"Nebibliografinë" Jono Bretkûno Postilë (1591): Vlado Daumanto egzempliorius

Author(s): Ona Aleknaviciene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 06/2004

In this article I describe the copy of Jonas Bretkûnas' Postilla (1591), which is kept in the Kaunas Art Gallery of Mykolas Žilinskas (this is a division of the National Art Museum of Mikalojus Konstantinas Èiurlionis), in the section of Archival Documents and Photographs (call number: Tkr. 148). Until 1944 the copy was kept in the private collection of Vladas Daumantas. For a certain period after World War Two it was unknown to scholars. The copy was included neither in the Lithuanian Bibliography (Lietuvos TSR bibliografija, 1969; LB I), nor in the supplement volume (Papildymai, 1990; LBP). This is the tenth copy of Bretkûnas' Postilla kept in Lithuania. Daumantas' copy is not defective, but is in good condition. There are, however, certain errors of pagination. Certain circumstances attest that this copy was the property of Vladas Daumantas: (1) an inscription in purple pencil on the title page "VDaumantas" (cf. Fig. 1); (2) an inscription "VDaumanto kolekcija" in the accession book of the Art Museum of Mikalojus Konstantinas Èiurlionis; (3) a description of the Postilla in the manuscripts by Petras Jakðtas (a contemporary of Daumantas; they both were members of the 27 Book Lovers Society).

13 naujai surastų Prūsijos valdžios įsakų

Author(s): Alina Kuzborska,Žavinta Sidabraite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 13/2011

Prūsijos valdžios įsakai, XVI-XIX amžiais publikuoti lietuvių kalba, yra reikšmingas kultūros paveldas, įdomus daugelio sričių tyrinėtojams - istorikams, kalbininkams, sociologams, kultūrologams. publikuoti prūsijos valdžios įsakai, nurodymai, perspėjimai lietuvių valstiečiams yra autentiškas lietuvininkų kasdieninio gyvenimo liudijimas. Be to, tai vieni pirmųjų lietuviškų spaudinių, kurie apie keturis šimtmečius buvo nuolat leidžiami. Toks tęstinumas atskleidžia krašto gyvenimo ir lietuvių rašto kalbos pokyčius.

1759 metų "Ziwato"gimininiai įvardžiai ir jų raida

Author(s): Sonata Vaiciakauskiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 53/2004

The analysis showed that the emphatic forms of the singular nominative case dominated in the "Ziwatas" (1759) dialect probably due to the impact of the church tet. According to the orthography, the singular accusative forms of the demonstrative pronouns had still preserved a nasal voel. The pronouns anas, ana were already used as personal pronouns instead of jis, ji.

1759 metų Ziwato skaitvardžių linksniavimas ir jų raida

Author(s): Sonata Vaiciakauskiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 70/2014

The article analyses the declension of numerals in the best 18th century monument of writing of the North Samogitian sub-dialect of Kretinga, the 1759 Ziwatas, and their development. The goal of research is to analyse and provide a synchronic description of declension of the numeral of the sub-dialect of the Ziwatas; to compare the declension paradigms of the numeral in contemporary Northwest Samogitian sub-dialect of Kretinga and the subdialect under analysis. Internal reconstruction and comparative methods enabled the reconstruction of the declension system of the numeral in the 18th century Northwest Samogitian sub-dialect of Kretinga.

1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų reikšminės grupės

Author(s): Aušra Rimkute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 15/2008

The catechism is a very important literary form of the Church. It teaches the basics of Christianity, its moral and ethic norms, which make the foundation for the life of a Christian. During the period of thirty three years (between 1883 and 1916) there were 86 Catholic and 11 Protestant (9 Lutheran and 2 Calvinist) catechisms published. During the period when printing in Lithuanian was prohibited catechisms were published outside the borders of Lithuania Major. Catechisms are mainly aimed at teaching children and youth, therefore they had an important role as primers in Lithuanian and as educators of the native language. According to A. Jakštas, “nearly every well-known catechist took care to prepare his own catechism. Thus the number of catechisms grew with every year; there were a lot of them written and published – each one in its own particular method, particular terminology and particular plan” (Jakštas 1923: 239). Furthermore it is obvious that compilers of catechisms had a need to explain terms of non Lithuanian origin (mostly international words). Most frequently such terms were explained using the Lithuanian equivalent – sometimes more, sometimes less successful. Variants of terms were abundant.In this article terms of religion are considered to be words and combinations of words, which name the supernatural (angelas (angel), Dievas (God), Dvasia (Spirit), velnias (devil)), rites (atnašavimas (sacrifice), mišios (Mass), pamaldos (service), pamokslas (sermon), procesija (procession)), actions related to religion (atgaila (penance), išganymas (salvation), išpažintis (confession)), Church celebrations (Sekminės (Whit Sunday), Velykos (Easter)), names of objects (grabas (coffin), kielikas (chalice), ostija (host), patena (paten)), moral principles of the Christian life, behaviour to be avoided or to be followed (atgailos atlikimas (execution of penance), gailestis už griekus (repentance of sins), išmalda (pittance), malda (prayer), tikėjimas (faith)), religious books and texts (Biblija (Bible), Evangelija (Gospel)), sacraments (Krikštas (Baptism), Kunigystė (Holy Orders), Moterystė (Matrimony), Paskutinis Patepimas (Anointing of the Sick)), sins and their kinds (apsirijimas (gluttony), godulystė (greed), vagystė (stealing), žmogžudystė (killing)) and names of persons (apaštalas (apostle), eretikas (heretic), išganytojas (Saviour), popiežius (Pope), vyskupas (bishop)) and other.

1883–1916 metų katekizmų religinių vietų pavadinimai

Author(s): Aušra Rimkute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 19/2012

Names of places related to religion comprise about five percent of religious terminology used in catechisms published in 1883–1916. These words name various liturgical places important to believers such as buildings (bažnyčia (church), šventykla (church), katedra (cathedral)), their parts and spaces (altorius (altar), aukuras (altar), choras (choir), klausykla (confessional), koplyčia (chapel), sakykla (pulpit), zakristija (vestry)), places of burial (kapinės (cemetery), katakombos (catacombs)), afterlife (dangus (heaven), rojus (paradise)), miraculous or important religious events, for instance, visitations (dykynė (wilderness)), punishment or purification (pragaras (hell), skaistykla (purgatory)), and other places. According to their origin names of places related to religion used in catechisms published in 1883–1916 can be divided into Lithuanian (44 percent; aukuras (altar), dangus (heaven), pragaras (hell), klausykla (confessional), sakykla (pulpit), skaistykla (purgatory), šveitykla (purgatory), šventykla (church), vienuolynas (monastery), tėvainystė (heaven)), non-Lithuanian: a) international words (8 percent; altorius (altar), konfesionalas (confessional), presbiterija (presbitery)), b) old borrowings (12 percent; bažnyčia (church), koplyčia (chapel), rojus (paradise), zakristija (sacristy)), c) barbarisms (30 percent; atklanės (hell), pekla (hell), čysčius (purgatory), svietas (world)) and half- Lithuanian words (6 percent; altorėlis (altar), karalystė (kingdom), vyskupija (diocese)).

1886 M. ZACHARIJAUS LIACKIO TRAKTATAS APIE LIETUVIŲ KALBĄ

Author(s): Darius Staliunas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 19/2017

Zacharijus Liackis – „lietuvių kalbos ekspertas“, kaip jį, taip pat ir Dmitrijų Kaširiną bei Andrių Poidėną, greičiausiai šiek tiek ironiškai yra pavadinęs kalbos istorikas Giedrius Subačius, gerai žinomas visiems, kurie domisi lietuvių kalbos situacija XIX a. ar imperinės politikos peripetijomis Lietuvoje. 2011 m. pasirodžiusi minėto Subačiaus knyga apie tris kiriliką lietuvių kalbai XIX a. II pusėje–XX a. pradžioje taikiusius čia jau minėtus „ekspertus“ parodė, kaip šie asmenys žiūrėjo į lietuvių kalbą (jos giminystę su kitomis kalbomis, raidą ir pan.). Čia publikuojamas Liackio raštas, pavadintas Литовскiй языкъ (Lietuvių kalba), mano supratimu, nekeičia Subačiaus pateiktų išvadų apie Liackį, o tik jas patvirtina.

1910–1937 m. lietuviškoji statybos terminija (iš turimų išteklių)

Author(s): Robertas Stunžinas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 14/2007

This article deals with analysis of Lithuanian endogenic and old loaned building terminology of the begining of XX century according to origin, structure and development aspects. Overall 1393 terms are analyzed, i. e. 806 one-word terms and 587 composite terms.Of all one-word terms terminologized (specialized) old lexis makes up about one fifth part: akmuo (stone) JodelNorm 2, namas (house) Zubausk 9, sija (beam) Kind 14. Metaphoric and metonymic terms in early building terminology are rather rare. The majority of metaphoric terms are the result of secondary metaphoric nomination: griaučiai (skeleton) Kind 8, grėblys (raker) Šimol 71, metonymic terms are originated according to specific terminology models: lenta (board) StatM 1923 I 8.Three quarters of analyzed one-word terms are derivations. The facts of Lithuanian language dictionary suggest that a large group of derivations could have been borrowed from the folk language: dūmtraukis (chimney) Kind 16. In many cases it is difficult to decide whether derivations are terminologized simple words or newly made. In particular this can be said about transpositional abstracts of verbs and adjectives: aušimas (cooling) Ekz 4, akytumas (porosity) Šimol 20. Only a small group of derivations could be suggested as neologisms. The majority of the neologisms are compound derivations: degplytė (baked brick) Janus 19. Derivations of suffixes and endings are rather rare: slugsnis (layer) StatM 1923 I 20, riša (bunch) Ekz 6.The major part of composite terms are made with the abstracts of verbs and adjectives: patvarumo bandymas (proof of sustainability) JodelTechn 146, atsparumas gniužimui (stability to crushing) JodelTechn 90 and terminologized simple words: dirbtinis akmuo (artificial stone) Iv 7.Most of the terms which are analyzed in this article are used at present. More than a half (56%) of one-word terms are found in modern term dictionaries of building: džiovykla (drying chamber) Iv 45, STŽ 134, kietėjimas (solidification) Šimol 84, STŽ 253, muštuvas (impact maschine) JodelTechn 191, STŽ 351. A significant part of terms are historisms and archaisms: akėčios (harrow) JodelTechn 66, bebras (beaver) StatM 1922 II 18; apsloginimas (reduction) JodelNorm 2, glostimas (smoothing) StatM 1923 I 11.

19-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija Lietuvjų kalbos sintaksės šimtmečiui paminėti

Author(s): Ugne Tamašauskaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 85/2012

Vilniaus universitete 2012 m. spalio 5 d. vyko devynioliktoji (nuo 1993 m.) Jono Jablonskio konferencija. Lietuvių kalbos instituto Bendrinės kalbos skyriaus ir Vilniaus universiteto Lietuvių kalbos katedros surengta konferencija šįkart buvo skirta 1911 m. Seinuose išleistos Rygiškių Jono (J. Jablonskio) Lietuvjų kalbos sintaksės šimtmečiui paminėti. Perskaityti penki sintaksės teorijai ir praktikai skirti pranešimai: kalbėta apie žodžių, žodžių junginių ir sakinių vartoseną, aptarti sintaksės raidos polinkiai. Pabrėžta Lietuvjų kalbos sintaksės, pavadintos dovana lietuvių kalbai, nauda ir svarba mokykloms: iki tol vadovėlių, kuriuose būtų sintaksės dalis, labai trūko.

20-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija

Author(s): Aurelija Tamulioniene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 86/2013

2013 m. spalio 4 d. Lietuvių kalbos institute vyko jubiliejinė 20-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija. Kaip ir kasmet konferenciją organizavo Lietuvių kalbos instituto Bendrinės kalbos skyrius kartu su Vilniaus universiteto Lietuvių kalbos katedra.

21-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija Šiuolaikinės kalbos tyrimai ir problemos

Author(s): Aurelija Tamulioniene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 87/2014

22-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija

Author(s): Aurelija Tamulioniene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 88/2015

A Corpus-based Analysis of THAT-deletion in Complement Clauses after the Verbs of Saying in English and Lithuanian

Author(s): Judita Giparaite,Julija Ritcik / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2017

The aim of the present research is to make a contrastive analysis of that-deletion in complement that-clauses in English and Lithuanian on the basis of corpus data. All the data for analysis are collected from the British National Corpus and the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language. That-deletion in complement that-clauses is studied in terms of distribution across registers, the properties of the matrix verbs and the structural properties of the clauses.

A corpus-driven analysis of structural types of lexical bundles in court judgments in English and their translation into Lithuanian

Author(s): Donata Berukštiene / Language(s): English / Issue: 70/2017

Formulaicity is one of the characteristic features of legal discourse, which manifests itself not only at the level of wording, “but also in the content, structure and layout” of legal texts (Ruusila & Londroos 2016, 123). Formulaic language, which includes phrasal and prepositional verbs, idioms, collocations, lexico-grammatical associations, lexical bundles, etc., are building blocks of legal discourse shaping legal text meanings. However, up to now, far too little attention has been paid to the nature of frequently occurring “sequences of three or more words that show a statistical tendency to co-occur” (Biber & Conrad 1999, 183), i.e. lexical bundles, in different genres of legal texts. Most studies in the field of lexical bundles in legal texts have only been based on one language (e.g. Jablonkai 2009; Goźdź-Roszkowski 2011; Breeze 2013), whereas translation-oriented contrastive studies on lexical bundles are lacking. In respect of the aforementioned gaps, the aim of this pilot study is to analyse structural types of lexical bundles in court judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union in English and to examine the way these structures are rendered into Lithuanian. To gain insights into the frequency and structure of lexical bundles, the present study uses the methodological guidelines of corpus linguistics. The classification of lexical bundles into structural types is based on the framework suggested by Biber et al. (1999, 2004). For the purpose of this study, a parallel corpus of court judgments was compiled comprising approximately 1 million words of original court judgments in the English language and about 8 hundred thousand words of court judgments translated into Lithuanian. Lexical bundles in this research were identified using the corpus analysis toolkit AntConc 3.4.4 (Anthony 2015). A concordance program AntPConc 1.2.0 (Anthony 2017) was employed to find Lithuanian equivalents of the most frequent lexical bundles identified in the English court judgments. The evidence from this study suggests that different structural types of lexical bundles have more or less regular equivalents in Lithuanian; however, in most cases, these equivalents tend to be shorter.

A lív költészet nyomában

Author(s): Péter Pomozi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2017

This short study evokes a Baltic Finnic language that is now almost extinct, i.e. Livonian. After offering basic information on the medieval Livonian language area and the former dialectal distribution, the article focuses upon the linguistic heritage of the Salaca Livonian groups, who once lived along the seabanks of the Riga gulf and the Salaca and Svētupe rivers. The Livonians’ history does not end with their ancestors’ death. Curland Livonian has been revitalised, a standard grammar, vocabulary and spelling have been developed. This language is spoken in many places and on many forums, e.g. at summer courses and universities. Two remarkable volumes of poetry, containing the poems of Ķempi Kārl, were also published recently. The second part of the study is dedicated to the lyrical world of Ķempi Kārl, who experiments in his work with the poetical infinity of Salaca Livonian.

A net presentation of Lithuanian sentences containing verbal forms with the grammatical suffix -dav

Author(s): Danuta Roszko,Roman Roszko / Language(s): English / Issue: 14/2014

In the article the authors make an attempt to present the meaning of Lithuanian sentences containing verbal forms with the grammatical suffix -dav- (the so-called iterative past tense forms) by means of Petri nets. The authors gradually develop the net to such complexity that it makes it possible to avoid interpretative similarities to other Lithuanian verbal forms.

A note on murinas in Old Lithuanian

Author(s): Pietro Umberto Dini / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 04/2002

In their edition of the Old Lithuanian Cathechism of Daukða Vida Jakðtienë and Jonas Palionis (1995) transcribed the original (see p. 83, line 6, 17) as Msrinni and repeated the same transcription in the Þodþiø formø rodyklë: muriná adj. a. sg. m. 617 (see p. 686, line 7). A similar adjective does actually exist in Old Lithuanian (e.g.: marinas -à f. adj. "µchmuãig" [cf. LKRÞ2 II 110]; mur¸yñµki / aethiopieus. murinas in Sirvydas oldest vocabulary) but it is normally attested as an -o stem (marinas, not *murinis!) and normally written with only one .

Abstrakčiųjų daiktavardžių daugiskaitos vartojimas ekonomikos kalboje ir norma

Author(s): Ramune Vaskelaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 85/2012

The article deals with the topical issue of singular abstract nouns used in plural in one particular domain of modern Lithuanian – the language of economics. Factors determining and supporting such usage are discussed. Insufficient determinacy of codified norm can be viewed as one of the factors: publications codifying the language mention only the exception when the meaning becomes more concrete, though concreteness can have a different degree. When only opposing margins of the norm and mistake are indicated (usage of a concrete noun is viewed as correct and of an abstract noun as incorrect) the users are entitled to make a decision about every borderline case.Analysis of particular groups of nouns uncovers other factors supporting the usage of abstract nouns in plural. It appears that the plural of the most typical representative of abstract nouns – derivates with the suffix -imas (-ymas) is not only a sign of a change in meaning. Quite a few of such derivates are used in the plural in texts of economics as terms and some of them are included in dictionaries of economics; this encourages the creation and usage of new terms in plural based on analogy with existing terms.Another group of abstracts in plural raises the importance of such a factor as avoidance of ambiguity – a noun in the singular could be ambiguous in a particular context. This factor ought to be related with previously mentioned factors of concreteness of the meaning and necessity to express an opposition “one – many”.The codified norm allows an exception for one group of nouns in the singular – names of materials – to be used in plural in order to express a variety of kinds. The usage researched shows that this exception is also being applied to abstract nouns.Probably the main factor supporting the abstracts in plural is the increase in concreteness of meaning which is recognized by the norm, although the usage shows that there are some secondary or separate factors. These factors are strong and complex, therefore norms ought to be evaluated appropriately and the usage of abstracts in plural should not be linked with the influence of other languages alone.This article is an initial attempt to investigate this particular subject important for usage. It is being researched on the basis of data from one domain of the standard language, though this analysis might encourage the research to be extended to other domains. This would allow more reliable conclusions to be drawn about the spreading of abstract nouns in plural and their inherence in different styles.

Accentuation Models of Disyllabic Nouns in the Southern Aukštaitian Dialect

Author(s): Vilija Ragaišiene / Language(s): English / Issue: 68/2016

The article provides an analysis of the accentuation of disyllabic nouns in the Southern Aukštaitian (SAuk) dialect spoken in Southern Lithuania (Alytus, Lazdijai, Varėna, Šalčininkai, Druskininkai and Trakai districts). The term pietų aukštaičiai (southern Aukštaitians) was coined by scholars; because of certain phonetic peculiarities of the dialect, the inhabitants of southern Lithuania consider themselves to be dzūkai (Dzūkians). The SAuk has been of special interest to both dialectologists and Baltic language specialists for a long time. The archaic grammatical forms, syntactic constructions, phonetic, accentual and lexical peculiarities that are features of these dialects are intertwined with new phenomena and thus reveal many stages of the development of the dialect of the Southern Aukštaitians, which in turn can be of help in finding answers to some unanswered questions about the development and usage of language. For this reason more attention and research has been devoted to the SAuk dialect and its broader connections with language as a whole. The article analyses the tendencies of the accentuation parallels of disyllabic nouns with ā, ē, a and i̯a1 stems in the SAuk dialect. Drawing on audio and written sources dating from 1952–2015, the spread of the accentuation variants of the words and their forms in the same subdialect, separate subdialects and/or their groups are discussed; the accentuation patterns of disyllabic nouns with the productive ā, ē, a and i̯a stems that are stressed in various ways are described, and the nature of their prevalence in the area of the dialect is established. The study uses quantitative, geolinguistic and comparative methods.

Actualities and Methodological Challenges of Comparative Experimental Sound Research in Standard Baltic Languages

Author(s): Jurgita Jaroslaviene / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

The present paper discusses the main topicalities and methodological challenges of comparative experimental research of the Lithuanian and Latvian sounds. There are still few studies on the sound systems of the contemporary standard Baltic languages that use modern experimental and statistical methods and are based on the same principles. Since the inventories of vowel and consonant phonemes in both languages have differences, it was important: a) to explore on the same principles and with the same methods the spectral characteristics of vowels and consonants in Standard Lithuanian and Standard Latvian at the beginning of the 21st century and to compare their main distinctive acoustic and other features; b) to discuss the choice of International Phonetic Alphabet equivalents for Lithuanian and Latvian phonemes showing variations of common vowel and consonant classifications of both languages. There are some other methodological issues to consider: peculiarities are important when selecting material for different languages, developing new terminology in national languages, preparing for further investigations, setting common goals, and so on.Experimental acoustic investigations on Lithuanian and Latvian sound inventories should be continued in the future. The studies should address the influence of vowels of different quality on consonants; analysis should focus not only on phonologically significant differences but also on phonetic variants of phonemes.