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Turkish folklore products have changed, transformed and sometimes even forgotten, depending on many political, social and economic reasons throughout history. In order to prevent these losses, many expert researchers, both at home and abroad, have recorded folklore products and conducted important folklore studies. Apart from expert researchers, there are also local folklore researchers who are interested in folklore studies and conduct voluntary studies. When the relevant literature is searched, it is possible to come across various books, theses, articles and papers about expert researchers. However, studies on local folklore researchers are unfortunately negligible. For this reason, many researchers who have spent years in folklore studies, compilation studies, and cultural studies are forgotten after their death and their studies are lost. In this study, the life of Hayrettin Günay, one of the important local folklore researchers, and his studies in the field of folklore are emphasized. Hayrettin Günay’s works on folk literature, folk music, kemenche tradition, folk dances, transition periods, traditional hunting, festivals, children's games, folk language, folk botany, handicrafts published in various publications, especially in Yeşilgiresun newspaper, have been examined by considering. In this direction; The aim of the research is to present the folklore studies of Hayrettin Günay, a local folklore researcher, to examine these studies and thus to bring the researcher's contribution to Turkish folklore into the literature.
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The events and people giving directions to the history have been of a rich source to the litterateurs. The experiences lived in the history continue to lead the way as a topic to the literary works in later periods. A writer or a poet faces towards the history with various purposes such as to create a sense of history, learn lessons, strengthen spiritual body, and criticize an era safely. In the play called The Conquest of Crete 1080 written by Abdi Tevfik of Thessaloniki in 1327/1911, it is seen that the writer embraces a historical event to elevate the spiritual power of his nation and to criticize a specific era. The topic covered in this literary work is the problem of Crete which had never lost its actuality both during the period when the event took place and when it was exhibited as a play. In this literary work in which patriotism and the idea that part of the fatherland annexed with great sacrifices should not be lost are covered, the impact of the play Fatherland or Silistria by Namık Kemal is quite visible. Crete had a strategical importance for the Ottoman Empire for its hegemony in the Mediterranean. The conquest of the island was completed after challenging fights that had lasted around twenty-five years. Candia siege which concluded the conquest of Crete is covered in the play. In the play, the first campaigns which took place twenty-five years before the invasion of the fortress with flashbacks and the fights on the borders of Candia two and half years ago are revealed. It has been seen that the play The Conquest of Crete 1080 had not been transcribed into the Latin Alphabet. There is limited information about Abdi Tevfik of Thessaloniki and his literary works in the sources. In this study, I have aimed at contributing to the history of Turkish literature to some extent by analyzing a play on the loss of Crete.
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The starting point of this article is to compare a novel chosen from two important writers of the Turkish novel of the Republic period through the protagonists. While the protagonists of Orhan Kemal's (1914-1970) Murtaza (1952) and Yusuf Atılgan's (1921-1989) Anayurt Oteli (1973) works, they have an obsessive mood about the past while continuing their work is the subject. The main problem of this article is to try to understand the socio-cultural and historical contexts of the dissatisfaction caused by the fact that the role of the protagonist in both novels is doomed to remain unrequited. Here, the main focus is to try to analyze the similar and divergent aspects of the social and social identities of Murtaza and Zebercet, the effect of their memories stuck in the past on their present, and finally the deficient or faulty aspects that are reflected outside with the awareness of duty and responsibility. Although the writing times, scope, and contexts of the two works, the first of which were written with a social realist and the second with modernist sensitivity, are different, the dilemma of belonging and temporality they focus on is a situation that is much more exposed today, since it is one of the main problems of humanity. It seems like the common statement of the two texts is that the absence of class and ethnic 'principle' of Murtaza and Zebercet, which is inherited from the long past, is a legacy that is carried to the future. Another finding of this article is that the job that the two protagonists have or aspire to and the social belonging they represent are condemned to remain outside the category or norm. The fate of the two protagonists in the tragic face of life, dragging them into the vortex of nothingness stands before us as another result. The implicit codes of this otherness, which are not seen in the normal flow of daily life, but can be exposed with all their clarity when experienced with close contact, are deciphered with an analytical, analytical, critical, and comparative approach through the two works mentioned. This article also examines the ancestry obsession behind the existential understanding of the duty responsibility of the protagonist of these two works.
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Literary debate, which can be defined as each of the opposite entities or concepts trying to prove its superiority over the other with some claims, examples and evidence, is a genre frequently seen in Sumerian, Akkadian, Egyptian, Aramaic, Syriac, Arab, Persian and Turkish literatures. Among the most original and remarkable examples of this genre, which has a very old history, in Turkish literature are the fruit debates in which fruits try to claim and prove their superiority over each other with the help of identification and intact arts. The lithograph Fevâkihü'l-Kulûb dated 1875-76, which is the subject of this article, is such a debate. Fevâkihü'l-Kulûb, which was written in the form of mef'ûlü mefâilün feûlü and in masnavi verse, by Ahmed Hayret-i Dağistani, one of the important representatives of the minstrel epic genre in the nineteenth century; 24 fruits consisting of plum, strawberry, cherry, cherry, peach, apricot, apple, pear, quince, pomegranate, citrus, orange, lemon, grape, hazelnut, walnut, chestnut, almond, pistachio, mulberry, jujube, fig and date It is a fruit debate in which they engage in a struggle for supremacy in a garden in the spring and the date palm wins at the end of this struggle.
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Hüseyin Nihal Atsız tried to convey his political idea, which have been among the important topics of discussion, through literary works. In this study, the utopian character of Atsız is emphasized, based on the novel Bozkurtların Ölümü, and it is argued that in this work he establishes an authentic social utopia as an anti-modernist nationalist. This utopian society, emerged as the opposite of the human types it satirized in the Dalkavuklar Gecesi, which is a critique of the current political environment. People in the utopian society are stand out with their high moral characteristics and are at peace with nature and animals, hunt and fight just to survive. In this context, the answer to the question of why the Turks are shown as absolute right and the Chinese as absolute unjust was sought, in a way that violates the neutrality of the novel, despite Atsız's objectively portraying the differences of opinion among the Turks, and as a result, the Chinese represent the modern. It has been concluded that Turks correspond to what is authentic, good and correct. This point shows that Atsız's Turkism, differing from other nationalist ideas, rose on the basis of opposition to the modern one.
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The aim of human education is to raise a patriotic generation who is devoted to his homeland and people, loves his mother tongue and religion, and can gain a respectable place in society. It is possible to see in the rich literary examples of our folklore that the purpose of the education methods that our people used in the past was to raise valiant heroes. Creating heroes who could challenge the enemy on their own on the battlefield was considered an important factor. Protecting women and children from the threat of the enemy was considered the most honorable task. Our people have always been sensitive to the education of young people and wanted to see their children as heroes who can sacrifice their lives for their country. The wise elders of our nation knew that existence and continuation as a nation depended on the beliefs of the younger generation. Therefore, the basis of a nation's struggle for freedom is their upbringing and the right beliefs formed in them. Over time, the promotion of patriotic education became more common. Thus, poets and writers began to include this subject in their works. This tradition, which started in the past, has continued until today, and creative personalities have made important works in this direction with their works.
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It is known that nations have unique values and that they continue their existence with these values and the importance of values for the individual and society. Literature also plays an important role in values education and transferring values to future generations, as well as individuals. Values can be given directly or implicitly in literary texts. In this study, the masnavi named Ashab-ı Kehf, which consists of 224 couplets written by the poet of folk Ahmet Çıtak, was examined in terms of values education. The qualitative research method was used in the analysis, and the data were obtained by document analysis. The masnavi in the book prepared by Serdar Yakar (Yakar, 2014) is based on. According to the findings obtained in the study, the values of “justice, friendship, honesty, self-control, patience, respect, love, responsibility, patriotism” (10 root values) determined by the Ministry of National Education were included in the masnavi called Ashab-ı Kehf, and the masnavi used by the local people in the masnavi. The results were obtained as the words were included. Based on the findings obtained, some suggestions, especially the examination of "different narratives on the Ashab-ı Kehf in Turkey and in the world" in terms of values education, are given.
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In a scientific sense, theory defines it as a system of interconnected ideas that summarizes knowledge about the social world. Theories are comprehensive propositions that are supported by evidence obtained as a result of systematic observations and that can be modified and have the potential to generate questions and develop predictions for new scientific research that explain the reason for the behavior of phenomena. Scientific theories serve to construct theoretical explanation systems that relate sets of facts that concern more than one field of science. Each theory looks at the solution of the problem from a different angle. For this reason, while a theory belonging to a field is sufficient in solving a problem, sometimes it is necessary to make use of different theories in the disciplines in question by conducting an interdisciplinary study or to create a new theory with the synthesis of these disciplines. The positive and negative ethics of Dede Korkut Book, which has the privilege of being an ideology just by being itself, without the need for reasons, with the Folklore Metaetic Theory, which we have put forward as a new theory with an interdisciplinary study in the fields of folklore and ethics, and our method of Folklore Grounding Metaethics Analysis as its working method. We have made the value index and revealed the folk philosophy. The subject of this study is to reveal the importance of negative ethical values in Turkish folk philosophy in the context of the Negative Ethical Value of Not Keeping One's Promise, which is included in the moral traditions, in line with the classification we made according to the traditions that serve as the context in the emergence of the ethical values in the Dede Korkut Stories; The purpose of our study is to apply the folkloric grounding metaethical analysis of the Negative Ethical Value of Not Keeping One's Promise, through the method of Folkloric Metaetic Theory, which enables to examine moral life on the basis of traditions, customs, customs and traditions.
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The tractor was invented as a result of technological developments and has been the pioneer of many innovations and changes in the field of agriculture. This technological vehicle, enabling transformations leading development and production in the context of economy, has had an impact in many areas in sociological terms and has been the subject of many studies. After Marshall Aids, Turkey met the tractor in the 1950s and observed its effects in the short and long term. In this study, the tractor which is the theme in Fahri Erdinç’s Marşal Katırı (eng. Marshall Mule) story reflecting the characteristics of social realism, was examined in terms of social visibility from the story heroes’ point of view and this was made using the text-content analysis method. The social realism movement was mentioned with the Marşal Katırı story as an example. After the effects of tractor on the change concept were mentioned, heroes’ points of view about it were transferred from a sociological perspective. The characteristics of village society closed to change have been observed in the story. In this context, in addition to the village studies conducted in different social sciences, the same characteristic was found in the Marşal Katırı story. The negative results the tractor revealed in the social layer dealing with agriculture constituted the key finding of the study showing that further social studies are needed.
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The first book in Hikmet Temel Akarsu’s four-volume novel series The Lost Generation, The Age of Ordinariness deals with human situations such as alienation, selfishness, loss of values, helplessness and purposelessness of the individual in the age of neo-liberalism through architecture, urbanism, distorted construction, rent economy and architectural ethics. The author conveys the conflict of the individual and society, the decay of the system and the transformation of cities in the painful development process in Turkey between the years 1968-1990, through the eyes of an architect. He explains the changes in political mobilization, social polarization and the effects of alienazation by presenting slicesof life, and produces a realistic and critical novel on architectural ethics. He explaines the drawbacks of today’s criteria of the value given to people being dependent only on self-interests, where the distorted characters created by the relationship between money and culture lead humanity, and the devastating consequences of the unavoidable growth of this understanding, and gives an example of a successful drama from the reflections of this process. In this respect, “The Age of the Ordinary” is worth examining as an original novel on architectural ethics.
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There are many literary societies in the field of New Turkish poetry. One of them is the literate community gathered around the magazine called Hisar, which is more commonly remarkable for Mehmet Çınarlı. Nevzat Yalçın is a Cypriot poet and belongs to this group. He is a Hisar poet who studied Turkish Language and Literature in Ankara and has poetry books called "A' Street" and "Sun and Man." When the poems of this Hisar poet are read collectively, it is seen that some elements come to the fore. These elements are "Highlighting Some Colors," "Foreign Places and Longing for Lover," "Tradition," "Politics and Criticism," "Detracting the West," "Mythology," "Some Common Uses among the Community", "Grammar Errors," and "Prominence of Hand Use" were examined under nine headings in this study. When Nevzat Yalçın's poetry is examined, it is seen that the poet wrote poems on numerous subjects. In order to be able to analyze these poems, the reader must have a certain knowledge and be aware of the media of the period. In the poet's poetry, especially blue and yellow are prominent colors drawing attention to the longing for a lover abroad. It is also seen that there are poems reflecting the past at a time when the tradition is criticized by many poets. It is also stated that the poet wrote some poems with a critical attitude towards some of the Turkish politicians and the West. Another theme of the poet's poetry is mythology. Another point is that Nevzat Yalçın does not deny the expressions used among the people. Another prominent element in Yalçın's poetry is grammatical elements. The processing of the hand limb draws attention to the poet's poems.
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İkinci Yeni poetry is a poetry movement that emerged after 1950. The position of the image, the unusual use of language, the plural meaning assumed by the discourse, the culture, philosophy, history, geography and expression of the modern individual embedded in the spine of the poem are the main issues of the İkinci Yeni poem. With these features, the İkinci Yeni poem has a remarkable place in the adventure of Turkish poetry. Because by interpreting the art of poetry differently in terms of content and form, it creates a breaking point in the Turkish poetry tradition by opening the door to a new understanding of poetry. In this context, while the İkinci Yeni has acquired a position knitted with sensitivity, prioritizing the human and the age, sometimes related to tradition and expanding the fields of meaning; He also assumes a remarkable responsibility in responding to criticisms of his understanding of poetry. In these long-lasting defenses; The importance given to the art of poetry, the trust in this understanding of poetry, the strong knit of poetry in terms of meaning, and most importantly, the poetic codes of the İkinci Yeni appear. Ece Ayhan is one of the representatives of the İkinci Yeni poetry, which has gained a place in the poetry medium with these determinations. The meaning universe that Ayhan constructed in terms of theme, language and image overlaps with the İkinci Yeni. Within this universe of poetry, there is a world of meaning woven with history, language, culture, philosophy, music and geography. Leaning his poetry on these concepts, Ayhan progresses in parallel with the İkinci Yeni understanding in poetic sense. Even though it sometimes challenges the discourse and meaning possibilities of this understanding of poetry, there is still a poem that is included in the meaning world of the İkinci Yeni. In this study, Ece Ayhan‟s poetics will be examined in the context of the İkinci Yeni poem.
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The article is dedicated to the scientific research of Salman Mumtaz, one of the prominent representatives of Azerbaijani literary criticism, on Yunus Emre and Mullah Gasim. It is emphasized here that Yunus Emre is one of the artists who made important contributions to the development of Turkish poetic thought in the XIII-XIV centuries. Yunus Emre, who founded the Anatolian Ashig School, one of the first as high schools, with his works written in the spirit of the people and his literary activity, is one of the literary figures who made national progress in the field of artistic success. The researches about Mullah Gasim, mentioned in one of Yunus Emre's works, contributed the creation of the article. According to Salman Mumtaz, Mullah Gasim was one of the most powerful artists of Azerbaijani poetry of the XIII-XIV centuries. Although there is no reliable information about the date of his birth and death, Yunus Emre was a contemporary of Emre and wrote poetry with him. After this information provided by Salman Mumtaz to the scientific community, various approaches to the personality and creativity of Mullah Gasim emerged. Scholars such as Mahmudbey Mahmudbeyov, Mammadhuseyn Tahmasib, Ahliman Akhundov, Sadnik Pshayev, Maharram Gasimli, Nizami Khalilov, Seyfaddin Ganiyev, Agalar Mirza, as well as Turkish researcher Abdulbaki Cholpinarli had independent opinions on the subject. Most of these scholars praised the work of Mullah Gasim and concluded that it was a stage in the development of Azerbaijani literature. Therefore, research of Salman Mumtaz in this field should be considered as a great literary event.
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Anecdote, which is one of the literary text genres based on the narrative principle of Turkish folk literature, occurs within the unique culture of each society and differs from other literary genres in terms of content and structural features. The study has carried out with the aim of bring Karakecili districts of Kirikkale province anecdotes, which has not been extensively researched and analyzed before, and the types of anecdote related to these anecdotes, in the scientific world. In studies on folklore, it is possible to mention about two paradigms that deal with and examine written texts compiled from written and oral sources. The first of these is the text-centered paradigm and the second is the context-centered paradigm. In order to achieve the aim of the study, local anecdotes were compilited from oral sources by using the method of compiling through interview, one of the field research methods and these works were evaluated by using method of examining folklore and literal texts based on narrative. Firstly, researches and reviews on the type of anecdote were included. Secondly, the anecdote types of Karakecili of Kirikkale province district were determined and the texts were classified according to these anecdote types. Thirdly, the topics discussed in the local anecdotes were determined and the texts in question were analyzed in terms of structure. Finally, the text of 27 anecdotes compiled from Karakecili district of Kirikkale province is included. In this way, it has been tried to introduce both the subtle messages they give with their attitudes towards the events based on the sense of humor of the people of Karakecili living in Karakecili district of Kirikkale province and the types of anecdote in the region.
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It is a fact that the characters of the novels are generally imaginary and fictional. Yet they have a world of their own. In this respect, in order to understand the spirit of the art of the novel, it is necessary to consider the relations between the novelist and the characters of the novel. The people who carry out the intellectual and operational structure of the novel appear as “type” or “character”. In this article, apart from the people mentioned, I am talking about the “figure who wants to be a character”. I call the person in the novel who does not fit into the mold designed by the author, who wants to reveal his own independent existence and who has the potential to become a character, as a “figure who wants to be a character”. Here, I claim that Mehpeyker and Celâl, the characters of Namık Kemal’s novels İntibah and Sami Paşazade Sezai’s Sergüzeşt, are “figures who want to be characters”, and I try to support this argument. In the Tanzimat period, the literati were also intellectuals engaged in social engineering. They undertake the task of informing and directing the society in order to modernize it. However, they do not want Turkish-Islamic values to be damaged. Like many Tanzimat writers, Namık Kemal and Sami Pashazade Sezai also interfere with the content of the novel. In a society where İntibah and Sergüzeşt were written at a time when novel writing was just beginning to be learned, where men and women do not know each other outside the home, and where they cannot realize themselves as individuals, it is natural that Mehpeyker and Celâl appear as “figures who want to be characters”. In a society where the person is not seen as an individual, it would be delusional to accept that the person of the novel is a separate entity from the author.
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Space, which has become a multidisciplinary concept, has an interpretive richness that can be evaluated from different perspectives. Because, over time, different meanings are attributed to the space built to meet the most basic needs of people such as shelter and positioning. Especially in fictional texts, space is considered as a concept that has a perceptual dimension apart from its physical structure. It creates the perceptual dimension of the space and its reciprocal relationship with the human being. Therefore, in space studies, it is necessary to consider the human being as a fundamental element and not to evaluate the space independently from the person and the person from the place. In addition to its various functions, the space also has the feature of changing, transforming and managing people’s lives. In this study, Kemal Bilbaşar’s work called The Call of the Sea, written in 1941, will be examined in the context of the transformative effect of space. In this sense, spaces will be evaluated perceptually, not physically. Because the transformative feature of the space requires looking at it perceptually. Space performs its transforming function on both human and human’s basic existence areas. In the novel, it is told that a teacher who Works in a small and undeveloped town for five years changes place as a result of mental depressions, but cannot get rid of psychological traumas and reach a healty life in the places he goes. The author reflects the relationships and conflicts that a teacher has experienced with different places by making use of the descriptions of places. Therefore, this book, which covers space to a large extent, will be examined in the context of the transformative effect of space.
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“Fiil-(y)A+bil-” structure can take the suffixes -DI, -mIş, -(I)yor, -(y)AcAk, -Ar/-Ir, -mAlI, -sA and -A and may affect the modality view of that sentence. Although the structure of "Fiil-(y)A+bil-" is called a verb of potential, it could also convey possibility, permission, request etc. meanings. This shows that the structure of “Fiil-(y)A+bil-" can mark other modality categories alongside the abilitive modality. This study, we have aimed to determine the view of the sentences with “Fiil-(y)A+bil-” in Palmer's modality categories and how the structure of “Fiil-(y)A+bil-”marks the other modality categories apart from the abilitive modality category. This study, in which purposive sampling was preferred, forty sentences containing the structure "Fiil-(y)A+bil-" were selected from Kemal Tahir's novel Esir Şehrin Mahpusu, and these sentences were analyzed according to the categories in Palmer's modality classification. Through a detailed examination, it has been determined that twenty-two sentences containing the structure "Fiil-(y)A+bil-" are marked in the abilitive modality, nine in the speculative modality, five in the permissive modality, three in the volitive modality, and in the necessity modality of one sentence. It is expected that the results obtained from this study will contribute to the modality field and modality studies.
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