"Nebibliografinë" Jono Bretkûno Postilë (1591): Vlado Daumanto egzempliorius

Author(s): Ona Aleknavičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 06/2004

In this article I describe the copy of Jonas Bretkûnas' Postilla (1591), which is kept in the Kaunas Art Gallery of Mykolas Žilinskas (this is a division of the National Art Museum of Mikalojus Konstantinas Èiurlionis), in the section of Archival Documents and Photographs (call number: Tkr. 148). Until 1944 the copy was kept in the private collection of Vladas Daumantas. For a certain period after World War Two it was unknown to scholars. The copy was included neither in the Lithuanian Bibliography (Lietuvos TSR bibliografija, 1969; LB I), nor in the supplement volume (Papildymai, 1990; LBP). This is the tenth copy of Bretkûnas' Postilla kept in Lithuania. Daumantas' copy is not defective, but is in good condition. There are, however, certain errors of pagination. Certain circumstances attest that this copy was the property of Vladas Daumantas: (1) an inscription in purple pencil on the title page "VDaumantas" (cf. Fig. 1); (2) an inscription "VDaumanto kolekcija" in the accession book of the Art Museum of Mikalojus Konstantinas Èiurlionis; (3) a description of the Postilla in the manuscripts by Petras Jakðtas (a contemporary of Daumantas; they both were members of the 27 Book Lovers Society).

11 klasių mokinių gimtosios lietuvių kalbos žodyno dydis

Author(s): Rugilė Miškinytė,Loreta Vilkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2020

The aim of this research was to measure the vocabulary size of native speakers of Lithuanian language attending the 11th grade in small cities and to compare the results with the research conducted in Vilnius schools. This paper aimed to find out whether the place of residence and the gender factor have a statistically significant influence on the size of the vocabulary and discover if any sociolinguistic factors can impact it. The research material consisted of 242 responses given to a sociolinguistic survey and vocabulary size test. T-test and regression analysis were applied in the research.The results of the study indicated that the average vocabulary of an 11th grade student consists of approximately 51,400 lemmas. Vilnius school students have an average vocabulary size of about 52,800 lemmas; the vocabulary size of small towns students is lower – 50,000 lemmas. The T-test statistical analysis has revealed that the difference in the mean size of the vocabulary across genders is statistically significant (p = 0,011). It was found out that the vocabulary size of students living in Vilnius is statistically significantly bigger than that of students in the smaller cities (p = 0,002). The regression analysis indicated that gender can affect the vocabulary size. The analysis showed statistical significance (p = 0,004) that watching movies in the Lithuanian language can impact the vocabulary size of students living in small towns.

13 naujai surastų Prūsijos valdžios įsakų

Author(s): Alina Kuzborska,Žavinta Sidabraitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 13/2011

Prūsijos valdžios įsakai, XVI-XIX amžiais publikuoti lietuvių kalba, yra reikšmingas kultūros paveldas, įdomus daugelio sričių tyrinėtojams - istorikams, kalbininkams, sociologams, kultūrologams. publikuoti prūsijos valdžios įsakai, nurodymai, perspėjimai lietuvių valstiečiams yra autentiškas lietuvininkų kasdieninio gyvenimo liudijimas. Be to, tai vieni pirmųjų lietuviškų spaudinių, kurie apie keturis šimtmečius buvo nuolat leidžiami. Toks tęstinumas atskleidžia krašto gyvenimo ir lietuvių rašto kalbos pokyčius.

1759 metų "Ziwato"gimininiai įvardžiai ir jų raida

Author(s): Sonata Vaičiakauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 53/2004

The analysis showed that the emphatic forms of the singular nominative case dominated in the "Ziwatas" (1759) dialect probably due to the impact of the church tet. According to the orthography, the singular accusative forms of the demonstrative pronouns had still preserved a nasal voel. The pronouns anas, ana were already used as personal pronouns instead of jis, ji.

1759 metų Ziwato skaitvardžių linksniavimas ir jų raida

Author(s): Sonata Vaičiakauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 70/2014

The article analyses the declension of numerals in the best 18th century monument of writing of the North Samogitian sub-dialect of Kretinga, the 1759 Ziwatas, and their development. The goal of research is to analyse and provide a synchronic description of declension of the numeral of the sub-dialect of the Ziwatas; to compare the declension paradigms of the numeral in contemporary Northwest Samogitian sub-dialect of Kretinga and the subdialect under analysis. Internal reconstruction and comparative methods enabled the reconstruction of the declension system of the numeral in the 18th century Northwest Samogitian sub-dialect of Kretinga.

1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų reikšminės grupės

Author(s): Aušra Rimkutė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 15/2008

The catechism is a very important literary form of the Church. It teaches the basics of Christianity, its moral and ethic norms, which make the foundation for the life of a Christian. During the period of thirty three years (between 1883 and 1916) there were 86 Catholic and 11 Protestant (9 Lutheran and 2 Calvinist) catechisms published. During the period when printing in Lithuanian was prohibited catechisms were published outside the borders of Lithuania Major. Catechisms are mainly aimed at teaching children and youth, therefore they had an important role as primers in Lithuanian and as educators of the native language. According to A. Jakštas, “nearly every well-known catechist took care to prepare his own catechism. Thus the number of catechisms grew with every year; there were a lot of them written and published – each one in its own particular method, particular terminology and particular plan” (Jakštas 1923: 239). Furthermore it is obvious that compilers of catechisms had a need to explain terms of non Lithuanian origin (mostly international words). Most frequently such terms were explained using the Lithuanian equivalent – sometimes more, sometimes less successful. Variants of terms were abundant.In this article terms of religion are considered to be words and combinations of words, which name the supernatural (angelas (angel), Dievas (God), Dvasia (Spirit), velnias (devil)), rites (atnašavimas (sacrifice), mišios (Mass), pamaldos (service), pamokslas (sermon), procesija (procession)), actions related to religion (atgaila (penance), išganymas (salvation), išpažintis (confession)), Church celebrations (Sekminės (Whit Sunday), Velykos (Easter)), names of objects (grabas (coffin), kielikas (chalice), ostija (host), patena (paten)), moral principles of the Christian life, behaviour to be avoided or to be followed (atgailos atlikimas (execution of penance), gailestis už griekus (repentance of sins), išmalda (pittance), malda (prayer), tikėjimas (faith)), religious books and texts (Biblija (Bible), Evangelija (Gospel)), sacraments (Krikštas (Baptism), Kunigystė (Holy Orders), Moterystė (Matrimony), Paskutinis Patepimas (Anointing of the Sick)), sins and their kinds (apsirijimas (gluttony), godulystė (greed), vagystė (stealing), žmogžudystė (killing)) and names of persons (apaštalas (apostle), eretikas (heretic), išganytojas (Saviour), popiežius (Pope), vyskupas (bishop)) and other.

1883–1916 metų katekizmų religinių vietų pavadinimai

Author(s): Aušra Rimkutė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2012

Names of places related to religion comprise about five percent of religious terminology used in catechisms published in 1883–1916. These words name various liturgical places important to believers such as buildings (bažnyčia (church), šventykla (church), katedra (cathedral)), their parts and spaces (altorius (altar), aukuras (altar), choras (choir), klausykla (confessional), koplyčia (chapel), sakykla (pulpit), zakristija (vestry)), places of burial (kapinės (cemetery), katakombos (catacombs)), afterlife (dangus (heaven), rojus (paradise)), miraculous or important religious events, for instance, visitations (dykynė (wilderness)), punishment or purification (pragaras (hell), skaistykla (purgatory)), and other places. According to their origin names of places related to religion used in catechisms published in 1883–1916 can be divided into Lithuanian (44 percent; aukuras (altar), dangus (heaven), pragaras (hell), klausykla (confessional), sakykla (pulpit), skaistykla (purgatory), šveitykla (purgatory), šventykla (church), vienuolynas (monastery), tėvainystė (heaven)), non-Lithuanian: a) international words (8 percent; altorius (altar), konfesionalas (confessional), presbiterija (presbitery)), b) old borrowings (12 percent; bažnyčia (church), koplyčia (chapel), rojus (paradise), zakristija (sacristy)), c) barbarisms (30 percent; atklanės (hell), pekla (hell), čysčius (purgatory), svietas (world)) and half- Lithuanian words (6 percent; altorėlis (altar), karalystė (kingdom), vyskupija (diocese)).

1886 M. ZACHARIJAUS LIACKIO TRAKTATAS APIE LIETUVIŲ KALBĄ

Author(s): Darius Staliūnas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2017

Zacharijus Liackis – „lietuvių kalbos ekspertas“, kaip jį, taip pat ir Dmitrijų Kaširiną bei Andrių Poidėną, greičiausiai šiek tiek ironiškai yra pavadinęs kalbos istorikas Giedrius Subačius, gerai žinomas visiems, kurie domisi lietuvių kalbos situacija XIX a. ar imperinės politikos peripetijomis Lietuvoje. 2011 m. pasirodžiusi minėto Subačiaus knyga apie tris kiriliką lietuvių kalbai XIX a. II pusėje–XX a. pradžioje taikiusius čia jau minėtus „ekspertus“ parodė, kaip šie asmenys žiūrėjo į lietuvių kalbą (jos giminystę su kitomis kalbomis, raidą ir pan.). Čia publikuojamas Liackio raštas, pavadintas Литовскiй языкъ (Lietuvių kalba), mano supratimu, nekeičia Subačiaus pateiktų išvadų apie Liackį, o tik jas patvirtina.

1910–1937 m. lietuviškoji statybos terminija (iš turimų išteklių)

Author(s): Robertas Stunžinas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 14/2007

This article deals with analysis of Lithuanian endogenic and old loaned building terminology of the begining of XX century according to origin, structure and development aspects. Overall 1393 terms are analyzed, i. e. 806 one-word terms and 587 composite terms.Of all one-word terms terminologized (specialized) old lexis makes up about one fifth part: akmuo (stone) JodelNorm 2, namas (house) Zubausk 9, sija (beam) Kind 14. Metaphoric and metonymic terms in early building terminology are rather rare. The majority of metaphoric terms are the result of secondary metaphoric nomination: griaučiai (skeleton) Kind 8, grėblys (raker) Šimol 71, metonymic terms are originated according to specific terminology models: lenta (board) StatM 1923 I 8.Three quarters of analyzed one-word terms are derivations. The facts of Lithuanian language dictionary suggest that a large group of derivations could have been borrowed from the folk language: dūmtraukis (chimney) Kind 16. In many cases it is difficult to decide whether derivations are terminologized simple words or newly made. In particular this can be said about transpositional abstracts of verbs and adjectives: aušimas (cooling) Ekz 4, akytumas (porosity) Šimol 20. Only a small group of derivations could be suggested as neologisms. The majority of the neologisms are compound derivations: degplytė (baked brick) Janus 19. Derivations of suffixes and endings are rather rare: slugsnis (layer) StatM 1923 I 20, riša (bunch) Ekz 6.The major part of composite terms are made with the abstracts of verbs and adjectives: patvarumo bandymas (proof of sustainability) JodelTechn 146, atsparumas gniužimui (stability to crushing) JodelTechn 90 and terminologized simple words: dirbtinis akmuo (artificial stone) Iv 7.Most of the terms which are analyzed in this article are used at present. More than a half (56%) of one-word terms are found in modern term dictionaries of building: džiovykla (drying chamber) Iv 45, STŽ 134, kietėjimas (solidification) Šimol 84, STŽ 253, muštuvas (impact maschine) JodelTechn 191, STŽ 351. A significant part of terms are historisms and archaisms: akėčios (harrow) JodelTechn 66, bebras (beaver) StatM 1922 II 18; apsloginimas (reduction) JodelNorm 2, glostimas (smoothing) StatM 1923 I 11.

1918–1940 M. STATYBOS TERMINIJOS DŪRINIŲ DARYBOS POLINKIAI

Author(s): Lina Rutkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 92/2019

The article deals with the compound constructional terms in scientific literature, published between 1918 and 1940. In Lithuania, during the interwar period, the construction sector was rapidly expanding, there were many new realities, which called for many new terms, including compounds. Exclusive personalities were very important for the development of construction terms of this period and for the formation of this professional language: Kazimieras Vasiliauskas, Jonas Šimoliūnas, Pranas Morkūnas, Anatolijus Rozenbliumas, Pranas Jodele, Jonas Kiškinas, Juozas Gabrys and others. Not only did these construction engineers carry out significant research, writing articles and books, teaching young people, but also enriched construction terminology. Quantitative data of related terms from 33 scientific papers and articles on construction indicate that during the interwar period compounding was an important way of developing construction terms: in the literature read, 262 related compound terms were found. The German equivalents presented in addition to some of the compounds make the assumption that the Lithuanian compounds are to be regarded as partial or full evaluations. Although general types of Lithuanian compound terms are characterized by the same major types of compounding found in the the present Lithuanian language, analyzing the period from 1918 to 1940 construction terminology compounds, it is determined that they are made according to 10 types of production.

19-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija Lietuvjų kalbos sintaksės šimtmečiui paminėti

Author(s): Ugnė Tamašauskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 85/2012

Vilniaus universitete 2012 m. spalio 5 d. vyko devynioliktoji (nuo 1993 m.) Jono Jablonskio konferencija. Lietuvių kalbos instituto Bendrinės kalbos skyriaus ir Vilniaus universiteto Lietuvių kalbos katedros surengta konferencija šįkart buvo skirta 1911 m. Seinuose išleistos Rygiškių Jono (J. Jablonskio) Lietuvjų kalbos sintaksės šimtmečiui paminėti. Perskaityti penki sintaksės teorijai ir praktikai skirti pranešimai: kalbėta apie žodžių, žodžių junginių ir sakinių vartoseną, aptarti sintaksės raidos polinkiai. Pabrėžta Lietuvjų kalbos sintaksės, pavadintos dovana lietuvių kalbai, nauda ir svarba mokykloms: iki tol vadovėlių, kuriuose būtų sintaksės dalis, labai trūko.

20-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija

Author(s): Aurelija Tamulionienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 86/2013

2013 m. spalio 4 d. Lietuvių kalbos institute vyko jubiliejinė 20-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija. Kaip ir kasmet konferenciją organizavo Lietuvių kalbos instituto Bendrinės kalbos skyrius kartu su Vilniaus universiteto Lietuvių kalbos katedra.

21-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija Šiuolaikinės kalbos tyrimai ir problemos

Author(s): Aurelija Tamulionienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 87/2014

22-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija

Author(s): Aurelija Tamulionienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 88/2015

A Corpus-based Analysis of THAT-deletion in Complement Clauses after the Verbs of Saying in English and Lithuanian

Author(s): Judita Giparaitė,Julija Ritčik / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The aim of the present research is to make a contrastive analysis of that-deletion in complement that-clauses in English and Lithuanian on the basis of corpus data. All the data for analysis are collected from the British National Corpus and the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language. That-deletion in complement that-clauses is studied in terms of distribution across registers, the properties of the matrix verbs and the structural properties of the clauses.

A corpus-driven analysis of structural types of lexical bundles in court judgments in English and their translation into Lithuanian

Author(s): Donata Berūkštienė / Language(s): English Issue: 70/2017

Formulaicity is one of the characteristic features of legal discourse, which manifests itself not only at the level of wording, “but also in the content, structure and layout” of legal texts (Ruusila & Londroos 2016, 123). Formulaic language, which includes phrasal and prepositional verbs, idioms, collocations, lexico-grammatical associations, lexical bundles, etc., are building blocks of legal discourse shaping legal text meanings. However, up to now, far too little attention has been paid to the nature of frequently occurring “sequences of three or more words that show a statistical tendency to co-occur” (Biber & Conrad 1999, 183), i.e. lexical bundles, in different genres of legal texts. Most studies in the field of lexical bundles in legal texts have only been based on one language (e.g. Jablonkai 2009; Goźdź-Roszkowski 2011; Breeze 2013), whereas translation-oriented contrastive studies on lexical bundles are lacking. In respect of the aforementioned gaps, the aim of this pilot study is to analyse structural types of lexical bundles in court judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union in English and to examine the way these structures are rendered into Lithuanian. To gain insights into the frequency and structure of lexical bundles, the present study uses the methodological guidelines of corpus linguistics. The classification of lexical bundles into structural types is based on the framework suggested by Biber et al. (1999, 2004). For the purpose of this study, a parallel corpus of court judgments was compiled comprising approximately 1 million words of original court judgments in the English language and about 8 hundred thousand words of court judgments translated into Lithuanian. Lexical bundles in this research were identified using the corpus analysis toolkit AntConc 3.4.4 (Anthony 2015). A concordance program AntPConc 1.2.0 (Anthony 2017) was employed to find Lithuanian equivalents of the most frequent lexical bundles identified in the English court judgments. The evidence from this study suggests that different structural types of lexical bundles have more or less regular equivalents in Lithuanian; however, in most cases, these equivalents tend to be shorter.

A czy to ja kalika, czy nie mom konika? (Nie)sprawność w świetle erotyku ludowego

Author(s): Stanisława Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2019

Folk erotic poetry, as ‘a song of lovers not yet tied by the knot’, is a genre of text that relates the notion of love and the image of intimate body parts, the roles assigned to woman and to man, as well as social and moral norms in the traditional community. At the base of this genre lie such values as: happiness in love, physical contact, lovers’ openness to the love game, youth and beauty, success and favour, the light-heartedness of the lovers, fun and laughter, freedom, faithfulness and stability; marriage is a relative value, important for the girl, and wealth. Another value that is important in the light of folk erotic poetry, is an able body, sexual performance; the anti-value is a body that is diabled, sick, deprived of its functionality. Deficiency in the art of love, the man’s incompetence or inability to perform a sexual act is for the poetic lover a kind of disability that devalues and disqualifies him as a man and the partner of love act in the eyes of a woman awaiting sexual fulfillment. From the point of view of the heroine, it is justified to describe such a lover (love-cripple) as a disabled or even defunct person. The reason for this unambiguous and stigmatizing categorization is not only the inability to provide the girl (also a young wife by an old man) with erotic pleasure (kochanie ‘touching, moving’), but also to perform the love act which the folk culture understands as a participation in the creative action of the entire cosmos.

A lív költészet nyomában

Author(s): Péter Pomozi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 05/2017

This short study evokes a Baltic Finnic language that is now almost extinct, i.e. Livonian. After offering basic information on the medieval Livonian language area and the former dialectal distribution, the article focuses upon the linguistic heritage of the Salaca Livonian groups, who once lived along the seabanks of the Riga gulf and the Salaca and Svētupe rivers. The Livonians’ history does not end with their ancestors’ death. Curland Livonian has been revitalised, a standard grammar, vocabulary and spelling have been developed. This language is spoken in many places and on many forums, e.g. at summer courses and universities. Two remarkable volumes of poetry, containing the poems of Ķempi Kārl, were also published recently. The second part of the study is dedicated to the lyrical world of Ķempi Kārl, who experiments in his work with the poetical infinity of Salaca Livonian.

A net presentation of Lithuanian sentences containing verbal forms with the grammatical suffix -dav

Author(s): Danuta Roszko,Roman Roszko / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2014

In the article the authors make an attempt to present the meaning of Lithuanian sentences containing verbal forms with the grammatical suffix -dav- (the so-called iterative past tense forms) by means of Petri nets. The authors gradually develop the net to such complexity that it makes it possible to avoid interpretative similarities to other Lithuanian verbal forms.

A note on murinas in Old Lithuanian

Author(s): Pietro Umberto Dini / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 04/2002

In their edition of the Old Lithuanian Cathechism of Daukða Vida Jakðtienë and Jonas Palionis (1995) transcribed the original <Msrinni> (see p. 83, line 6, 17) as Msrinni and repeated the same transcription in the Þodþiø formø rodyklë: muriná adj. a. sg. m. 617 (see p. 686, line 7). A similar adjective does actually exist in Old Lithuanian (e.g.: marinas -à f. adj. "µchmuãig" [cf. LKRÞ2 II 110]; mur¸yñµki / aethiopieus. murinas in Sirvydas oldest vocabulary) but it is normally attested as an -o stem (marinas, not *murinis!) and normally written with only one <n>.