the Western European manuscripts of various contents especially at the end of the 13th – the first quarter of the 14th centuries. In our opinion, hopelessness of both agons (the Knight and the Snail, Achilles and the Tortoise) is a good illustration of some strategies of the relation of the philosopher to the truth.

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«ЛЕКАРСТВО ДЛЯ ПРИПОМИНАНИЯ». ПЕРИПАТЕТИЧЕСКОЕ КОНСТРУИРОВАНИЕ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ ИСТОРИИ ГРЕЦИИ. ДИКЕАРХ И ФИЛОСОФСКАЯ БИОГРАФИЯ

Author(s): Eugene Afonasin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

The Peripatetic Dicaearchus composed a series of works dedicated to the intellectual history of Greece. In a sense, he was the first ancient author to write a comprehensive history of philosophy, centered on such key figures, as the Seven Sages, Pythagoras, Socrates, and Plato. The sages are known for their highly practical maxims and general rules of right conduct; Pythagoras developed a new lifestyle and promulgated it in his public and private teaching; Socrates introduced a new form of intellectual and moral pursuit; while Plato founded an institutional framework for philosophical studies having thus paved the way to a systematic research, conducted by the Peripatetics. The evidences are translated on the basis of a new edition of Dicaearchus’ fragments, prepared by Mirhady (2001).

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ARISTOTLE’S VIEWS ON CHANCE AND THEIR CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE

Author(s): John DUDLEY / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

In this article I first set out Aristotle's explanation of chance as a term that refers to an event that occurs unusually and that appears significant in the context of the human search to achieve a goal. On this basis Aristotle argues against Democritus that the order in the universe could not be due to chance. Aristotle argues that all natural beings strive for their full potential and greatest possible development, and this is their way of striving for the goodness of God. And they strive for survival and to remain in their best condition for as long as possible, and this is their way of striving for the eternity of God. Chance abnormalities occur accidentally in this process. This view of Aristotle enables us to give a much more satisfactory explanation of the evolution of species than that put forward by Darwin and Neodarwinians. In the field of ethics Aristotle argues that a certain measure of good fortune is required for happiness and even for the performance of virtuous acts. Finally, Aristotle rejects determinism and supports his belief in free choice by means of the reality of accidental occurrences and indeterminism in the field of physics.

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PHILOPONUS ON THE SOUL-HARMONY THEORY

Author(s): Liliana Carolina Sánchez Castro / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The Neoplatonic commentaries on Aristotle’s works have always been considered somehow suspicious. That is partly related to the doctrinal commitments of the commentators, partly with the hermeneutical strategies to which they seem to recur. Both of these reasons have also give place to the accusation of distortion and misunderstanding of Aristotle’s philosophy. In the following paper I want to perform an exercise of disclosing the hermeneutical procedure that one of this commentators applies to one of the passages of the first book of the De Anima. The commentator is Philoponus, the passage is the refutation of the soul-harmony theory. My aim is to show that, despite the doctrinal commitments that the commentator may have, his methodology follows Aristotelian guidelines. I hope that this could open perspectives on the value that the commentators must have as philosophers, rather than merely interpreters or paraphrasers.

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СИЛЛОГИЗМ О ДОБРОДЕТЕЛЬНЫХ МУДРЕЦАХ

Author(s): Yaroslav Slinin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2018

The article deals with the Aristotelian doctrine of induction and its influence on the theory of induction of Al-Farabi. Inductive syllogisms of antiquity and the Middle Ages are compared with modern inferences by induction.

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МИРОЗДАНИЕ В ДУШЕ ЧЕЛОВЕКА: АРИСТОТЕЛЬ, DE ANIMA, III, 8, 431b.20-24 И ЭККЛЕСИАСТ 3:10–11

Author(s): Igor Tantlevskij / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2018

Comparing the passage of Aristotle’s treatise De anima, III, 8, 431b.20-24 and Ecclesiastes 3: 10-11, the author reveals a similar epistemological image: the universe is in the soul of the cognizing subject, for it embraces all existing things in the process of perception and cognition of the world.

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«НА УДИВЛЕНИЕ СВЯЗНАЯ» ВТОРАЯ АНАЛИТИКА

Author(s): Artem Iunusov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2018

The present article is a review of the recent comprehensive study of the doctrines of Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics. I outline the ideas used by D. Bronstein in his interpretation of the Posterior Analytics, inspecting, at the same time, soundness of some of these ideas. Among other points, I show that Bronstein's conception of two models of demonstration is not really supported by the text of the Posterior Analytics and that the set of "ingredients" of demonstrative science offered by him cannot be correct, since it is at odds with examples of the arrangement of demonstrations offered by Aristotle himself.

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ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ PER GENUS PROXIMUM ET DIFFERENTIAM SPECIFICAM И ЮРИДИЧЕСКИЙ ЯЗЫК: АРИСТОТЕЛЬ И АНАЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИЯ

Author(s): Valery Surovtsev,Vitaly Ogleznev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2018

The article is concerned with the general characteristics of Aristotle’s theory of a genus-differentia definition. The authors examine the validity of the definitions in the framework of legal language and present some objections against the definitions of per genus proximum et differentia specificam as they are considered by Aristotle. At the same time, through the objections to the position of genus-differentia definition critics, it is proved that in a number of cases Aristotle’s theory is more preferable than the approach offered by Herbert Hart, the proponent of analytical legal philosophy. The argument of Peter Hacker is used to reinstate Aristotle’s genus-differentia definitions.

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